A experi��ncia de trabalhar em ambiente de radioterapia

O procedimento da radioterapia n��o traz em si a garantia de qualquer resultado favor��vel, �� preciso, antes, apostar em um planejamento minucioso e implementa����o cuidadosa do tratamento necess��rio para potencializar os benef��cios da radioterapia atrav��s de sua aplica����o. Primeiramente �� preciso aplicar uma dose de radia����o para as c��lulas tumorais em quantidade suficiente para matar as c��lulas cancerigenas no menor tempo possivel, aumentanto a possibilidade de controle da doen��a maligna, matando as c��lulas malignas e elevando a probabilidade de controlar a doen��a maligna, enquanto ao mesmo tempo, limita a dose para os tecidos saud��veis que circunda a c��lula com o tumor maligno, para que a probabilidade de dano induzindo a esses tecidos seja reduzida ao m��nimo. Dentro desta perspectiva, o estudo teve por objetivo apresentar as atividades realizadas na Cl��nica de Radioterapia de S��o Carlos, procurando ampliar o conhecimento sobre a radioterapia para melhorar o atendimento aos pacientes com diagn��stico de cancer de mama e de cancer de prostata. Foi possivel neste per��odo acompanhar a rotina de trabalho dos f��sicos m��dicos, que permitiram participar ativamente das atividades de planejamento, posicionamento do paciente, c��lculo de dose, procurando manter a qualidade no atendimento aos pacientes. O est��gio como componente curricular desempenha um papel fundamental no processo de forma����o. Respons��vel pela introdu����o do aluno no campo profissional, realmente possibilita a an��lise contextual dessa realidade na perspectiva de uma a����o interventiva. Como aprendizagem maior �� poss��vel dizer que o est��gio mostrou que nos dias atuais, os novos profissionais, se quiserem conquistar seu lugar, precisam juntar intelig��ncia, conhecimento e capacidade emocional e social para enfrentar e poder atuar rumo ��s mudan��as requeridas, a qualifica����o humana precisa ir al��m... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletr��nico abaixo)

Sistema de Acelerador Linear Comercial para Radioterapia

This paper presents a study about the operation of the major system���s components of a linear particle acclerator (Linac). It addresses the components mainly responsible for the formation of the beam, through the inclusion of several block diagrams showing the details of the structure. Among the systems discussed may be mentioned the system modulator, automatic frequency control, dosimetry and auxiliary systems. The main objective is the dissemination of basic technology applied in linear accelerators and create literature about this subject in national language. Despite the high complexity and large number of devices that comprise a linear accelerator, it has been developed an easy to understand text that adresses the most relevant issues to the operation of the linear accelerator from the point of view of electrical engineering

Sistema de c��lculo para determina����o do tempo de exposi����o em radioterapia veterin��ria

Radiotherapy in veterinary practice is already known and widely distributed in large specialized centers of developed countries. In early 2000, there were about 30 radiotherapy equipment specifically designed for the veterinary clinic in the United States. In Brazil, the veterinary radiotherapy is still confined to research in universities, where most of the procedures is radiation therapy performed with superficial x-ray machines, with a voltage between 50 and 150 kVp, focus-distance surface (DFS) between 20,0cm and 40,0cm. As that occurs in human medicine, new research strengthens the development and prospects for the use of radiotherapy as a safe option for treating cancer in animals. This paper presents a methodology for calculating the exposure time for superficial radiotherapy procedures in veterinary medicine for small animals (dogs and cats). The dosimetric parameters of X-rays are determined using a spreadsheet tool for Microsoft Office Excel, developed in this paper for a device Dermopan 2, Veterinary Hospital of UNESP in Ara��atuba. Using the worksheet helps the veterinarian to determine the time of exposure to radiation determined for each clinical case, optimize the workflow for professionals in veterinary radiotherapy procedures, which often lack the medical physics in team and at the time of radiotherapy. The correct use of spreadsheet decreases the chances of errors in dose rates of radiation, providing a higher quality of care

Modelos de tratamento para adenocarcinomas de pr��stata tratados por radioterapia conformacional 3D

Radiotherapy is a branch of medical physics related to the treatment of malignant neoplasm, being an important instrument in the fight against cancer, when combined with the effort of a multidisciplinary team, composed of, physicians, physicists, nurses and technicians. Every year more than 3.5 million new cases of cancer are recorded in the world, being the prostate cancer responsible for approximately 25% of this amount (INCA and IARC, 2008). In this type of cancer, radiotherapy is a method indicated for treatement. The technological advance in this area over years has allowed a greater accuracy in the tumor location, more conformation of the radiation beam around the tumor, reducing the dose in healthy tissues and a consequent dose increase on treatment (Bedford et al., 1999). A radiotherapy planning, in which the physicist develops an important role, is composed of several steps, including choosing the best configuration of treatment beams. This choice has a close relationship with success of therapy and is critical to achieve the best distribution of dose inside the tumor and expose the least as possible the healthy tissue to radiation. In this work, two options for setting up camps in the first phase in a treatment of prostate cancer were simulated in computer planning: 4 fields orthogonal or ���Box��� with gantry angles in 00, 1800, 2700 e 90�� and 4 fields angled or ���X��� (1350, 450, 3150 e 2250). The percentage of the rectal volume exposed to 40, 50, 60, 72 and 76 Gy should be limited to 60, 50, 25, 15 and 5% respectively (Greco et al., 2003). The femoral toxicity have limited dose by 70% of the total dose prescribed in a prostate treatment (Bedford et al., 1999). The planning of 27 patients with prostate adenocarcinoma submitted to 3D conformal radiotherapy were accompanied. As a result, it was assessed that the best TCP (tumor control probability)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Avalia����o te��rico-experimental da distribui����o de dose absorvida em radioterapia em tumores de pele

O trabalho prop��e rotinas computacionais usando o M��todo de Monte Carlo com o C��digo MCNP-5, para analisar os perfis de dose de radia����o liberada nos tratamentos de tumores de pele e otimizar os c��lculos radiom��tricos dos feixes de radia����o estudados. Foram realizadas medidas dosim��tricas do feixe de radia����o, comparando os resultados obtidos com os respectivos valores fornecidos pelo servi��o de f��sica m��dica das institui����es, com resultados informados pelo fabricante do equipamento e com as simula����es computacionais efetuadas com o C��digo MCNP-5. A quantifica����o dos erros relativos percentual entre os resultados simulados e os fornecidos pelo Servi��o de Radioterapia (E1), os informados pelo fabricante (E2) e os medidos experimentalmente (E3) s��o inferiores a 4,0% e validam a metodologia computacional proposta para avalia����o do comportamento do feixe de raios-X superficial e do feixe de raios �� da unidade de Cobaltoterapia. A metodologia de an��lise do espectro energ��tico e da curva de porcentagem de dose profunda (PDP) desenvolvida neste trabalho pode ser estendida para estudos de outros feixes cl��nicos e subsidiar os dados radiom��tricos utilizados nos planejamentos e c��lculos de dose realizados pelo profissional da f��sica m��dica na sua rotina nos Servi��os de Radioterapia

Radioterapia em c��ncer de mama: import��ncia da determina����o da curva de isodose

The study analyzed contours of the thoracic region of patients undergoing radiotherapy of breast tumors in Hospital Manuel de Abreu of Bauru (institution 1) and the Hospital da Faculdade de Medicina of Botucatu (Institution 2). Were prepared isodose curves corresponding to the contours of the patient, which were presented for radiotherapists doctors both hospital services that enabled the choice of the curve isodose that provides the best distribution of radiation dose in the irradiated volume. Some boundaries were digitized in one institution and sent for preparation of isodose lines in the institution 2, both curves plotted in each of the institutions and for the same contour, were compared, showing that the methodology of Curves of distance is feasible and reliable, while optimizing the routine procedures regarding the handling of isodose plans provided by different radiation equipment. It compares the calculation of the exposure time determined using the isodose curve selected by calculating the value obtained considering the PDP at the point of the middle line of separation between the internal and external fields, the difference between the two methods for determining exposure time was around 2.4%. A study on the angle of the radiation beam at the input field (region breast-air) was conducted showing that, once known a tangent angle of the input beam, one can estimate the angle of the wedge filter used in some procedures for uniformity of dose within the irradiated volume compensation and the lack of tissue in the treatment volume. A comparative study between the isodose curves produced manually with the curves obtained in a two-dimensional computer system, the computer system showed that provides further information regarding the dose gradient within the irradiated volume, in addition to reducing the time spent in preparing the curves isodose

Sistema de c��lculo computacional da unidade monitora para feixes de el��trons em radioterapia

In radiation theraphy with electron beam, the electrons are produced in linear accelerators, and energy the most used have between 4MeV and 20MeV. Generally, the treatments are done for superficial injuries, because the low penetration of these particles. In this work a system for calculation of monitor units (U.M.) for cases of treatments with electron beam was developed. The Excel program of Microsoft was used and is easily found in the operational system of the personal microcomputers. In the Excel has been inserted the pertinent data of the linear accelerator of Varian, model 2100C, used in the Service of radiation theraphy of the Hospital of the Clinics of the College of Medicine of the UNESP of Botucatu. For some values of the physical parameters, such as: factors field and factors calibration, not supplied in the tests of acceptance of the machine, still proceeded calculations from interpolation and extrapolation. The mathematical formulas for automatic search of these and others factors used in the calculations of the determination of the U.M had been developed in agreement available routines in Excel. For this the functions had been used the function IF (that it imposes search condition) and the PROCH (that looks a value in a column from determined line), beyond the basic functions of addition, multiplication and division. It is intended to optimize the routine of the Services of radiation theraphy that perform through eletrontheraphy procedures, speeding the calculations and minimizing the occurrence of errors and uncertainties deriving of the maken a mistake manipulation of the parameters gotten in tables of data of electron beams

Educa����o ambiental e pr��ticas pedag��gicas em escolas do ensino b��sico: o que dizem as teses e disserta����es produzidas no estado de S��o Paulo?

N��o dispon��vel

O debate modernidade / p��s-modernidade e a crise socioambiental: um estudo sobre teses e disserta����es brasileiras em educa����o ambiental

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Avalia����o do programa de medicina anti-estresse em mulheres com c��ncer de colo uterino submetidas �� radioterapia

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Defici��ncia intelectual e adapta����o curricular sob o olhar de teses e disserta����es

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

M��todos de pontos interiores e o planejamento de tratamento de c��ncer por radioterapia

O c��ncer �� uma doen��a que tem in��cio quando ocorre uma muta����o gen��tica no DNA da c��lula, onde o mecanismo de controle do crescimento normal do tecido celular �� alterado. O tratamento do c��ncer por radioterapia tem como objetivo a elimina����o das c��lulas cancer��genas ou al��vio dos sintomas. Este trabalho visa estudar conceitos envolvidos no planejamento do tratamento de c��ncer por radioterapia, o modelo de programa����o linear, os m��todos Primal-Dual-Afim-Escala e Primal-Dual-Cl��ssico e apresentar uma aplica����o dos m��todos para problemas gerais de otimiza����o

As tem��ticas de pesquisa da geografia agr��ria nas disserta����es e teses dos programas de p��s-gradua����o em geografia na regi��o sudeste

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

O casamento entre o ensino religioso e as teses p��s-modernas

This paper aims to base the thesis that the varied currents of the post-modern thought, in so far as have recourse to relativism to a greater or lesser degree, contribute to the legitimation of the religious education in public schools and, in a broader aspect, the religion in the public spaces. The methodological resource used to demonstrate the link between post-modern thought and religious education is the analysis at the historical and dialectical materialism perspective of publications produced to increase teachers on this discipline that is, in compliance with the Constitution, optional for students and mandatory for public elementary schools. The subject of this analysis is the learning content and has as prime concern to highlight the discourse of legitimation recurrent in authors when it is explicit in itself and explicit when it does not. The ���religious education in public schools��� as object of study allows us to understand the relationship between the post-modern thought, with its hegemony space within the human sciences and contextualized in the neoliberal economic environment, and the ���learning to learn��� pedagogies currently hegemonic in the educational landscape. We intend to contribute to the legal debate on laity, the philosophical debate on post-modernism and especially to the debate on the pedagogical theories in the educational fundaments.

A formula����o de uma corrente urban��stica: uma (re)visita ��s teses de Anhaia Mello para S��o Paulo

The present article aims to elaborate an objective analytical panel, initially from the 1920- 1930 when Luiz Ign��cio Romeiro de Anhaia Mello, cathedratic in the urban question, started to quote a series of authors and American plans as references to their reflections, mainly when the point was the verticalization or not at S��o Paulo City. From a broad bibliographic research with the systematization of the register from the debate between Anhaia Mello, this article intends to point out how the transposition of the urbanistic conceptions to the academic environment happened and, at the same time, the legal normatization of the S��o Paulo City that resulted in the creation of a draft of the regulations for use and occupation of the soil. The systematizations and analysis were based in a broad reading of the bibliography and documental sources that refer to the proposed theme. The books of the library of FAU-USP, specifically the one from SAGMACS ��� Sociedade de An��lises Gr��ficas e Mecanogr��ficas Aplicadas aos Complexos Sociais ( Society of Graphical Mechanical-Graphic Analysis Applied to Social Complexes) -, aiming to select papers and the collection of Anhaia Mello��s family, so that a reconstruction of the intellectual and professional journey of the Urbanism Professor. The systematization of the collected data and posterior comparison with the bibliographical study was fundamental for the reconstruction of the reflection of Anhaia Mello about the ways of the urban streets and roads at Sao Paulo City should be lead to on the middle of the XX century having as a guideline the debate between Anhaia Mello ��� very common on the 1950s for less important countries when dealing with the organization of the size of industrial metropolis. It was possible to identify the crystallization of one urbanistic proposal for the city: the from Anhaia Mello, that bet on the reversion of the metropolitan cycle by stopping the urban growth by the application of the theoretical conception of the garden city.