185 resultados para QRS
Resumo:
The effects of various hypertonic solutions on the intraventricular conduction, ventricular repolarization and the arrhythmias caused by the intravenous (iv) injection of bupivacaine (6.5 mg/kg) were studied in sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized mongrel dogs. Hypertonic solutions, given iv 5 min before bupivacaine, were 7.5% (w/v) NaCl, 5.4% (w/v) LiCl, 50% (w/v) glucose (2,400 mOsm/l, 5 ml/kg), or 20% (w/v) mannitol (1,200 mOsm/l, 10 ml/kg). Bupivacaine induced severe arrhythmias and ventricular conduction and repolarization disturbances, as reflected by significant increases in QRS complex duration, HV interval, IV interval and monophasic action potential duration, as well as severe hemodynamic impairment. Significant prevention against ventricular electrophysiologic and hemodynamic disturbances and ventricular arrhythmias was observed with 7.5% NaCl (percent increase in QRS complex duration: 164.4 ± 21.8% in the non-pretreated group vs 74.7 ± 14.1% in the pretreated group, P<0.05; percent increase in HV interval: 131.4 ± 16.1% in the non-pretreated group vs 58.2 ± 7.5% in the pretreated group, P<0.05; percent increase in monophasic action potential duration: 22.7 ± 6.8% in the non-pretreated group vs 9.8 ± 6.3% in the pretreated group, P<0.05; percent decrease in cardiac index: -46 ± 6% in the non-pretreated group vs -28 ± 5% in the pretreated group, P<0.05). The other three hypertonic solutions were ineffective. These findings suggest an involvement of sodium ions in the mechanism of hypertonic protection.
A routine electrocardiogram cannot be used to determine the size of myocardial infarction in the rat
Resumo:
Nine lead electrocardiograms of non-infarcted (N = 61) and infarcted (N = 71) female Wistar rats (200-250 g) were analyzed in order to distinguish left ventricle myocardial infarction (MI) larger than 40% (LMI) from MI smaller than 40% (SMI). MI larger than 40% clearly caused a deviation of ÂQRS and ÂT from normal values of 270-360 degrees to 90-270 degrees. Infarcted rats showed Q wave in D1 larger than 1 mm with 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The sum of QRS positivity in V1, V2 and V6 lower than 10 mm identified MI with 82% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The data showed that MI can be easily and reliably diagnosed by electrocardiogram in the rat. However, contradicting what is frequently believed, when specificity and sensitivity were analyzed focusing on MI size, none of these current electrocardiographic indices of MI size adequately discriminates LMI from SMI.
Resumo:
Electrocardiograms (ECG) obtained with standard limb leads and augmented unipolar limb leads were recorded from 17 unanesthetized adult sloths. The animals were held in their habitual position in an experimental chair. We determined heart rate and rhythm from the R-R intervals, the amplitude and duration of each wave, and the duration of the segments and intervals of the ECG. The mean electrical axes of P and T waves and QRS complex were calculated on the basis of the amplitude of these waves in leads I, II, III, aV R, aV L, and aV F. The P wave appeared positive in most tracings with low amplitude in lead II, the QRS complex was generally negative in leads aV R, III and aV F, and no arrhythmias were observed. With a mean ± SD heart rate for all recordings of 81 ± 18 bpm, the duration of P and T waves, QRS complex, and PR, QT and RR intervals averaged 0.05 ± 0.02, 0.15 ± 0.05, 0.07 ± 0.02, 0.13 ± 0.02, 0.38 ± 0.04, and 0.74 ± 0.17 s, respectively. The ECG shape had a definite configuration on each lead. The angles of the mean ± SD electrical axes for atrial and ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization in the horizontal plane were +34 ± 68º, -35 ± 63º, and -23 ± 68º, respectively. All electrical axes showed great variations and their mean values suggest that, when the sloth is in a seated position, the heart could be displaced by the diaphragm to a semi-horizontal position.
Resumo:
The mechanisms by which PM2.5 increases cardiovascular mortality are not fully identified. Autonomic alterations are the current main hypotheses. Our objective was to determine if PM2.5 induces acute cardiac polarization alterations in healthy Wistar rats. PM2.5 samples were collected on polycarbonate filters. Solutions containing 10, 20, and 50 µg PM2.5 were administered by tracheal instillation. P wave duration decreased significantly at 20 µg (0.99 ± 0.06, 0.95 ± 0.06, and 0.96 ± 0.07; P < 0.001), and 50 µg (0.98 ± 0.06, 0.98 ± 0.07, and 0.96 ± 0.08; 60, 90 and 120 min, respectively) compared to blank filter solution (P < 0.001). PR interval duration decreased significantly at 20 µg (0.99 ± 0.06, 0.98 ± 0.07, and 0.97 ± 0.08) and 50 µg (0.99 ± 0.05, 0.97 ± 0.0, and 0.95 ± 0.05; 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively) compared to blank filter and 10 µg (P < 0.001). QRS interval duration decreased at 20 and 50 µg in relation to blank filter solution and 10 µg (P < 0.001). QT interval duration decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with time in animals receiving 20 µg (0.94 ± 0.12, 0.88 ± 0.14, and 0.88 ± 0.11) and 50 µg (1.00 ± 0.13; 0.97 ± 0.11 and 0.98 ± 0.16; 60, 90 and 120 min, respectively) compared to blank filter solution and 10 µg (P < 0.001). PM2.5 induced reduced cardiac conduction time, within a short period, indicating that depolarization occurs more rapidly across ventricular tissue.
Resumo:
Therapy with bone marrow-derived cells has been used in ischemic patients with reported success. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of fresh and frozen human umbilical cord blood cells (hUCB) in Wistar rats submitted to permanent occlusion of the left coronary artery. Three hours after myocardial infarction, 2 x 10(7) hUCB cells or vehicle were administered by intramyocardial injection. The animals were divided into five groups: control (N = 10), sham operated (N = 10), infarcted that received vehicle (N = 9), infarcted treated with cryopreserved hUCB (N = 7), and infarcted treated with fresh hUCB (N = 5). Cardiac function was evaluated by electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram (ECHO) before cell therapy, and by ECG, ECHO, cardiopulmonary test, and left ventricular pressure measurements 3 weeks later. After 3 weeks, both groups treated with hUCB still had Q wave present in L1, âQRS >90° and reduced shortening fraction (less than 50%). In addition, cardiac indexes of left ventricular contractility and relaxation were 5484 ± 875 and -4032 ± 643 mmHg (cryopreserved hUCB) and 4585 ± 955 and -2862 ± 590 mmHg (fresh hUCB), respectively. These values were not statistically different from those of saline-treated animals. Cardiopulmonary exercise test profile was typical of infarcted hearts; exercise time was about 14 min and maximal VO2 was 24.77 ± 5.00 mL·kg-1·min-1. These data show that hUCB therapy did not improve the cardiac function of infarcted animals or prevent cardiac remodeling.
Resumo:
The SEARCH-RIO study prospectively investigated electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived variables in chronic Chagas disease (CCD) as predictors of cardiac death and new onset ventricular tachycardia (VT). Cardiac arrhythmia is a major cause of death in CCD, and electrical markers may play a significant role in risk stratification. One hundred clinically stable outpatients with CCD were enrolled in this study. They initially underwent a 12-lead resting ECG, signal-averaged ECG, and 24-h ambulatory ECG. Abnormal Q-waves, filtered QRS duration, intraventricular electrical transients (IVET), 24-h standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN), and VT were assessed. Echocardiograms assessed left ventricular ejection fraction. Predictors of cardiac death and new onset VT were identified in a Cox proportional hazard model. During a mean follow-up of 95.3 months, 36 patients had adverse events: 22 new onset VT (mean±SD, 18.4±4‰/year) and 20 deaths (26.4±1.8‰/year). In multivariate analysis, only Q-wave (hazard ratio, HR=6.7; P<0.001), VT (HR=5.3; P<0.001), SDNN<100 ms (HR=4.0; P=0.006), and IVET+ (HR=3.0; P=0.04) were independent predictors of the composite endpoint of cardiac death and new onset VT. A prognostic score was developed by weighting points proportional to beta coefficients and summing-up: Q-wave=2; VT=2; SDNN<100 ms=1; IVET+=1. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis optimized the cutoff value at >1. In 10,000 bootstraps, the C-statistic of this novel score was non-inferior to a previously validated (Rassi) score (0.89±0.03 and 0.80±0.05, respectively; test for non-inferiority: P<0.001). In CCD, surface ECG-derived variables are predictors of cardiac death and new onset VT.
Epilepsy-induced electrocardiographic alterations following cardiac ischemia and reperfusion in rats
Resumo:
The present study evaluated electrocardiographic alterations in rats with epilepsy submitted to an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model induced by cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: control (n=12) and epilepsy (n=14). It was found that rats with epilepsy presented a significant reduction in atrioventricular block incidence following the ischemia and reperfusion procedure. In addition, significant alterations were observed in electrocardiogram intervals during the stabilization, ischemia, and reperfusion periods of rats with epilepsy compared to control rats. It was noted that rats with epilepsy presented a significant increase in the QRS interval during the stabilization period in relation to control rats (P<0.01). During the ischemia period, there was an increase in the QRS interval (P<0.05) and a reduction in the P wave and QT intervals (P<0.05 for both) in rats with epilepsy compared to control rats. During the reperfusion period, a significant reduction in the QT interval (P<0.01) was verified in the epilepsy group in relation to the control group. Our results indicate that rats submitted to an epilepsy model induced by pilocarpine presented electrical conductivity alterations of cardiac tissue, mainly during an AMI episode.
Resumo:
This study examined factors contributing to the differences in left ventricular mass as measured by Doppler echocardiography in children. Fourteen boys (10.3 ± 0.3 years of age) and 1 1 girls (10.5 ± 0.4 years of age) participated in the study. Height and weight were measured, and relative body fat was determined from the measurement of skinfold thickness according to Slaughter et al. (1988). Lean Body Mass was then calculated by subtracting the fat mass from the total body mass. Sexual maturation was self-assessed using the stages of sexual maturation by Tanner (1962). Both pubic hair development and genital (penis or breast for boys and girls respectively) development were used to determine sexual maturation. Carotid Pulse pressure was assessed by applanation tomometry in the left carotid artery. Cardiac mass was measured by Doppler Echocardiography. Images of cardiac structures were taken using B-Mode and were then translated to M- Mode. The dimensions at the end diastole were obtained at the onset of the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram in a plane through a standard position. Measurements included: (a) the diameter of the left ventricle at the end diastole was measured from the septum edge to the endocardium mean border, (b) the posterior wall was measured as the distance from to anterior wall to the epicardium surface, and (c) the interventricular septum was quantified as the distance from the surface of the left ventricle border to the right ventricle septum surface. Systolic time measurements were taken at the peak of the T-wave of the electrocardiogram. Each measurement was taken three to five times before averaging. Average values were used to calculate cardiac mass using the following equation (Deveraux et al. 1986). Weekly physical activity metabolic equivalent was calculated using a standardize activity questionnaire (Godin and Shepard, 1985) and peakV02 was measured on a cycloergometer. There were no significant differences in cardiovascular mesurements between boys and girls. Left ventricular mass was correlated (p<0.05) with size, maturation, peakV02 and physical activity metabolic equivalent. In boys, lean body mass alone explained 36% of the variance in left ventricular mass while weight was the single strongest predictor of left ventricular mass (R =0.80) in girls. Lean body mass, genital developemnt and physical activity metabolic equivalent together explained 46% and 81% in boys and girls, respectively. However, the combination of lean body mass, genital development and peakV02 (ml kgLBM^ min"') explained up to 84% of the variance in left ventricular mass in girls, but added nothing in boys. It is concluded that left ventricular mass was not statistically different between pre-adolescent boys and girls suggesting that hormonal, and therefore, body size changes in adolescence have a main effect on cardiac development and its final outcome. Although body size parameters were the strongest correlates of left ventricular mass in this pre-adolescent group of children, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report that sexual maturation, as well as physical activity and fitness, are also strong associated with left ventricular mass in pre-adolescents, especially young females. Arterial variables, such as systolic blood pressure and carotid pulse pressure, are not strong determinants of left ventricular mass in this pre-adolescent group. In general, these data suggest that although there is no gender differences in the absolute values of left ventricular mass, as children grow, the factors that determine cardiac mass differ between the genders, even in the same pre-adolescent age.
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La thérapie de resynchronisation cardiaque (CRT) est un traitement qui diminue la mortalité et améliore la qualité de vie des patients atteints d’insuffisance cardiaque et présentant un dyssynchronisme de la contraction ventriculaire gauche. Malgré le succès de cette thérapie, plus de 30% des patients ne présentent pas l’amélioration désirée. Plusieurs études portant sur le synchronisme électrique ou mécanique de la contraction ont été effectuées mais peu d’entres elles se sont attardées sur le couplage électromécanique à l'échelle macroscopique. Ce projet a comme objectif d’observer le comportement électromécanique des ventricules canins en présence d’un resynchronisateur cardiaque. Un logiciel a été développé pour permettre l’analyse des informations provenant de la cartographie endocardique sans contact et de la ventriculographie isotopique tomographique chez 12 sujets canins insuffisants. Pour observer la réponse mécanique suite à l’activation électrique, nous avons premièrement recalé les surfaces issues des 2 modalités. Ensuite, nous avons défini les limites du cycle cardiaque, analysé les signaux électriques et les courbes de déplacement de la paroi endocardique. Le début de la contraction est défini par un déplacement radial de 10% vers le centre du ventricule. Les résultats démontrent que la durée d’activation du ventricule gauche et la largeur du QRS augmentent en présence d’une stimulation externe et que les délais électromécaniques sont indépendants dans les modes de stimulation étudiés (sinusal, LVbasal, RVapex ou BIV) avec une moyenne de 84,56±7,19 ms. Finalement, nous avons noté que la stimulation basolatérale procure une fonction cardiaque optimale malgré une durée prolongée du QRS.
Resumo:
La thérapie de resynchronisation cardiaque (CRT) est un traitement qui vise à rétablir le synchronisme de contraction du ventricule gauche chez les patients souffrant d’insuffisance cardiaque. Aujourd’hui encore, plus de 30% de ces patients ne répondent pas au traitement de resynchronisation. Afin de mieux comprendre les effets de la CRT sur la fonction cardiaque, un resynchronisateur biventriculaire a été implanté chez des chiens sains et des chiens atteints d’insuffisance cardiaque. Les fonctions ventriculaires gauche et droite ont été étudiées selon différents modes de resynchronisation. Les résultats de cette étude confirment premièrement que la durée du complexe QRS n’est pas un marqueur approprié dans l’optimisation de la CRT. Les résultats démontrent également qu’une optimisation individualisée de la CRT est nécessaire afin de maximiser l’effet de la thérapie sur le ventricule gauche et que la modulation du délai de resynchronisation a un impact significatif sur la fonction ventriculaire droite. Plus précisément, la fonction systolique du ventricule droit est optimale lors d’une activation précoce de l’électrode gauche.
Resumo:
L’insuffisance cardiaque est une pathologie provoquant une diminution importante des capacités fonctionnelles des patients ainsi qu’une diminution drastique de la qualité de vie. L’évaluation des capacités fonctionnelles est généralement effectuée par une épreuve d’effort maximal. Cependant pour plusieurs patients, cet effort est difficile à compléter. Les objectifs de l’étude présentée dans ce mémoire sont : (1) valider trois méthodes d’évaluation de la capacité fonctionnelle et aérobie des sujets souffrant d’insuffisance cardiaque avec un complexe QRS élargi; (2) chercher à établir le profil des patients démontrant une meilleure tolérance à l’exercice malgré une consommation maximale d’oxygène identique; et (3) démontrer les conséquences de la présence et de la magnitude de l’asynchronisme cardiaque dans la capacité fonctionnelle et la tolérance à l’exercice. Tous les sujets ont été soumis à un test de marche de six minutes, un test d’endurance à charge constante sur tapis roulant et à une épreuve d’effort maximal avec mesure d’échanges gazeux à la bouche. Les résultats ont montré une association significative entre les épreuves maximale et plus spécifiquement sous-maximale. De plus, une meilleure tolérance à l’exercice serait associée significativement à une plus grande masse du ventricule gauche. Finalement, les résultats de notre étude n’ont pas montré d’effet d’un asynchronisme cardiaque sur la performance à l’effort tel qu’évalué par nos protocoles.
Resumo:
Les hommes et les femmes diffèrent devant la survenue de plusieurs types d’arythmies cardiaques. Ainsi, la prévalence des fibrillations auriculaires, ou celle du syndrome de Brugada est plus élevée chez les hommes, tandis que les femmes sont plus susceptibles de développer des torsades de pointe. La survenue de ces arythmies pourrait être affectée par l’existence de disparités entre les sexes au niveau de l’activité électrique cardiaque normale. Des différences ont d’ailleurs été décrites dans les paramètres électrocardiographiques des hommes et des femmes, et notamment au niveau des paramètres traduisant la phase de repolarisation ventriculaire. Par ailleurs, plusieurs études cliniques et expérimentales ont permis d’avancer que les androgènes pourraient contribuer à expliquer les différences homme-femme observées dans la repolarisation ventriculaire. Leur influence sur les autres paramètres électrocardiographiques a toutefois reçu peu d’attention jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail était de mieux comprendre l’implication de la testostérone dans les différences sexuelles observées au niveau de l’électrocardiogramme. En travaillant à partir d’une cohorte de volontaires sains, nous avons tout d’abord confirmé l’existence de différences électrocardiographiques rapportées précédemment dans la littérature. Nous avons de plus noté un segment PR plus long chez les hommes, bien que l’onde P et l’intervalle PR n’étaient pas significativement différents entre les sexes. Par la suite, nous avons évalué l’association de la testostérone avec les différents paramètres de l’électrocardiogramme humain. La testostérone était le plus fortement associée au complexe QRS, au segment ST et à l’intervalle QTc. Nous avons donc examiné la contribution de la testostérone dans les mécanismes responsables des différences sexuelles pour ces trois paramètres. D’après les résultats obtenus, la testostérone ne semblait toutefois pas expliquer ces différences homme-femme. En conclusion, les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que la testostérone n’est pas responsable des différences observées au niveau du complexe QRS, du segment ST et de l’intervalle QTc des hommes et des femmes de notre cohorte. D’autres médiateurs, seuls ou en association avec la testostérone, pourraient jouer un rôle dans l’établissement de ces différences électrocardiographiques associées au sexe.
Resumo:
Introduction: La surcharge de pression ventriculaire augmente à l’exercice chez les patients avec une sténose de valve aortique (SVA). Lorsqu’il n’y a aucun symptôme apparent, il est cependant difficile d’indiquer l’intervention chirurgicale en utilisant seulement les indices de surcharge de pression ventriculaire. D’autres paramètres, tels que la dispersion de la repolarisation ventriculaire (d-QT), qui augmentent avec le gradient de pression transvalvulaire (GPT), n’ont pas été étudiés dans la SVA. L’objectif de l’étude était de déterminer le modèle de réponse du segment QT et de la d-QT à l’épreuve d’effort chez des enfants avec une SVA congénitale modérée afin d’évaluer l’impact de la surcharge de pression ventriculaire selon une perspective électrophysiologique. Matériel et méthodes: 15 patients SVA modérés ont été comparés à 15 sujets contrôles appariés pour l’âge (14.8±2.5 ans vs. 14.2±1.5 ans) et pour le sexe (66,7% de sujets mâles). Tous les sujets ont fait une épreuve d’effort avec enregistrement électrocardiographique à 12 dérivations. Le segment QT a été mesuré à partir du début du complexe QRS jusqu’à l’apex de l’onde T (QTa) au repos, à l’effort maximal ainsi qu’après 1 et 3 minutes de récupération. La longueur du segment QT a été corrigée selon l’équation de Fridericia et la d-QT a été calculée. Résultats: La longueur du segment QT corrigée (QTc) était similaire au repos entre les groupes d’étude, mais était significativement élevée chez les SVA en comparaison avec le groupe contrôle à l’effort maximal (p=0.004) ainsi qu’après 1 (p<0.001) et 3 (p<0.001) minutes de récupération. Une interaction significative a été identifiée entre les groupes pour la d-QT (p=0.034) et les tests post hoc ont révélé une différence significative seulement au repos (p=0.001). Conclusions: Les anomalies de repolarisation ventriculaire peuvent être révélées par l’évaluation de la repolarisation électrique lors de l’épreuve d’effort chez les SVA modérées asymptomatiques. L’utilisation de la réponse du QT à l’effort pourrait être bénéfique pour l’optimisation de la stratification du risque chez ces patients.
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If you’ve made it this far—and I’m sure many of you have—then you know what this article is about: QR codes, or Quick Response codes (also referred to, though less frequently, as mobile codes 2d barcodes, or 2d codes). QRs are not new by any stretch of the imagination. In fact, they’ve been around for about a decade and a half.
Resumo:
Para avaliar associação entre infarto do miocárdio e a presença no eletrocardiograma de extra-sístoles supraventriculares ou ventriculares com morfologia QR, foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle aninhado em um estudo transversal. No período de janeiro de 2000 a maio de 2004 foram realizados 6244 exames de cateterismo cardíaco na Unidade de Hemodinâmica do Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Deste grupo foram selecionados 35 pacientes com infarto do miocárdio (IM) e 11 sem IM, sendo que destes 46 pacientes 33 já apresentavam extra-sístoles espontaneamente e os outros 13 tiveram suas extra-sístoles obtidas em estimulação elétrica programada. Deste modo, nosso estudo constitui-se 35 casos de IM com extra-sistoles espontâneas ou provocadas e 11 controles sem IM. Com extra-sistolia (espontânea ou provocada). Os traçados eletrocardiográficos foram estudados, e observaram-se, quais os pacientes que apresentaram nas extra-sístoles morfologia tipo QR (QRS, QRs, Qrs) com duração maior ou igual a 0,04 segundos, considerando-se este sinal como positivo para IM. A utilização do eletrocardiograma em ritmo sinusal para o diagnóstico de IM em nosso estudo levou a uma estimativa de sensibilidade em torno de 86% e uma especificidade de 91%.Como conseqüência direta destes achados, temos que do ponto de vista do eletrocardiograma em ritmo sinusal havia 31 pacientes supostamente com IM e 15 livres do desfecho. Não obstante, dos 31 supostos pacientes com IM, 30 eram verdadeiros positivos e 1 falso negativo. Por outro lado, dos 15 pacientes supostamente sem IM, havia 5 falsos negativos e 10 verdadeiramente negativos. Tomando o grupo de pacientes supostamente livres de IM, como foco de ação corretiva para diagnóstico do ECG em ritmo sinusal, tem-se a necessidade de reverter uma taxa de falsos negativos de 14% Aplicando-se os critérios diagnósticos de IM no ECG obtido em extra-sístoles verifica-se que, apesar de ocorrer uma queda na especificidade, temos uma estimativa de sensibilidade em torno de 100%. Assim, a utilização combinada do ECG em extra-sístoles seguindo o ECG em ritmo sinusal promove a redução da taxa de falsos negativos de 14% para 0% enquanto que enquanto que a proporção de falsos positivos ficou em torno de 27%. Desta forma, a análise da morfologia das extra-sístoles supraventriculares e ventriculares podem ser de utilidade no diagnóstico de IM quando a morfologia dos batimentos sinusais é não diagnostica