Estudo da durabilidade de painéis de partículas de bagaço de cana de açúcar e resina poliuretana a base de óleo de mamona para aplicação na construção civil

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico e a durabilidade de painéis de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com resina bicomponente a base de mamona (BCP) e compará-los com painéis de partículas de madeira comerciais (Medium Density Particleboard - MDP). Os painéis de bagaço de cana de açúcar foram fabricados com um teor de resina poliuretana a base de óleo de maona de 15%. O desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados foi analisado com base nas prescrições dos documentos normativos vigentes. Ambos os materiais foram revestidos superficialmente com resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. Avaliou-se a influência do tratamento das bordas na deterioração e no desempenho dos painéis. O acompanhamento das propriedades físico-mecânicas foi realizado antes e após os ensaios de envelhecimento por exposição natural durante 3, 6 e 12 meses, envelhecimento acelerado e de intemperismo artificial. Foi feita a avaliação, da suscetibilidade ao crescimento gerada pelo ataque de fungos emboloradores e apodrecedores nos materiais durante o envelhecimento natural e no ensaio acelerado. Foi realizada a análise colorimétrica para a identificação de mudanças de cor e brilho nos materiais após os ensaios de deterioração. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de densitometria de raios X, espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo (NIR). Os resultados obtidos indicaram a selagem lateral permitiu avaliar a superfície exposta do material permitindo a entrada da água pela superfície avaliando o efeito dos agentes de deterioração. A porcentagem de retenção para o Módulo de ruptura após o ensaio de envelhecimento por imersão em agua e secagem (APA D1) foi de 87% e 3% para BCP e MDP sem revestimento respectivamente e de 90% e 3% para BCP e MDP com revestimento. A porcentagem de retenção das propriedades mecânicas em ambos os submetidos à exposição natural diminuiu em função do tempo. Entretanto o porcentagem de retenção para os materiais BCP e MDP com revestimento superficial foi de 76% e 60% para MOR. A exposição natural mostrou que os fungos emboloradores foram predominantes em ambos os materiais. Ambos os materiais com revestimento superficial apresentaram entre 1-10% de colonização com um 70% de probabilidade. Revestimento de resina de óleo de mamona reduz o crescimento de fungos em ambos os materiais no ensaio acelerado. O perfil de densitometria permitiu analisar o processo de fabricação dos painéis e permitiu identificar a deterioração gradativa do ambos os materiais após os ensaios de envelhecimento. A intepretação mediante a analise de componentes principais (ACP) na aplicação do NIR comportou a classificação das características relacionadas a cada ensaio de deterioração de ambos os materiais sem revestimento superficial. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho, foram propostas contribuições para ajustes de metodologias para a avaliação da durabilidade e do desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados, tendo em vista a sua viabilidade técnica, em sistemas construtivos da construção civil.

Obtenção e caracterização de um eco-compósito à base de látex e bainha da palha do coqueiro para isolamento térmico e acústico

With the emergence of new technologies, has grown the need to use new materials, and this has intensified research on the collection and use of materials from renewable sources, is to reduce production costs and / or environmental impact. In this context, it was found that the sheath coconut straw, can be utilized as raw material for the production of a eco-composite that can be used as a thermal and acoustic insulator. After selected from the coconut sheaths were subjected to treatment with aqueous 2 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The composite study was produced with the sheath and coconut natural latex, with coconut sheath percentage in the proportions 15%, 25% and 35% of the total compound volume. Physical, thermal and acoustic properties of the composites were analyzed in order to obtain data on the use of viability as thermoacoustic insulation. The CP15 composites, CP25 and CP35 showed thermal conductivity 0.188 W/m.K, 0.155 W/m.K and 0.150 W/m.K, respectively. It can be applied as thermal insulation in hot systems to 200 ° C. The CP35 composite was more efficient as a thermal and acoustic insulation, providing 20% noise reduction, 31% and 34% for frequencies of 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz, respectively. The analyzes were based on ABNT, ASTM, UL. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the eco-composite produced the hem of coconut can be used as thermal and acoustic insulation. Thus, it gives a more noble end to this material, which most often is burned or disposed of improperly in the environment.

Obtenção e caracterização de um eco-compósito à base de látex e bainha da palha do coqueiro para isolamento térmico e acústico

With the emergence of new technologies, has grown the need to use new materials, and this has intensified research on the collection and use of materials from renewable sources, is to reduce production costs and / or environmental impact. In this context, it was found that the sheath coconut straw, can be utilized as raw material for the production of a eco-composite that can be used as a thermal and acoustic insulator. After selected from the coconut sheaths were subjected to treatment with aqueous 2 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The composite study was produced with the sheath and coconut natural latex, with coconut sheath percentage in the proportions 15%, 25% and 35% of the total compound volume. Physical, thermal and acoustic properties of the composites were analyzed in order to obtain data on the use of viability as thermoacoustic insulation. The CP15 composites, CP25 and CP35 showed thermal conductivity 0.188 W/m.K, 0.155 W/m.K and 0.150 W/m.K, respectively. It can be applied as thermal insulation in hot systems to 200 ° C. The CP35 composite was more efficient as a thermal and acoustic insulation, providing 20% noise reduction, 31% and 34% for frequencies of 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz, respectively. The analyzes were based on ABNT, ASTM, UL. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the eco-composite produced the hem of coconut can be used as thermal and acoustic insulation. Thus, it gives a more noble end to this material, which most often is burned or disposed of improperly in the environment.

Estudo da incorporação de cinza e chamote gerado pela cerâmica vermelha ao próprio processo industrial

The ceramics industry generates waste at various stages of that process, defective products, waste from burning solid fuels, among others. This waste is dumped in landfills, garbage dumps or directly on roads, which has a negative environmental impact. This paper presents a study to incorporate the waste of algaroba wood and chamote (scrap pieces of ceramic already sintered), in to the ceramic material for making sealing blocks. The methodological procedures consist in the characterization of chemical and mineralogical residues, raw materials, and physical-mechanical of the formulations of mixes with clay, silt and waste. By pressing test pieces were produced using a pressure of 200 kgf/cm², varying compositions in the range of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of residue. The sintering was performed in a muffle furnace, with the temperature levels of 850 ° C, 900 ° C, 950 ° C, 1000 ° C and 1050 ° C. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties were: Water Absorption, Linear Shrinkage Burning, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density and Mechanical Resistance to Flexion. Analysis was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy on fracture surfaces of the specimens. Evaluation of linear shrinkage property drying and firing , water absorption and mechanical resistance to compression of the sealing blocks 5% wood ash residue, sintered at 900 °C hold temperature in the laboratory the products manufactured on an industrial scale. The main results, it was found on the viability of using the residues of algaroba wood and to confer refractory properties of the ceramic product. The main results, it was concluded feasibility of using the ash residues algaroba wood to impart refractory properties to the ceramic product and the residue of chamote, being derived from the own ceramic product not interfere with the properties, when used in a percentage of up to 5%.Since the residue of chamote being derived from the ceramic product itself had no effect on the properties. Studies in the laboratory have shown that the incorporation of up to 5% of these residues may be adopted as an alternative technology to reduce the environmental impact caused by the industrial sector, without compromising the final properties of the material, since the results on an industrial scale showed absorption values 11.66 and 11.74 of water and waste products respectively, within the parameters of NBR - 15,270, since the mechanical strength was 1.25 MPa and 0.94 MPa respectively for products with and without residue, lower than the minimum required by the technical standard that is 1.5 MPa.

Estudo da incorporação de cinza e chamote gerado pela cerâmica vermelha ao próprio processo industrial

The ceramics industry generates waste at various stages of that process, defective products, waste from burning solid fuels, among others. This waste is dumped in landfills, garbage dumps or directly on roads, which has a negative environmental impact. This paper presents a study to incorporate the waste of algaroba wood and chamote (scrap pieces of ceramic already sintered), in to the ceramic material for making sealing blocks. The methodological procedures consist in the characterization of chemical and mineralogical residues, raw materials, and physical-mechanical of the formulations of mixes with clay, silt and waste. By pressing test pieces were produced using a pressure of 200 kgf/cm², varying compositions in the range of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of residue. The sintering was performed in a muffle furnace, with the temperature levels of 850 ° C, 900 ° C, 950 ° C, 1000 ° C and 1050 ° C. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties were: Water Absorption, Linear Shrinkage Burning, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density and Mechanical Resistance to Flexion. Analysis was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy on fracture surfaces of the specimens. Evaluation of linear shrinkage property drying and firing , water absorption and mechanical resistance to compression of the sealing blocks 5% wood ash residue, sintered at 900 °C hold temperature in the laboratory the products manufactured on an industrial scale. The main results, it was found on the viability of using the residues of algaroba wood and to confer refractory properties of the ceramic product. The main results, it was concluded feasibility of using the ash residues algaroba wood to impart refractory properties to the ceramic product and the residue of chamote, being derived from the own ceramic product not interfere with the properties, when used in a percentage of up to 5%.Since the residue of chamote being derived from the ceramic product itself had no effect on the properties. Studies in the laboratory have shown that the incorporation of up to 5% of these residues may be adopted as an alternative technology to reduce the environmental impact caused by the industrial sector, without compromising the final properties of the material, since the results on an industrial scale showed absorption values 11.66 and 11.74 of water and waste products respectively, within the parameters of NBR - 15,270, since the mechanical strength was 1.25 MPa and 0.94 MPa respectively for products with and without residue, lower than the minimum required by the technical standard that is 1.5 MPa.

Modificação da pasta kraft de eucalipto para novas aplicações

Este trabalho constou num estudo da modificação da pasta kraft de eucalipto, utilizando uma técnica de processamento por alta pressão hidrostática com o intuito de melhorar a sua performance para novas aplicações tal como o papel tissue ou o papel para embalagens. Para tal pretendia-se melhorar algumas propriedades da pasta com a utilização da técnica de alta pressão hidrostática. Realizou-se um estudo preliminar onde se submeteu uma pasta branqueada A, não refinada, a um tratamento hiperbárico (TH) numa gama de pressões de 5000-8000 bar. Para uma pressão de 6000 bar constatou-se uma melhoria de cerca de 16 % no alongamento percentual na rotura, 17 % na resistência à tração, 27 % no índice de rebentamento e cerca de 19 % no índice de rasgamento. Posteriormente, e tendo em conta os resultados positivos verificados na pasta A, estudou-se o efeito do TH numa pasta branqueada B variando a consistência de tratamento (1,5% ou 3%) e o tempo de processamento (5 ou 10 minutos). Foi estudado também o efeito do TH quando aplicado antes e após a refinação da pasta. A pasta branca foi submetida à refinação num moinho PFI entre 1000 e 3000 rotações. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o TH realizado a menores consistências apresenta um efeito mais significativo nas propriedades físico-mecânicas de pastas e que o efeito é distinto quando o processamento é aplicado antes e depois da refinação, tendo-se registado melhoramentos das propriedades mecânicas apenas quando o TH ocorre após a refinação. A pasta kraft foi também modificada com anidrido alquenil succínico (ASA). A modificação da pasta de celulose com ASA resultou numa diminuição das propriedades mecânicas e para além disso não gerou qualquer alteração na termoplasticidade do material, no entanto registou-se um aumento na resistência à molhabilidade. Concluiu-se que o TH conduz a alterações ao nível de propriedades mecânicas e estruturais da pasta de interesse para a aplicação em papéis tissue no caso da pasta B. Para além disso a modificação da pasta com ASA resultou em alterações de interesse particular para papéis de embalagem.

Avaliação da potencialidade dos resíduos de gesso de revestimento incorporados em formulações de massas cerâmicas

In building, during the implementation process of major or even minor works, there is a considerable waste of plaster in the steps of coating, making it is a negative factor because of the loss of these processes constructive remains incorporated into buildings, as component, whose final dimensions are higher than those projected. Another negative factor is the disposal of waste gypsum in inappropriate places, thus contributing to the degradation of environmental quality, due to the leaching of this waste and may trigger the formation of sulfuric acid. Therefore, based on this picture, processing and reuse of waste coating, combined with the ceramics industry, which is a strong potential in the reuse of certain types of waste, promote mutual benefits. Thus the overall objective of this work is to conduct a search with scientific and technological aspects, to determine the effect of the incorporation of the residue of plaster for coating, from the building, the formulation of bodies for red ceramic. The residue of plaster coating was collected and characterized. They were also selected raw materials of two ceramic poles of the state of Rio Grande do Norte and formulations have been made with the intention of obtaining those with the best physical and mechanical properties, the residue was added the percentage of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%, in the best formulation of ceramic industry 1 and, according the properties analyses, 5%, 10% and 15% as the best results of ceramic industry 2. The samples were sintered at temperatures of 850 ºC, 950 °C and 1050 °C, the heating rate of 5 ºC / min with isotherm of two hours. They were submitted to testing technology, such as lineal shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent density and bending resistence. The residue incorporation best results in the formulations of mass in red ceramic, were observed between the temperatures of 850 ºC and 950 ºC, in those formulations that have illite clays and medium plastic in their composition, in the range of 0% to 15% residue incorporated

Desenvolvimento e otimização de um filme biodegradável à base de proteína do tremoço (Lupinus angustifolius)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Molecular e Microbiana, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Estudo sobre as potencialidades de compósitos à base de gesso e fibras de coco seco para aplicação na construção civil

The use of gypsum, one of the oldest building materials for the construction industry in the country has been experiencing a significant and steady growth, due to its low cost and some of its properties that confer comparative advantage over other binder materials. Its use comprises various applications including the coating of walls and the production of internal seals and linings. Moreover, the fibers are being increasingly incorporated into arrays fragile in an attempt to improve the properties of the composite by reducing the number of cracks, the opening of the same and its propagation velocity. Other properties, depending on the function of the component material or construction, among these thermal and acoustic performances, are of great importance in the context of buildings and could be improved, that is, having better performance with this embodiment. Conduct a comparative study of physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustic composite gypsum incorporating dry coconut fiber, in the form of blanket, constituted the main objective of this work. Improving the thermal and acoustic performances of precast gypsum, used for lining and internal vertical fences of buildings, was the purpose of development of these composites. To evaluate the effect of fiber content on the properties of the composites were used to manufacture the composite layer with different thicknesses. The composites were fabricated in the form of plates with dimensions of 500x500x24mm. To facilitate the comparative study of the properties were also made with material gypsum boards only. We then determined the physico-mechanical, thermal and acoustical plaster and composites. The results indicated that the composites were significant gains in relation to thermal performance and also acoustic, in certain frequency range, increasing the thickness of the blanket. Concerning other physical-mechanical properties, the results showed that although the compressive strength was lower than for the composite did not occur after a fracture catastrophic failure. The same trend was observed with regard to resistance to bending, since the composites have not suffered sudden rupture and still continued after the load supporting point of maximum load

Aplicação da metodologia de planejamento de experimentos para formulação de massas cerâmicas para telhas

Rio Grande do Norte State stands out as one great producer of structural clay of the brazilian northeastern. The Valley Assu ceramic tiles production stands out obtained from ilitics ball clays that abound in the region under study. Ceramics formulation and the design of experiments with mixture approach, has been applied for researchers, come as an important aid to decrease the number of experiments necessary to the optimization. In this context, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of the formulation, temperature and heating rate in the physical-mechanical properties of the red ceramic body used for roofing tile fabrication of the Valley Assu, using design of mixture experiments. Four clays samples used in two ceramics industry of the region were use as raw material and characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical composition, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size distribution analysis and plasticity techniques. Afterwards, they were defined initial molded bodies and made specimens were then prepared by uniaxial pressing at 25 MPa before firing at 850, 950 and 1050 ºC in a laboratory furnace, with heating rate in the proportions of 5, 10 e 15 ºC/min. The following tecnologicals properties were evaluated: linear firing shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength. Results show that the temperature 1050 ºC and heating rate of 5 ºC/min was the best condition, therefore presented significance in all physical-mechanical properties. The model was accepted as valid based of the production of three new formulations with fractions mass diferents of the initial molded bodies and heated with temperature at 1050 ºC and heating rate of 5 ºC/min. Considering the formulation, temperature and heating rate as variables of the equations, another model was suggested, where from the aplication of design of experiments with mixtures was possible to get a best formulation, whose experimental error is the minor in relation to the too much formulations

Influência da adição de fibras de celulose (papel kraft) nas características dos blocos de concreto não estrutural

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2016.

Desenvolvimento de filmes biodegradáveis à base de zeína, caracterização das propriedades funcionais e estruturais e avaliação do uso como cobertura na conservação das características físico-químicas do queijo Minas padrão

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência do tipo e teor de comonômero na estrutura e propriedades de copolímeros de etileno sintetizados com catalisador metalocênico

As propriedades de uma série de copolímeros de etileno sintetizados com catalisador metalocênico (Et[Ind]2ZrCl2/MAO) foram estudadas. A fim de avaliar a influência do tipo e teor de comonômero na estrutura e propriedades dos mesmos, foram utilizados diferentes tipos de comonômeros: α-olefinas (1-buteno, 1-hexeno, 1-octeno, 1-deceno, 1-octadeceno e 4-metil-1-penteno), cicloolefinas (norborneno, ciclopenteno, ciclohexeno, cicloocteno e vinil-ciclohexano) e ciclodienos (ciclopentadieno, diciclopentadieno e 4-vinil-1-ciclohexeno) em uma larga faixa de composição (0 à 28 % em mol de comonômero). A influência da temperatura de polimerização e a concentração de comonômero na atividade catalítica e nas propriedades dos copolímeros de etileno/ciclodienos e etileno/cicloolefinas sintetizados foram estudadas e os copolímeros foram caracterizados através de 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HETCOR, DSC e GPC. As propriedades termodinâmicas, estruturais e mecânicas destes copolímeros foram estudadas através de técnicas tais como DSC, WAXS, espectroscopia Raman de modo interno, DMTA, ensaios de tensão/deformação, etc. Em geral, foi observado um decréscimo na cristalinidade e temperatura de fusão dos copolímeros com o aumento do teor de comonômero incorporado nos mesmos, independente do tipo de ramificação. Quando rapidamente resfriados, os copolímeros de etileno/α-olefinas e alguns copolímeros etileno/ciclodienos e etileno/cicloolefinas, com distribuição aleatória de comonômero na cadeia, apresentaram comportamento que concorda com o previsto pela teoria de equilíbrio de fases proposta por Flory. Análises termo-dinâmico-mecânicas dos copolímeros indicaram que o teor de comonômero apresenta grande influência nas transições α e β, mas apresenta pouca influência na transição γ. Em geral, foi concluído que as propriedades e morfologia dos copolímeros de etileno estudados são bastante influenciadas pelo teor de comonômero e distribuição do mesmo na cadeia polimérica, porém são pouco influenciadas pelo tipo de comonômero.

Fabricação de malha de trama utilizada como pré-formas na indústria de compósitos e avaliação das propriedades mecânicas

In the manufacture of composite, textile materials are being used as reinforcement. Generally, the combination of the matrix with the textile material in the form of fibres or yarns is used depending on their distribution in the web. In the present work, in place of fibres or yarns, a knitted structure in the form of the final product which is defined as preform. The preform is weft knit manufactured with polyester filaments. In the manufacture of composite, polyester resin was used as matrix. The physical and mechanical properties as well as the formability of the weft knit were analysed. The physical and mechanical properties as well as the formability of the knitted structure were analysed. The results obtained on the analysis show that the courses and wales of the weft knit structure and the tensile properties help the formability of the structure and the impregnation of the resin. It could be clearly observed that composite structure in the direction of the courses support more tension than in the direction of the wales. In relation to the three points flexural tests it was possible to note that there was more flexion in the direction of wales, what was expected. It was also possible to note that there are other advantages such as reduction in the loss of materials used, homogeneity in the distribution of the knitted structure in the mould, reduction in the preparation time and also in the reduction in the cost of manufacture

Novas formulações de fluidos de corte: otimização, propriedades e recuperação do óleo usado

Cutting fluids are lubricants used in metal-mechanical industries. Their complex composition varies according to the type of operation carried out, also depending on the metals under treatment or investigation. Due to the high amount of mineral oil produced in Northeastern Brazil, we have detected the need to better use this class of material. In this work, two novel formulations have been tested, both based on naphthenic mineral oil and additives, such as: an emulsifying agent (A), an anticorrosion agent (B), a biocide (C) and an antifoam agent (D). Each formulation was prepared by mixing the additives in the mineral oil at a 700-rpm stirring velocity for 10 min, at 25°C, employing a 24 factorial planning. The formulations were characterized by means of density, total acid number (TAN), viscosity, flash point and anticorrosion activity. In a subsequent study, oil-in-water emulsions were prepared from these novel formulations. The emulsions were analyzed in terms of stability, corrosion degree, percentage of foam formation, conductivity, accelerated stability and particle size. The samples were appropriately labeled, and, in special, two of them were selected for featuring emulsion properties which were closer to those of the standards chosen as references (commercial cutting oils). Investigations were undertaken on the ability of NaCl and CaCl2 to destabilize the emulsions, at concentrations of 2%, 5% and 10%, at an 800-rpm stirring velocity for 5 min and temperatures of 25º, 40º, 50º and 60ºC. The recovered oils were chemically altered by reincorporating the same additives used in the original formulations, followed by preparation of emulsions with the same concentrations as those of the initial ones. The purpose was to assess the possibility of reusing the recovered oil. The effluents generated during the emulsion destabilization step were characterized via turbidity index, contents of oil and grease, pH, and contents of anions and cations, observing compliance with the parameters established by the current environmental legislation (Brazil s CONAMA 357/05 resolution). It could be concluded that the formulations presented excellent physicochemical properties as compared to commercial cutting fluids, showing that the quality of the newly-prepared fluids is superior to that of the formulations available in the market, enabling technically and environmentally-safe applications