Expression of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase pi in canine mammary tumors

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

ATM down-regulation is associated with poor prognosis in sporadic breast carcinomas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of caveolin-1 expression in canine mammary tumors

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mensuração do volume atrial esquerdo pelo método biplanar de Simpson em cães portadores da doença mixomatosa da válvula mitral

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Impact of complex NOTCH1 mutations on survival in paediatric T-cell leukaemia

Background: Molecular alterations occur frequently in T-ALL and the potential impact of those abnormalities on outcome is still controversial. The current study aimed to test whether NOTCH1 mutations and additional molecular abnormalities would impact T-ALL outcome in a series of 138 T-ALL paediatric cases. Methods: T-ALL subtypes, status of SIL-TAL1 fusion, ectopic expression of TLX3, and mutations in FBXW7, KRAS, PTEN and NOTCH1 were assessed as overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) prognostic factors. OS and EFS were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results: The frequencies of mutations were 43.5% for NOTCH1, while FBXW7, KRAS and PTEN exhibited frequencies of 19.1%, 9.5% and 9.4%, respectively. In 78.3% of cases, the coexistence of NOTCH1 mutations and other molecular alterations was observed. In multivariate analysis no statistical association was revealed between NOTCH1 mutations and any other variable analyzed. The mean length of the follow-up was 68.4 months and the OS was 50.7%. SIL-TAL1 was identified as an adverse prognostic factor. NOTCH1 mutation status was not associated with outcome, while the presence of NOTCH1 complex mutations (indels) were associated with a longer overall survival (p = 0.031) than point mutations. Conclusion: NOTCH1 mutations alone or in combination with FBXW7 did not impact T-ALL prognosis. Nevertheless, complex NOTCH1 mutations appear to have a positive impact on OS and the SIL-TAL1 fusion was validated as a negative prognostic marker in our series of T-ALL.

Expression of human protein S100A7 (psoriasin), preparation of antibody and application to human larynx squamous cell carcinoma

Background Up-regulation of S100A7 (Psoriasin), a small calcium-binding protein, is associated with the development of several types of carcinomas, but its function and possibility to serve as a diagnostic or prognostic marker have not been fully defined. In order to prepare antibodies to the protein for immunohistochemical studies we produced the recombinant S100A7 protein in E. coli. mRNA extracted from human tracheal tumor tissue which was amplified by RT-PCR to provide the region coding for the S100A7 gene. The amplified fragment was cloned in the vector pCR2.1-TOPO and sub-cloned in the expression vector pAE. The protein rS100A7 (His-tag) was expressed in E. coli BL21::DE3, purified by affinity chromatography on an Ni-NTA column, recovered in the 2.0 to 3.5 mg/mL range in culture medium, and used to produce a rabbit polyclonal antibody anti-rS100A7 protein. The profile of this polyclonal antibody was evaluated in a tissue microarray. Results The rS100A7 (His-tag) protein was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry and was used to produce an anti-recombinant S100A7 (His-tag) rabbit serum (polyclonal antibody anti-rS100A7). The molecular weight of rS100A7 (His-tag) protein determined by linear MALDI-TOF-MS was 12,655.91 Da. The theoretical mass calculated for the nonapeptide attached to the amino terminus is 12,653.26 Da (delta 2.65 Da). Immunostaining with the polyclonal anti-rS100A7 protein generated showed reactivity with little or no background staining in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells, detecting S100A7 both in nucleus and cytoplasm. Lower levels of S100A7 were detected in non-neoplastic tissue. Conclusions The polyclonal anti-rS100A7 antibody generated here yielded a good signal-to-noise contrast and should be useful for immunohistochemical detection of S100A7 protein. Its potential use for other epithelial lesions besides human larynx squamous cell carcinoma and non-neoplastic larynx should be explored in future.

MVP and Vaults: a role in the radiation response

[EN] Vaults are evolutionary highly conserved ribonucleoproteins particles with a hollow barrel-like structure. The main component of vaults represents the 110 kDa major vault protein (MVP), whereas two minor vaults proteins comprise the 193 kDa vault poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (vPARP) and the 240 kDa telomerase-associated protein-1 (TEP-1). Additionally, at least one small and untranslated RNA is found as a constitutive component. MVP seems to play an important role in the development of multidrug resistance. This particle has also been implicated in the regulation of several cellular processes including transport mechanisms, signal transmission and immune responses. Vaults are considered a prognostic marker for different cancer types. The level of MVP expression predicts the clinical outcome after chemotherapy in different tumour types. Recently, new roles have been assigned to MVP and vaults including the association with the insulin-like growth factor-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, and the two major DNA double-strand break repair machineries: non-homologous endjoining and homologous recombination. Furthermore, MVP has been proposed as a useful prognostic factor associated with radiotherapy resistance. Here, we review these novel actions of vaults and discuss a putative role of MVP and vaults in the response to radiotherapy.

Mechanism of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in philadelphia-positive acute lymphblastic leukaemia (all): from genetic alterations to impaired RNA editing

The Ph chromosome is the most frequent cytogenetic aberration associated with adult ALL and it represents the single most significant adverse prognostic marker. Despite imatinib has led to significant improvements in the treatment of patients with Ph+ ALL, in the majority of cases resistance developed quickly and disease progressed. Some mechanisms of resistance have been widely described but the full knowledge of contributing factors, driving both the disease and resistance, remains to be defined. The observation of rapid development of lymphoblastic leukemia in mice expressing altered Ikaros (Ik) isoforms represented the background of this study. Ikaros is a zinc finger transcription factor required for normal hemopoietic differentiation and proliferation, particularly in the lymphoid lineages. By means of alternative splicing, Ikaros encodes several proteins that differ in their abilities to bind to a consensus DNA-binding site. Shorter, DNA nonbinding isoforms exert a dominant negative effect, inhibiting the ability of longer heterodimer partners to bind DNA. The differential expression pattern of Ik isoforms in Ph+ ALL patients was analyzed in order to determine if molecular abnormalities involving the Ik gene could associate with resistance to imatinib and dasatinib. Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 46 adult patients (median age 55 yrs, 18-76) with Ph+ ALL at diagnosis and during treatment with imatinib (16 pts) or dasatinib (30 pts) were collected. We set up a fast, high-throughput method based on capillary electrophoresis technology to detect and quantify splice variants. 41% Ph+ ALL patients expressed high levels of the non DNA-binding dominant negative Ik6 isoform lacking critical N-terminal zinc-fingers which display abnormal subcellular compartmentalization pattern. Nuclear extracts from patients expressed Ik6 failed to bind DNA in mobility shift assay using a DNA probe containing an Ikaros-specific DNA binding sequence. In 59% Ph+ ALL patients there was the coexistence in the same PCR sample and at the same time of many splice variants corresponded to Ik1, Ik2, Ik4, Ik4A, Ik5A, Ik6, Ik6 and Ik8 isoforms. In these patients aberrant full-length Ikaros isoforms in Ph+ ALL characterized by a 60-bp insertion immediately downstream of exon 3 and a recurring 30-bp in-frame deletion at the end of exon 7 involving most frequently the Ik2, Ik4 isoforms were also identified. Both the insertion and deletion were due to the selection of alternative splice donor and acceptor sites. The molecular monitoring of minimal residual disease showed for the first time in vivo that the Ik6 expression strongly correlated with the BCR-ABL transcript levels suggesting that this alteration could depend on the Bcr-Abl activity. Patient-derived leukaemia cells expressed dominant-negative Ik6 at diagnosis and at the time of relapse, but never during remission. In order to mechanistically demonstrated whether in vitro the overexpression of Ik6 impairs the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and contributes to resistance, an imatinib-sensitive Ik6-negative Ph+ ALL cell line (SUP-B15) was transfected with the complete Ik6 DNA coding sequence. The expression of Ik6 strongly increased proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in TKI sensitive cells establishing a previously unknown link between specific molecular defects that involve the Ikaros gene and the resistance to TKIs in Ph+ ALL patients. Amplification and genomic sequence analysis of the exon splice junction regions showed the presence of 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs10251980 [A/G] in the exon2/3 splice junction and of rs10262731 [A/G] in the exon 7/8 splice junction in 50% and 36% of patients, respectively. A variant of the rs11329346 [-/C], in 16% of patients was also found. Other two different single nucleotide substitutions not recognized as SNP were observed. Some mutations were predicted by computational analyses (RESCUE approach) to alter cis-splicing elements. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that the post-transcriptional regulation of alternative splicing of Ikaros gene is defective in the majority of Ph+ ALL patients treated with TKIs. The overexpression of Ik6 blocking B-cell differentiation could contribute to resistance opening a time frame, during which leukaemia cells acquire secondary transforming events that confer definitive resistance to imatinib and dasatinib.

Trasduzione del segnale inositide-dipendente nel carcinoma della mammella

Breast carcinoma, one of the most frequent malignancies in women, is a complex disease in which a number of different factors combine to drive pathogenesis. The biopathological characterization of these tumors is essential to determine their aggressiveness and to find the most appropriate therapy. As in others neoplasms, the deregulation of signal transduction pathways is frequently responsible for conferring selective biological advantages to the tumor. Phosphoinositides play an essential role in diverse cellular functions, their metabolism is highly active, and is tightly controlled. Among the enzymes implicated in this pathway, phospholipase C beta 1 (PLCβ1) is one of the key regulators, both at the cytoplasmic and the nuclear level. The PLCβ1 gene maps onto the short arm of chromosome 20, a region that has been shown to be altered in several solid tumors, including breast cancer. In the present study a FISH approach was used to investigate the genetic alterations of the PLCβ1 gene in various classes of breast cancer which differ in their invasiveness and proliferation status, according to their mitotic index. The overall aim was to find out whether this enzyme could be a suitable prognostic marker for this neoplasm. Our results show that 83% of cases had aneusomies at the 20p12 level, and the most frequent alteration is a gain in this specific locus. Indeed, we found that this amplification is not related to the invasion status since there were no differences in amplified tumor frequencies between in situ and invasive breast cancer. On the contrary, the gain of PLCβ1 was significantly related to the mitotic index (p = 0.001). To verify if the change in genetic dosage influences the expression of PLCβ1 we performed Real Time PCR and Immunohystochemical analysis. Our results confirmed that amplified tumors have higher levels of PLCβ1 mRNA, which is the sum of the two splicing isoforms 1a and 1b. On the other hand, even if protein levels were higher in the majority of cases compared to the nontumoral specimens, there were no significant associations between gain and overexpression. Finally, the significant association between the amplification of PLCβ1 and others important clinicopathological parameters, such as grading and hormonal receptors status, confirmed a correlation of this enzyme with the aggressiveness of breast cancer. This suggests that PLCβ1 has the potential to be a prognostic marker in these tumors. However, further work needs to be carried out to validate these preliminary findings.

Complexity of N-Myc transcriptional function in childhood neuroblastoma

Myc is a transcription factor that can activate transcription of several hundreds genes by direct binding to their promoters at specific DNA sequences (E-box). However, recent studies have also shown that it can exert its biological role by repressing transcription. Such studies collectively support a model in which c-Myc-mediated repression occurs through interactions with transcription factors bound to promoter DNA regions but not through direct recognition of typical E-box sequences. Here, we investigated whether N-Myc can also repress gene transcription, and how this is mechanistically achieved. We used human neuroblastoma cells as a model system in that N-MYC amplification/over-expression represents a key prognostic marker of this tumour. By means of transcription profile analyses we could identify at least 5 genes (TRKA, p75NTR, ABCC3, TG2, p21) that are specifically repressed by N-Myc. Through a dual-step-ChIP assay and genetic dissection of gene promoters, we found that N-Myc is physically associated with gene promoters in vivo, in proximity of the transcription start site. N-Myc association with promoters requires interaction with other proteins, such as Sp1 and Miz1 transcription factors. Furthermore, we found that N-Myc may repress gene expression by interfering directly with Sp1 and/or with Miz1 activity (i.e. TRKA, p75NTR, ABCC3, p21) or by recruiting Histone Deacetylase 1 (Hdac1) (i.e. TG2). In vitro analyses show that distinct N-Myc domains can interact with Sp1, Miz1 and Hdac1, supporting the idea that Myc may participate in distinct repression complexes by interacting specifically with diverse proteins. Finally, results show that N-Myc, through repressed genes, affects important cellular functions, such as apoptosis, growth, differentiation and motility. Overall, our results support a model in which N-Myc, like c-Myc, can repress gene transcription by direct interaction with Sp1 and/or Miz1, and provide further lines of evidence on the importance of transcriptional repression by Myc factors in tumour biology.

Cellular Proliferation in the Prognosis of Intermediate Grade Mast Cell Tumour in Dogs

This was a retrospective study including ninety samples of dogs with a histological diagnosis of intermediate grade cutaneous mast cell tumour (MCT). The objectives of the study were to validate Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 7 (MCM7) as a prognostic marker in MCTs and to compare the ability of mitotic index (MI), Ki67 and MCM7 to predict outcome. The median survival for the entire population was not reached at 2099 days. The mean survival time was 1708 days. Seventy-two cases were censored after a median follow up of 1136 days and eighteen dogs died for causes related to the MCT after a median of 116 days. For each sample MI, Ki67 and MCM7 were determined. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was obtained for each prognostic marker to evaluate the performance of the test, expressed as area under the curve, and whether the published threshold value was adequate. Kaplan-Meier and corresponding logrank test for MI, Ki67 and MCM7 as binary variables was highly significant (P<0.0001). Multivariable regression analysis of MI, Ki67 and MCM7 corrected for age and surgical margins indicated that the higher risk of dying of MCT was associated with MCM7 > 0.18 (Hazard Ration [HR] 14.7; P<0.001) followed by MI > 5 (HR 13.9; P<0.001) and Ki67 > 0.018 (HR 8.9; P<0.001). Concluding, the present study confirmed that MCM7 is an excellent prognostic marker in cutaneous MCTs being able to divide Patnaik intermediate grade tumours in two categories with different prognosis. Ki67 was equally good confirming its value as a prognostic marker in intermediate grade MCTs. The mitotic index was extremely specific, but lacked of sensitivity. Interestingly, mitotic index, Ki67 and MCM7 were independent from each other suggesting that their combination would improve their individual prognostic value.

Molekulare Mechanismen der Knochenmetastasierung des Nierenzellkarzinoms

Die schlechte Prognose des Nierenzellkarzinoms (NZK) kommt nicht durch den Primärtumor an sich zustande, sondern durch das Vorhandensein von Fernmetastasen. Obwohl bereits vieles über die Mechanismen der Metastasierung bekannt ist, sind die Hintergründe der Organspezifität metastasierender Tumorzellen weitgehend ungeklärt. In 30% der Fälle kommt es zur Entstehung von Knochenmetastasen. Diese hohe Frequenz deutet darauf hin, dass NZK-Zellen bevorzugt in dieses Organ metastasieren, da die Knochenmatrix ein günstiges Mikromilieu für ihr Wachstum bietet. Hierbei könnte extrazellulärem Calcium und dem für die Detektion zuständigen Calcium-sensitiven Rezeptor (CaSR) eine entscheidende Rolle zukommen, da sich Knochen durch ihren hohen Gehalt an Calcium auszeichnen und von anderen Organen unterscheiden. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation lag in der Aufklärung der Mechanismen, die zu einer Knochenmetastasierung des NZK führen.rnrnIn ersten Analysen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich bereits der Primärtumor durch eine von Calcium unabhängige charakteristische Expression bestimmter Signalmediatoren auszeichnet, die Metastasierungspotenzial und –ort bestimmen. So wurden in Gewebeproben und primären Tumorzellen von NZK-Patienten, die innerhalb von fünf Jahren nach Nephrektomie Knochenmetastasen entwickelten, in Westernblot-Analysen eine sehr hohe Expression der α5-Integrine, eine starke Aktivität von Akt, FAK und eine Reduktion der PTEN-Expression detektiert. Diese Veränderungen begünstigten die chemotaktische Migration in Richtung Fibronektin (bestimmt in einer Boyden-Kammer) und die Adhäsion dieser NZK-Zellen an Komponenten der Extrazellularmatrix (Fibronektin und Kollagen I – beides ist Bestandteil der Knochenmatrix). Migration und Adhäsion sind essentielle Schritte beim Austreten der Tumorzellen aus dem Primärtumor und Infiltration des Knochens. In NZK-Zellen von Patienten, die keine Metastasen oder Lungenmetastasen entwickelten, waren diese Charakteristika nicht oder deutlich schwächer ausgeprägt. Bestimmte Primärtumore sind somit prädestiniert Knochenmetastasen auszubilden.rnrnUm die Bedeutung von extrazellulärem Calcium und dem CaSR darzustellen, wurde die Expression des CaSR mittels Real-Time PCR, Westernblot-Analysen und durchflusszytometrisch in NZK-Gewebeproben und –Zellen von Patienten untersucht, die innerhalb von fünf Jahren nach Nephrektomie keine bzw. Lungen- oder Knochenmetastasen ausbildeten. Proben von Patienten mit Knochenmetastasen zeigten die stärkste Expression von CaSR-mRNA und CaSR-Protein. Durch eine Behandlung der NZK-Zellen mit Calcium in physiologischen Konzentrationen, konnte Calcium als möglicher Regulator der CaSR-Expression ausgeschlossen werden. Der Einfluss von Calcium auf die Metastasierungsfähigkeit der primären NZK-Zellen wurde anhand eines weiteren chemotaktischen Migrationsversuchs mit Calcium als Chemotaxin analysiert. Die Zellproliferationsrate konnte nach Behandlung der Zellen mit Calcium mittels BrdU-Inkorporation gemessen werden. NZK-Zellen, die aus dem Primärtumor von Patienten mit Knochenmetastasen kultiviert wurden, konnten durch eine erhöhte extrazelluläre Calcium-Konzentration verstärkt zu Migration und Proliferation (Konzentrations-abhängige Steigerung) angeregt werden. Diese stellen weitere essentielle Schritte bei der Infiltration und Vermehrung der NZK-Zellen in den Knochen dar. Die Effekte traten bei NZK-Zellen aus Patienten, die keine oder Lungenmetastasen ausbildeten, nicht auf. Die Identifizierung der beteiligten Signalwege erfolgte in Westernblot-Analysen und einem Phospho-Kinase Array. Hierdurch konnten eine verstärkte Aktivierung des Akt-, JNK-, p38α- und PLCγ-1-Signalwegs und eine beinahe vollständige Reduktion der PTEN-Expression nach Calcium-Behandlung in Knochen-metastasierenden NZK-Zellen aufgedeckt werden. Durch Blockierung des CaSR mittels des Inhibitors NPS 2143 konnte bestätigt werden, dass die metastasierungs-fördernde Wirkung von Calcium über den CaSR zustande kommt. rnrnNZK-Zellen zeichnen sich somit bereits im Primärtumor durch eine charakteristische Expression verschiedener Signalmediatoren aus, die ihr Metastasierungspotenzial und die mögliche Lokalisation der Metastase bestimmen. Gelangen metastasierende NZK-Zellen auf ihrem Weg durch den Blutkreislauf in das Knochenmilieu, verhilft ihnen hier eine hohe Expression des CaSR zu einem wichtigen Überlebensvorteil. Extrazelluläres Calcium wirkt über den CaSR, verstärkt ihre metastatischen Eigenschaften und fördert schließlich die Ausbildung einer Knochenmetastase. Aus diesem Grund kommt dem CaSR eine Rolle als möglicher prognostischer Marker hinsichtlich der Knochenmetastasierung beim NZK zu. Die Charakteristika des Primärtumors sollten daher die Auswahl des adjuvanten Therapeutikums und die Nachsorgeuntersuchungen beeinflussen. um die Medizin dem Ziel einer individualisierten Therapie näher zu bringen.rn

Telomeres and prognosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

In the present study, telomere length, telomerase activity, the mutation load of immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (IGHV) genes, and established prognostic factors were investigated in 78 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) to determine the impact of telomere biology on the pathogenesis of CLL. Telomere length was measured by an automated multi-colour flow-FISH, and an age-independent delta telomere length ( TL) was calculated. CLL with unmutated IGHV genes was associated with shorter telomeres (p = 0.002). Furthermore, we observed a linear correlation between the frequency of IGHV gene mutations and elongation of telomeres (r = 0.509, p < 0.001). With respect to prognosis, a threshold TL of -4.2 kb was the best predictor for progression-free and overall survival. TL was not significantly altered over time or with therapy. The correlation between the mutational load in IGHV genes and the TL in CLL might reflect the initial telomere length of the putative cell of origin (pre- versus post-germinal center B cells). In conclusion, the TL is a reliable prognostic marker for patients with CLL. Short telomeres and high telomerase activity as occurs in some patients with CLL with a worse prognosis might be an ideal target for treatment with telomerase inhibitors.

Matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenic factors: predictors of survival after radical prostatectomy for clinically organ-confined prostate cancer?

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether biomarkers improve the prediction of recurrence-free, disease-specific, and overall survival in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. A tissue microarray was constructed from prostate specimens of 278 patients who underwent open radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. For immunohistochemical studies, antibodies were used against matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13, and MMP-19, as well as against vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia-induced factor 1 , basic fibroblast growth factor, and cluster of differentiation 31. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate the potential predictors of overall, disease-specific, and recurrence-free survival. In univariate analysis of patients with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer, only higher expression levels of MMP-9 (hazard ratio [0.6], 95% CI 0.45-0.8) had a protective effect in terms of overall survival. This positive effect of high MMP-9 expression was also observed for recurrence-free (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-0.99) and disease-specific survival (HR 0.5, 95% CI 0.36-0.73). In multivariable analysis, none of these potential markers was found to be an independent prognostic factor of survival. Of all MMPs and angiogenic factors tested, MMP-9 expression has the potential as a prognostic marker in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically organ-confined cases of prostate cancer.

Connexin37 protects against atherosclerosis by regulating monocyte adhesion

A genetic polymorphism in the human gene encoding connexin37 (CX37, encoded by GJA4, also known as CX37) has been reported as a potential prognostic marker for atherosclerosis. The expression of this gap-junction protein is altered in mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions: it disappears from the endothelium of advanced plaques but is detected in macrophages recruited to the lesions. The role of CX37 in atherogenesis, however, remains unknown. Here we have investigated the effect of deleting the mouse connexin37 (Cx37) gene (Gja4, also known as Cx37) on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice, an animal model of this disease. We find that Gja4(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice develop more aortic lesions than Gja4(+/+)Apoe(-/-) mice that express Cx37. Using in vivo adoptive transfer, we show that monocyte and macrophage recruitment is enhanced by eliminating expression of Cx37 in these leukocytes but not by eliminating its expression in the endothelium. We further show that Cx37 hemichannel activity in primary monocytes, macrophages and a macrophage cell line (H36.12j) inhibits leukocyte adhesion. This antiadhesive effect is mediated by release of ATP into the extracellular space. Thus, Cx37 hemichannels may control initiation of the development of atherosclerotic plaques by regulating monocyte adhesion. H36.12j macrophages expressing either of the two CX37 proteins encoded by a polymorphism in the human GJA4 gene show differential ATP-dependent adhesion. These results provide a potential mechanism by which a polymorphism in CX37 protects against atherosclerosis.