Lagochilascaris minor: antibody production in experimentally infected mice

Lagochilascaris minor is the causative agent of lagochilascariosis, a disease that affects the neck region and causes festering abscesses, with eggs, adult parasites and L3/L4 larvae within the purulent exudates. Today, mice are considered to be intermediate hosts for the parasite. C57BL/6 mice produce immunoglobulin IgM, IgA and IgG against the crude extract of the parasite; on the other hand, antibodies produced against the secreted/excreted antigens of Lagochilascaris minor present lower levels of IgM, IgA and IgG. This is the first description of antibody detection against different antigens of Lagochilascaris minor.

Unravelling the role of alpha 2,6 sialic acid on mouse dentritic cells functions

RESUMO: As células dendríticas (CDs) são fundamentais na imunomodulação e iniciação de respostas imunes adaptativas, enquanto os ácidos siálicos (Sias) são potenciais imunomoduladores. Estas células expressam níveis elevados da sialiltransferase ST6Gal-1, que transfere Sias para a posição terminal de oligossacáridos. De facto, a maturação de CDs está associada a uma diminuição da sialilação na sua superfície celular. Apesar de ter função biológica desconhecida, a forma solúvel, extracelular de ST6Gal-1 aumenta em cancros e inflamação. Ainda assim, esta foi recentemente identificada como moduladora da hematopoiese. Considerando o importante papel das CDs na iniciação de respostas anticancerígenas, uma ligação entre a sialilação extrínseca induzida por ST6Gal-1 extracelular e o seu papel na modulação de CDs deve ser identificada. Neste trabalho hipotetizou-se que a sialilação α2,6 extrínseca de CDs diminui o seu perfil de maturação mediante ativação por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). O objetivo principal foi sialilar extrinsecamente em α2,6 CDs da medula óssea de murganhos, avaliando os seus perfis de maturação e de libertação de citocinas, após estimulação com LPS (por Citometria de Fluxo e ELISA, respetivamente). Ao contrário da hipótese, o perfil celular não foi modulado, usando várias abordagens. Por outro lado, a consequência da falta de α2,6 Sias na maturação de CDs foi avaliada analisando: 1) CDs da medula óssea de murganhos tratadas com sialidase, 2) CDs da medula óssea e 3) CDs das vias aéreas, ambas de murganhos deficientes em ST6Gal-1, comparando com a estirpe selvagem. Estes resultados sugerem que a perta total de α2,6 Sias se relaciona com o aumento da expressão do complexo de histocompatibilidade principal de classe II. Apesar de controverso, é provável existirem mecanismos inerentes à ativação por LPS, reduzindo a eficácia de ST6Gal-1 extracelular. Por outro lado, a modificação no perfil de CDs de murganhos deficientes em ST6Gal-1 poderá relacionar-se com uma predisposição para um estado inflamatório severo. Com isto, o trabalho desenvolvido abriu futuras linhas de investigação, nomeadamente explorar outros fatores envolvidos na (de)sialilação α2,6 de CDs, podendo ter impacto em imunoterapia com uso de CDs.--------------------------ABSTRACT: Dendritic cells (DCs) are vital for immunomodulation and the initiation of adaptive immune responses, whereas sialic acids (Sias) are potential immunomodulators. These cells express high levels of sialyltransferase ST6Gal-1, responsible for transferring Sias to the terminal position of oligosaccharide chains. Indeed, DCs’ maturation is associated with decreased cell surface sialylation. Although its biological significance is unknown, the soluble, extracellular form of ST6Gal-1 increases in cancers and inflammation. However, extracellular ST6Gal-1 was recently identified as modulator of hematopoiesis. Considering that DCs play a crucial role in the initiation of a productive anti-cancer immune response, a link between extrinsic sialylation by the extracellular ST6Gal-1 on DC function needs to be investigated. We hypothesize that extrinsic α2,6 sialylation of DCs diminishes their maturation features upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The main goal was to extrinsically α2,6 sialylate mice bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) and to evaluate their maturation and cytokine profiles upon LPS stimulation (by Flow Cytometry and ELISA, respectively). Unlike the hypothesis, we observed that BMDCs’ profile is not modulated, even using several approaches. In contrast, the consequence of lacking cell surface α2,6 Sias in DC maturation was assessed by analysing: 1) sialidase treated BMDCs, 2) BMDCs from mice lacking ST6Gal-1 and 3) DCs from mice airways, comparing wild type with ST6Gal-1 knockout mice. These results suggest that overall lack in α2,6 Sias is related with increased expression of major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II). Although appearing to be controversial findings, other intracellular mechanisms might be occurring upon LPS-induced BMDC activation, probably reducing extracellular ST6Gal-1 effect. In opposite, the modification observed in DC profile of ST6Gal-1 knockout mice might be related to its predisposition to a more severe inflammatory status. With this, the developed work opened future lines of investigation, namely exploring other factors involved in α2,6 (de)sialylation of DC, which might have influence in immunotherapy using DCs.

Diversity of the land resources in the Amazonian State of Rondônia, Brazil

Conflicting opinions are recorded in the literature concerning the suitability of Amazon lands for sustainable agriculture following deforestation. This article has been written to shed light on this question by summarizing climate, landform, soil and vegetation features from the findings of a land resource study of the Brazilian state of Rondônia in south-west Amazonia. The work, which followed the World Soils and Terrain Digital Database (SOTER) methodology, was financed by the World Bank. During the course of the survey special emphasis was given to studying soils; 2914 profiles were analyzed and recorded. The study identified a complex pattern of land units with clear differences in climate, landform, soils and native vegetation. Forested areas mosaic with lesser areas of natural savannas. The latter occur on both poorly-drained and well-drained, albeit nutrient deficient sandy soils. The tallest and most vigorous forests or their remnants were seen growing on well-drained soils formed from nutrient-rich parent materials. Many of these soils could, or are being used for productive agriculture. Soils developed on nutrient-poor parent materials support forests that are significantly lower in height, and would require large lime and fertilizer inputs for agriculture. Low forests with high palm populations and minor areas of wet land savannas cover the poorly drained soils. It is evident that forest clearing in the past was indiscriminant; this cannot be condoned. The diversity of land conditions found throughout Rondônia would suggest that many past studies in the Amazon have simply been too broad to identify significant soil differences.

Trends in Productive Years of Life Lost to Premature Mortality Due to Coronary Heart Disease

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number of productive years of life lost to premature death due to coronary heart disease in Brazil and to report their trends over a 20-year period. METHODS: The Brazilian Ministry of Health raw database on death due to coronary heart disease from 1979-1998 was used. The productive years of life lost to premature death were estimated using 20 and 59 years of age as the cut points for the productive years, replacing the potential years of 1 and 70 of the original formula. A descriptive analysis was provided with adjustments, means, proportions, ratios, percentages of increase or reduction, and mobile means. RESULTS: A 35.8% increase in death for males and 51.3% for females was observed, +43.3% being the relative difference for females. The annual means of the productive years of life prematurely lost were analyzed in 140,865 males and 58,559 females, with the differential ratio between the age groups ranging from 2.3 to 2.5. The annual means were less favorable for males. Within each group (intragroup), the ratios decreased with the increase in age, and the age means at the time of death remained constant. The raw tendencies decreased in the 20- to 29-year age group and increased in the 40- to 59-year age group for females and the 40- to 49-year age group for males. When adjusted, the raw tendencies decreased. CONCLUSION: The 43.3% increase in the number of female deaths as compared with that of males and the ascending tendency in the productive years of life lost in the 40- to 59-year age group point to the influence of unfavorable changes in female lifestyles and suggest a deficiency in programs for prevention and control of risk factors and in their treatment in both sexes.

Tizón (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor) y Marchitamiento (Sclerotium rolfsii) del maní

En Argentina, el cultivo de maní Arachis hypogaea L. se realiza casi exclusivamente en la provincia de Córdoba (98 % del total), significando su exportación alrededor del 10 % del total de las estimadas para esta provincia en 1996. En las áreas productoras de maní del mundo los hongos patógenos presentes en el suelo causan enfermedades que producen significativas disminuciones en los rendimientos. En Argentina las pérdidas han sido calculadas entre 14 y 18 millones de dólares, siendo las enfermedades más importantes el tizón (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor) y el marchitamiento (Sclerotium rolfsii). (...) En nuestro país, los estudios efectuados comprenden esencialmente la identificación de los agentes causales, distribución espacial y cuantificación de las pérdidas, faltando completar los estudios sobre su biología y epidemiología. La hipótesis de este proyecto es: A partir de estudios biológicos y epidemiológicos se contribuirá a desarrollar estrategias de manejo de tizón y el marchitamiento del maní. Objetivo General Identificar y definir los principios fundamentales a partir de los cuales diseñar estrategias de manejo integradas al sistema productivo. Objetivos Específicos 1. Conocer la biología de los patógenos causantes del tizón y el marchitamiento y 2. Comprender la epidemiología de estas enfermedades.

Tizón (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor) y Marchitamiento (Sclerotium rolfsii) del maní

En Argentina, el cultivo de maní Arachis hypogaea L. se realiza casi exclusivamente en la provincia de Córdoba (98 % del total), significando su exportación alrededor del 10 % del total de las estimadas para esta provincia en 1996. En las áreas productoras de maní del mundo los hongos patógenos presentes en el suelo causan enfermedades que producen significativas disminuciones en los rendimientos. En Argentina las pérdidas han sido calculadas entre 14 y 18 millones de dólares, siendo las enfermedades más importantes el tizón (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor) y el marchitamiento (Sclerotium rolfsii). (...) En nuestro país, los estudios efectuados comprenden esencialmente la identificación de los agentes causales, distribución espacial y cuantificación de las pérdidas, faltando completar los estudios sobre su biología y epidemiología. La hipótesis de este proyecto es: A partir de estudios biológicos y epidemiológicos se contribuirá a desarrollar estrategias de manejo de tizón y el marchitamiento del maní. Objetivo General Identificar y definir los principios fundamentales a partir de los cuales diseñar estrategias de manejo integradas al sistema productivo. Objetivos Específicos 1. Conocer la biología de los patógenos causantes del tizón y el marchitamiento y 2. Comprender la epidemiología de estas enfermedades.

The days of a man, being memories of a naturalist, teacher, and minor prophet of democracy.

2

The days of a man, being memories of a naturalist, teacher, and minor prophet of democracy.

1

Placentation of the pigmy treeshrew Tupaia minor / Waldemar Meister and D. Dwight Davis.

v.35:no.4(1956)

Considerações sobre os Thallosporados: o gênero Trichosporon: "Trichosporon minor" n. sp. produtor da piedra axilar

O autor estuda o gênero trichosporon, sob o ponto de vista da sistemática e como produtor da piedra branca e de micoses internas generalisadas do tipo gomoso. Estabelece a prioridade do termo Trichosporon, como foi descrito primeiramente, por BEHREND, devendo-se abandonar a designação posterior de Trichosporum, dada por VUILLEMIN. Estuda a distinção das duas piedras – a piedra branca ou trichosporica e a piedra negra ou asterinica. As lesões produzidas pelos dois cogumelos no pelo parasitado são consideradas como fator indispensável para a fixação do parasito no pêlo e para a formação ulterior no nódulo. Por iim descreve uma nova espécie de piedra, a piedra axilar, produzida pelo Trichosporon minor n. sp. Trichosporon minor n. sp. – cogumelo produtor da piedra axilar, formando nos cabelos desta região pequenos nódulos de coloração acinzentada, de consistência dura e tamanho variável e constituídos de células arredondadas, elíticas ou alongadas, medindo 0,5 a 4 μde diâmetro e algumas germulantes formando cadeias de dois a quatro elementos. Descola a epidermícula do cabelo, onde se fixa, sem entretanto penetrar nas camadas mais profundas. Nos meios artificiais de cultura dá colônias a princípio chatas de superfície húmida e aveludada com franjas espessas e salientes ou colônias vermiculares, ou culturas brancas, chatas, semelhantes a culturas de actinomyces. Não fermenta os açúcares; gelifica tardiamente a gelatina.

The role of central bank operating procedures in an economy with productive government spending

The choice of either the rate of monetary growth or the nominal interest rate as the instrument controlled by monetary authorities has both positive and normative implications for economic performance. We reexamine some of the issues related to the choice of the monetary policy instrument in a dynamic general equilibrium model exhibiting endogenous growth in which a fraction of productive government spending is financed by means of issuing currency. When we evaluate the performance of the two monetary instruments attending to the fluctuations of endogenous variables, we find that the inflation rate is less volatile under nominal interest rate targeting. Concerning the fluctuations of consumption and of the growth rate, both monetary policy instruments lead to statistically equivalent volatilities. Finally, we show that none of these two targeting procedures displays unambiguously higher welfare levels.

Allocative and productive efficiency in REE with asymetric information

We characterize the divergence between informational and economic efficiency in a rational expectations competitive market with asymmetric information about the costs of production. We find that prices may contain too much or too little information with respect to incentive efficient allocations depending on whether the main role of the price is, respectively, the traditional as index of scarcity or informational. Only when REE degenerate to Cournot equilibria the market solution does not show llocative inefficiency. With multidimensional uncertainty we find that the REE price does not have in general the incentive efficient information mix: It pays to sacrifice allocative efficiency at the REE to improve productive efficiency.

On the number of K3,3-minor-free and maximal K3,3-minor-free graphs

"Vegeu el resum a l'inici del document del fitxer adjunt."

On the growth rate of minor-closed classes of graphs

"Vegeu el resum a l'inici del document del fitxer adjunt."

Productive efficiency and regulatory reform: The case of vehicle inspection services

Measuring productive efficiency provides information on the likely effects of regulatory reform. We present a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of a sample of 38 vehicle inspection units under a concession regime, between the years 2000 and 2004. The differences in efficiency scores show the potential technical efficiency benefit of introducing some form of incentive regulation or of progressing towards liberalization. We also compute scale efficiency scores, showing that only units in territories with very low population density operate at a sub-optimal scale. Among those that operate at an optimal scale, there are significant differences in size; the largest ones operate in territories with the highest population density. This suggests that the introduction of new units in the most densely populated territories (a likely effect of some form of liberalization) would not be detrimental in terms of scale efficiency. We also find that inspection units belonging to a large, diversified firm show higher technical efficiency, reflecting economies of scale or scope at the firm level. Finally, we show that between 2002 and 2004, a period of high regulatory uncertainty in the sample’s region, technical change was almost zero. Regulatory reform should take due account of scale and diversification effects, while at the same time avoiding regulatory uncertainty.