Turbulent buoyant jets into stratified or flowing ambient fluids

Theoretical and experimental studies were made on two classes of buoyant jet problems, namely:

1) an inclined, round buoyant yet in a stagnant environment with linear density-stratification;

2) a round buoyant jet in a uniform cross stream of homogenous density.

Using the integral technique of analysis, assuming similarity, predictions can be made for jet trajectory, widths, and dilution ratios, in a density-stratified or flowing environment. Such information is of great importance in the design of disposal systems for sewage effluent into the ocean or waste gases into the atmosphere.

The present study of a buoyant jet in a stagnant environment has extended the Morton type of analysis to cover the effect of the initial angle of discharge. Numerical solutions have been presented for a range of initial conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted for photographic observations of the trajectories of dyed jets. In general the observed jet forms agreed well with the calculated trajectories and nominal half widths when the value of the entrainment coefficient was taken to be α = 0.082, as previously suggested by Morton.

The problem of a buoyant jet in a uniform cross stream was analyzed by assuming an entrainment mechanism based upon the vector difference between the characteristic jet velocity and the ambient velocity. The effect of the unbalanced pressure field on the sides of the jet flow was approximated by a gross drag term. Laboratory flume experiments with sinking jets which are directly analogous to buoyant jets were performed. Salt solutions were injected into fresh water at the free surface in a flume. The jet trajectories, dilution ratios and jet half widths were determined by conductivity measurements. The entrainment coefficient, α, and drag coefficient, C_d, were found from the observed jet trajectories and dilution ratios. In the ten cases studied where jet Froude number ranged from 10 to 80 and velocity ratio (jet: current) K from 4 to 16, α varied from 0.4 to 0.5 and C_d from 1.7 to 0.1. The jet mixing motion for distance within 250D was found to be dominated by the self-generated turbulence, rather than the free-stream turbulence. Similarity of concentration profiles has also been discussed.

FDTD analysis of Talbot effect of a high density grating

Talbot effect of a grating with different flaws is analyzed with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The FDTD method can show the exact near-field distribution of different flaws in a high-density grating, which is impossible to obtain with the conventional Fourier transform method. The numerical results indicate that if a grating is perfect, its Talbot imaging should also be perfect; if the grating is distorted, its Talbot imaging would also be distorted. Furthermore, we can evaluate high density gratings by detecting the near-field distribution.

超分辨近场结构中二元共晶合金掩膜的工作机制

超分辨近场结构(super-RENS)技术通过在传统光盘结构中插入掩膜结构而实现近场超分辨,是目前最具实用化前景的超高密度光存储技术之一,其中掩膜层的近场光学特性是决定其光存储性能的关键。利用三维时域有限差分法(3D-FDTD)对合金掩膜的近场光强分布进行了数值仿真和分析,提出二元共晶合金薄膜在激光作用下形成的规则微结构可能是以其作为掩膜层的超分辨近场结构光盘产生较高信噪比(SNR)的原因。

Desenvolvimento de um simulador numérico empregando o método Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics para a resolução de escoamentos incompressíveis. Implementação computacional em paralelo (CUDA)

Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um simulador numérico baseado no método livre de malhas Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) para a resolução de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos incompressíveis. Diferentemente da maioria das versões existentes deste método, o código numérico faz uso de uma técnica iterativa na determinação do campo de pressões. Este procedimento emprega a forma diferencial de uma equação de estado para um fluido compressível e a equação da continuidade a fim de que a correção da pressão seja determinada. Uma versão paralelizada do simulador numérico foi implementada usando a linguagem de programação C/C++ e a Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) da NVIDIA Corporation. Foram simulados três problemas, o problema unidimensional do escoamento de Couette e os problemas bidimensionais do escoamento no interior de uma Cavidade (Shear Driven Cavity Problem) e da Quebra de Barragem (Dambreak).

Simulação de escoamentos incompressíveis empregando o método Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics utilizando algoritmos iterativos na determinação do campo de pressões

Nesse trabalho, foi desenvolvido um simulador numérico (C/C++) para a resolução de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos incompressíveis, baseado no método de partículas Lagrangiano, livre de malhas, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). Tradicionalmente, duas estratégias são utilizadas na determinação do campo de pressões de forma a garantir-se a condição de incompressibilidade do fluido. A primeira delas é a formulação chamada Weak Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH), onde uma equação de estado para um fluido quase-incompressível é utilizada na determinação do campo de pressões. A segunda, emprega o Método da Projeção e o campo de pressões é obtido mediante a resolução de uma equação de Poisson. No estudo aqui desenvolvido, propõe-se três métodos iterativos, baseados noMétodo da Projeção, para o cálculo do campo de pressões, Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH). A fim de validar os métodos iterativos e o código computacional, foram simulados dois problemas unidimensionais: os escoamentos de Couette entre duas placas planas paralelas infinitas e de Poiseuille em um duto infinito e foram usadas condições de contorno do tipo periódicas e partículas fantasmas. Um problema bidimensional, o escoamento no interior de uma cavidade com a parede superior posta em movimento, também foi considerado. Na resolução deste problema foi utilizado o reposicionamento periódico de partículas e partículas fantasmas.

Modelagem e simulação do escoamento imiscível em meios porosos fractais descritos pela equação de Kozeny-Carman Generalizada

O presente trabalho trata do escoamento bifásico em meios porosos heterogêneos de natureza fractal, onde os fluidos são considerados imiscíveis. Os meios porosos são modelados pela equação de Kozeny-Carman Generalizada (KCG), a qual relaciona a porosidade com a permeabilidade do meio através de uma nova lei de potência. Esta equação proposta por nós é capaz de generalizar diferentes modelos existentes na literatura e, portanto, é de uso mais geral. O simulador numérico desenvolvido aqui emprega métodos de diferenças finitas. A evolução temporal é baseada em um esquema de separação de operadores que segue a estratégia clássica chamada de IMPES. Assim, o campo de pressão é calculado implicitamente, enquanto que a equação da saturação da fase molhante é resolvida explicitamente em cada nível de tempo. O método de otimização denominado de DFSANE é utilizado para resolver a equação da pressão. Enfatizamos que o DFSANE nunca foi usado antes no contexto de simulação de reservatórios. Portanto, o seu uso aqui é sem precedentes. Para minimizar difusões numéricas, a equação da saturação é discretizada por um esquema do tipo "upwind", comumente empregado em simuladores numéricos para a recuperação de petróleo, o qual é resolvido explicitamente pelo método Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem. Os resultados das simulações são bastante satisfatórios. De fato, tais resultados mostram que o modelo KCG é capaz de gerar meios porosos heterogêneos, cujas características permitem a captura de fenômenos físicos que, geralmente, são de difícil acesso para muitos simuladores em diferenças finitas clássicas, como o chamado fenômeno de dedilhamento, que ocorre quando a razão de mobilidade (entre as fases fluidas) assume valores adversos. Em todas as simulações apresentadas aqui, consideramos que o problema imiscível é bidimensional, sendo, portanto, o meio poroso caracterizado por campos de permeabilidade e de porosidade definidos em regiões Euclideanas. No entanto, a teoria abordada neste trabalho não impõe restrições para sua aplicação aos problemas tridimensionais.

Investigation of laser-induced damage on multi-layer dielectric gratings

We investigate mechanisms of laser induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) of multi-layer dielectric gratings (AIDG,). It is found that the laser damage thresholds of MDGs and unstructured dielectric multi-layer coatings (the substrate of MDG) are 3.15J/cm(2) and 9.32 J/cm(2), respectively, at 1064nm (12ns) with the Littrow angle 51.2 degrees and the TEM00 mode. The laser-induced damage mechanism of multi-layer dielectric is presented with the analysis of the following factors: The dominant factor is the pollution on the corrugated surface, which is induced by the complex manufacture process of multi-layer dielectric gratings; another is the electric field distribution along the corrugated surface. The third reason is due to the reduction in stoichiometry of oxide films, resulting from the manufacture process of etching.

Laser induced damage of multi-layer dielectric used in pulse compressor gratings

Laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of multi-layer dielectric used in pulse compressor gratings (PCG) was investigated. The sample was prepared by e-beam evaporation (EBE). LIDT was detected following ISO standard 11254-1.2. It was found that LIDTs of normal and 51.2 deg. incidence (transverse electric (TE) mode) were 14.14 and 9.31 J/cm2, respectively. A Nomarski microscope was employed to map the damage morphology, and it was found that the damage behavior was pit-concave-plat structure for normal incidence, while it was pit structure for 51.2 deg. incidence with TE mode. The electric field distribution was calculated to illuminate the difference of LIDT between the two incident cases.

Propagation properties of a hard-edged diffracted beam generated by a Gaussian mirror resonator

Based on the scalar diffraction theory, the propagation and focusing properties of a hard-edged diffracted beam generated by a Gaussian mirror resonator were investigated. Explicit expressions for the field distribution of the truncated beam that propagates through a paraxial optical ABCD system were derived in detail. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our analytical results. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Propagation properties of beam generated by Gaussian mirror resonator

Based on scalar diffraction theory, propagation properties of beam generated by Gaussian mirror resonator were investigated. Explicit expressions for the field distribution of the beam that propagate through a paraxial optical ABCD system were derived and numerical examples were given to illustrate our analytical results. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

多层介质膜脉冲压缩光栅近场光学特性分析

利用傅里叶模式理论分析了TE波自准直角入射的使用条件下，多层介质膜光栅的光栅区和多层膜区电场分布的特点．分别讨论了HfO2和SiO2为顶层光栅材料时，光栅结构参数对光栅脊峰值电场的影响，结果表明，对于不同膜厚的顶层材料，存在一个最佳膜厚度，使光栅脊峰值电场最小，并且当膜厚增大时，设计大高宽比的光栅可以降低该电场峰值．最后，在大角度条件下使用多层膜光栅也可以降低光栅脊处的峰值电场．

Laser-induced damage of Ta2O5/S1O2 narrow-band interference filters under different 1064 nm Nd : YAG laser modes

The laser-induced damage (LID) behavior of narrow-band interference filters was investigated with a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm under single-pulse mode and free-running mode. The absorption measurement of such coatings was performed with surface thermal lensing (STL) technique. The damage morphologies under the two different laser modes were also studied in detail. It was found that all the filters exhibited a pass-band-center-dependent absorption and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) behavior, but the damage morphologies were diverse. The explanation was given with the analysis of the electric field distribution and the operational behavior of the irradiation laser. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation of high laser induced damage threshold antireflection film using interrupted ion assisted deposition

Single layers and antireflection films were deposited by electron beam evaporation, ion assisted deposition and interrupted ion assisted deposition, respectively. Antireflection film of quite high laser damage threshold (18J/cm(2)) deposited by interrupted ion assisted deposition were got. The electric field distribution, weak absorption, and residual stress of films and their relations to damage threshold were investigated. It was shown that the laser induced damage threshold of film was the result of competition of disadvantages and advantages, and interrupted ion assisted deposition was one of the valuable methods for preparing high laser induced damage threshold films. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America

全内反射式衍射光栅近场光学特性

利用傅里叶模式理论分析了具有高衍射效率的全内反射式衍射光栅在TE和TM偏振态下的近场光分布特点，讨论了光栅结构参数以及入射角度对光栅内电场增强的影响。结果表明：全内反射光栅内部电场分布对偏振态较敏感，光栅槽深和占宽比对电场增强影响较小，光栅内的峰值电场随光栅周期增大而增大，并且峰值电场随着入射角度的增大而减小。在应用于高功率激光时，降低光栅内部的电场增强可以有效降低损伤风险。

多层介质膜脉冲宽度压缩光栅与超短脉冲作用时的性能分析

基于啁啾脉冲放大技术的超短脉冲激光系统是提供超快、超强激光的重要途径，具有良好输出波形和高损伤阈值的多层介质膜脉冲宽度压缩光栅是获得高峰值功率脉冲激光的关键。基于傅里叶谱变换方法和严格模式理论，分析了多层介质膜光栅（MDG）在超短脉冲作用下的光学特性。结果表明，当MDG的反射带宽小于具有高斯分布的入射脉冲的频谱宽度时，-1级反射脉冲呈非对称高斯分布，其前沿出现振荡，并且-1级反射脉冲能量开始剧烈下降，讨论了MDG结构参数对其反射带宽的影响。分析了MDG与超短脉冲作用时的近场光分布，对提高其抗激光损伤特性具