Processos educacionais e as estratégias de municipalização do ensino no Município de Breves no Arquipélago do Marajó

A dissertação investigou os processos educacionais e as estratégias de municipalização do ensino no Município de Breves no Arquipélago do Marajó. Assim, buscou-se identificar as dificuldades para a implementação desse processo, além de compreender as estratégias que as comunidades rurais usam para superarem os problemas político-pedagógicos das escolas. A pesquisa norteou-se pelo estudo de caso, onde se utilizou de entrevista semi-estruturada com professores, gestores, exgestores, lideranças comunitárias e sindicais; a análise documental de legislação educacional, planos, relatórios e projetos. O estudo aponta que a adesão a municipalização foi cheio de conflito entre o poder público municipal e os educadores por ter sido materializada sem nenhuma forma de diálogo com os educadores e a sociedade civil para esclarecimento sobre as condições políticas que se realizaria. Além do mais, constata-se que a municipalização foi o mecanismo utilizado pelo governo central para realizar a descentralização da gestão das políticas educacionais, no entanto, verifica-se que a estratégia de superar os problemas educacionais locais ainda não surtiu efeito, ao contrário, o município assumiu toda a responsabilidade em superar os seus baixos indicadores educacionais. Nesse sentido, é possível inferir que o gestor da época estava mais preocupado com os recursos que o município passaria a receber, através do FUNDEF hoje FUNDEB, que com a responsabilidade pela qualidade educacional. Isto se verifica ao se analisar os indicadores educacionais do município, principalmente das escolas do campo em que após a municipalização não se visualiza nenhuma estratégia dos governos locais, tendo em vista universalizar o atendimento educacional, ou políticas capazes de oferecer a qualidade educacional às populações do campo. Os prédios escolares a grande maioria funciona em locais inadequados o que tem prejudicado as condições de trabalho do professor e de estudo dos alunos. Aliado a este problema está a questão do acesso e permanência dos educandos, uma vez que o transporte escolar não atende todas as comunidades. Diante de todos esses desafios, as comunidades rurais, mesmo que de forma individual, tem buscado dialogar com o poder público municipal formas de garantir o atendimento educacional no próprio local. Isso tem levado a constituição de dezenas de escolas no campo mesmo que funcionando em situações precárias em casas de família, igrejas, barracões comunitários, salões de festas ou até mesmo construindo com seus próprios recursos. No entanto, esta é uma estratégia política e pedagógica que as comunidades visualizam para garantir a presença do Estado em seus territórios sociais, de forma silenciosa têm buscado legitimar a garantia do direito a educação no campo. Por fim, a pesquisa constitui-se em um momento de reflexão e análise a cerca das condições que a educação vem sendo ofertada aos sujeitos do campo de Breves. Foi um momento de reconhecer e problematizar as experiências educativas para fomentar elementos teóricos e práticos nas discussões de uma educação no e do campo na Amazônia Marajoara.

Arterial Spin Labeling Measurements of Cerebral Perfusion Territories in Experimental Ischemic Stroke

Collateral circulation, defined as the supplementary vascular network that maintains cerebral blood flow (CBF) when the main vessels fail, constitutes one important defense mechanism of the brain against ischemic stroke. In the present study, continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) was used to quantify CBF and obtain perfusion territory maps of the major cerebral arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Results show that both WKY and SHR have complementary, yet significantly asymmetric perfusion territories. Right or left dominances were observed in territories of the anterior (ACA), middle and posterior cerebral arteries, and the thalamic artery. Magnetic resonance angiography showed that some of the asymmetries were correlated with variations of the ACA. The leptomeningeal circulation perfusing the outer layers of the cortex was observed as well. Significant and permanent changes in perfusion territories were obtained after temporary occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery in both SHR and WKY, regardless of their particular dominance. However, animals with right dominance presented a larger volume change of the left perfusion territory (23 +/- 9%) than animals with left dominance (7 +/- 5%, P<0.002). The data suggest that animals with contralesional dominance primarily safeguard local CBF values with small changes in contralesional perfusion territory, while animals with ipsilesional dominance show a reversal of dominance and a substantial increase in contralesional perfusion territory. These findings show the usefulness of CASL to probe the collateral circulation.

Does Israel Follow the Law? A Critical Analysis of Israel's Application of the International Law of Belligerent Occupation in the Occupied Territories

Israel's occupation of territories it captured in 1967 has become one of the longest and most controversial occupations of the last fifty years. Eschewing the traditional political analysis of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, this paper aims to explore whether Israel has adequately applied international law in the occupied territories, in particular, the law of belligerent occupation. The two actors under assessment are the Israeli government, particularly its military which enforces and maintains the law in the territories, and the Supreme Court of Israel, which has the power of review over military actions in the territories. The particular issues of the occupation that are critically analyzed are the general legal framework that Israel established in the territories, Israel's civilian settlement policy in territories, and Israel's construction of a barrier in the West Bank. This paper concludes that Israel has incorrectly applied the legal framework of belligerent occupation by refusing to apply the Fourth Geneva Convention; it has wrongly concluded that the establishment of civilian settlements in the territories conform with international law; yet it has rightly concluded that the construction of the barrier in the West Bank is permissible under international law, in contrast to the conclusion of the much publicized International Court of Justice's Advisory Opinion on the 'Wall.' Along with these general assessments, the author will also provide some historical and political insight into why the Israeli government and the Supreme Court may have applied the law in the way that they did.

Why Freeter and NEET are Misunderstood: Recognizing the New Precarious Conditions of Japanese Youth

In developed countries, the transition from school to work has radically changed over the past two decades. It has become prolonged, complicated and individualized (Bynner et al., 1997; Walther et al., 2004). Young people used to transition directly from school to stable employment, or with a very short unemployed period. In many European countries, this situation has been changing since the eighties: overall youth unemployment has increased, and many young people experience long periods of unemployment, government training schemes and part-time or temporary jobs. In Japan, this change has taken a decade later to appear, becoming prevalent by the late nineties (Inui, 2003). The transiting process has become not only precarious for young people, but also difficult for society to precisely understand the risks and problems. Traditionally, we have been able to recognize young people's situation by a simple category: in education, employed, in training or unemployed. However, these categories no longer accurately represent young people's state. In Japan, most young people used to move from school directly to full-time employment through the new graduate recruitment system (Inui, 1993). Therefore, in official statistics such as the School Basic Survey, 'employed' includes only those who are in regular employment, while those who are in part-time or temporary work are covered by the categories 'jobless' and 'others'. However, with the increase in non-full-time jobs in the nineties, these categories have become less useful for describing the actual employment conditions of young people. Indeed, this is why, in the late of nineties, the Japanese Ministry of Education changed the category name from 'jobless' to 'others'.

What’s the Problem? Precarious Youth: Marginalisation, Criminalisation and Racialisation.

Since the nineteenth century invention of adolescence, young people have been consistently identified as social problems in western societies. Their contemporary status as a focus of fear and anxiety is, in that sense, nothing new. In this paper, I try to combine this sense of historical recurrence about the youth problem with some questions about what is different about the present – asking what is distinctive about the shape of the youth problem now? This is a difficult balance to strike, and what I have to say will probably lean more towards an emphasis on the historical conditions and routes of the youth problem. That balance reflects my own orientations and knowledge (I am not expert on the contemporary conditions of being young). But it also arises from my belief that much contemporary social science is profoundly forgetful. An enthusiasm for stressing the newness, or novelty, of the present connects many varieties of contemporary scholarship. One result is the construction of what Janet Fink and I have referred to as ‘sociological time’ in which