Modalidade de ensino a dist��ncia : curso ou navega����o?

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a racionalidade que em-basa a forma����o de professores atrav��s de EaD, atrav��s de descri����o de pr��tica, nos cursos de forma����o de professores oferecidos a dist��ncia de uma institui����o privada de ensino superior. Como objetivos espec��ficos pretende identificar na rela-����o tutor aluno a racionalidade: pr��tica ou t��cnica; relacionar dificuldades e/ ou faci-lidades no processo de transposi����o did��tico-metodol��gica no ambiente virtual en-tre tutor/aluno, frente �� proposta da racionalidade pr��tica. O trabalho foi desenvolvi-do no modelo qualitativo de investiga����o, como estudo de caso. Foram entrevista-dos 10 tutores que utilizam o ambiente virtual na modalidade �� dist��ncia de uma institui����o superior privada. A fundamenta����o te��rica foi referenciada em Popke-witz, na an��lise da Reforma Educacional, e Boaventura Santos, com contribui����es quanto �� politiza����o da tecnologia. Tamb��m contamos com Alarc��o, Prestes, Brze-zinski e Namo de Mello, que tratam das possibilidades e perplexidades na forma����o de profissionais da educa����o a partir da LDB (Lei 9.394/96). Tamb��m com os estu-dos das novas tecnologias, como Macedo, Sancho, L��vy, Lemos, Palloff, Pratt, Ala-va, Preti, Pellanda e Lithwin. Dessa forma, a pesquisa dirige-se para um novo olhar sobre os processos semi-presenciais do ensinar e do aprender no contexto das tec-nologias digitais. O estudo sinalizou que o EaD ainda carece de aten����o especial, em v��rias quest��es no processo educativo, entre elas, tempo de alunos e tutores e capacita����o tecnol��gica. Assim, busca-se contribuir para a reflex��o sobre essa te-m��tica t��o contempor��nea. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo n��o pretende se esgotar e sim, obter subs��dios para futuros debates.

Introdu����o �� redu����o psicol��gica

Procurou-se no presente trabalho examinar o significado exato do conceito de redu����o, enquanto aplic��vel ��s ci��ncias, particularmente �� Psicologia. O reducionismo, conforme foi destacado, ter�� de ser verificado, inicialmente sob os aspectos legais, metodol��gicos e lingu��sticos, isto ��, segundo as formas de natureza mais geral. No ��mbito da Psicologia, foram consideradas mais detalhadas as contribui����es de R. Carnap e C.C. Pratt propondo, respectivamente, uma redu����o de linguagem e �� Fisiologia. A an��lise cr��tica destas contribui����es ressaltou suas defici��ncias principalmente sob dois aspectos: a rejei����o da concep����o de que os objetos apresentam diversos ��ngulos v��lidos de investiga����o cient��fica, e a aus��ncia de rigorosa comprova����o emp��rica dos argumentos reducionistas enquanto passam do plano l��gico para o concreto, ou ultrapassam diversos n��veis ontologicamente definidos da realidade. O estudo tamb��m mostra a articula����o do reducionismo com o problems corpo-mente, procedendo-se a um exame das principais solu����es, monistas e dualistas, oferecidas para solucinar a quest��o. A alternativa mais adequada para o exame das manisfesta����es psicol��gicas dever�� sera ado����o de diversos planos de investiga����o ao inv��s de uma orienta����o que se caracterize pela unilateralidade. O car��ter complementar do resultado das diversas contribui����es cient��ficas poder�� ser explorado em benef��cio de uma concep����o antropol��gica mais rica. O desenvolvimento e a aceita����o de esquemas reducionistas, longe de se apresentar como um fen��mino estranho no quadro cultural contempor��neo, corresponde a perspectivas filos��ficas que se definem em termos de um mecanismo e determinismo. Em qualquer situa����o, na medida em que n��o se pretenda contribuir para a descaracteriza����o da ci��ncia, devem ser salvaguardados os crit��rios sint��ticos e sem��nticos como recursos para o julgamento das contribui����es que se pretende cient��ficas. Este procedimento contudo n��o deve se oferecer como um obst��culo a outras iniciativas, como as de ordem filos��fica, que seguem o curso definido por sua pr��pria metodologia. Abre-se, portanto, neste n��vel, a oportunidade para um trabalho de integra����o mais elevado.

Oferta e acessibilidade de espa��os para a pr��tica de actividade f��sica e desportiva: que rela����o com a aptid��o aer��bia, composi����o corporal e actividade f��sica em jovens da RAM?

Na ��ltima d��cada, tem havido um crescente n��mero de estudos focados na influ��ncia do envolvimento f��sico (EnvF) nos n��veis de actividade f��sica (AF). Tem sido assim poss��vel verificar-se que o EnvF incluindo edif��cios, infra-estruturas de transporte, elementos de design e instala����es recreativas, influenciam os n��veis de AF (Powell et al., 2006; Sallis, 2006). A identifica����o dos factores do EnvF que est��o associados �� AF dos jovens pode revelar determinantes promissoras e levar ao desenvolvimento de estrat��gias de interven����o mais eficazes (Sallis, Bauman & Pratt 1998). O presente estudo pretende verificar se, a exist��ncia e acessibilidade a determinados espa��os f��sicos para a pr��tica da AF est��o associados aos n��veis de actividade e Aptid��o F��sica em alunos do 5�� e 7�� ano de escolaridade da RAM. Metodologia: Neste estudo participaram 2724 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com uma m��dia de 11,7 + 1,59 anos de idade, pertencentes a oito escolas da RAM. Os alunos foram avaliados nos par��metros: composi����o corporal (peso, altura e pregas de adiposidade tricipital e geminal); aptid��o aer��bia (teste do vaiv��m); historial e participa����o desportiva. A percentagem de Massa Gorda foi calculada atrav��s da equa����o de Slaughter et al. (1988) e os sujeitos classificados em n��veis de adiposidade de acordo com as categorias de risco de Lohman (1987). Ao n��vel do ��ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) todos os participantes foram categorizados segundo os valores de refer��ncia de Cole et al. (2000 e 2007). Os dados relativos �� participa����o e historial desportivo, grupo de participa����o, frequ��ncia e dura����o de AF foram obtidos atrav��s de question��rios. O EnvF foi caracterizado atrav��s da oferta de espa��os de AF e das caracter��sticas dos mesmos dentro e fora da escola (raio de 800m), com base na observa����o directa e GPS, e entrevistas aos directores de instala����es das escolas. Resultados: Verificou-se a exist��ncia de 71 espa��os para a pr��tica de AF. Relativamente �� totalidade da amostra: 23,6% e 9,2% classificam-se, respectivamente, como sujeitos com excesso de peso e obesidade; 7% revelou participar em AF di��ria; e 61,7% classifica-se abaixo da zona saud��vel da aptid��o aer��bia. Foram encontradas associa����es entre a pr��tica desportiva e os indicadores de adiposidade e aptid��o aer��bia (p<0,05). A participa����o desportiva est�� associada �� oferta de espa��os existentes dentro e fora das escolas.

Status and promise of particle interferometry in heavy-ion collisions

After five years of running at RHIC, and on the eve of the LHC heavy-ion program, we highlight the status of femtoscopic measurements. We emphasize the role interferometry plays in addressing fundamental questions about the state of matter created in such collisions, and present an enumerated list of measurements, analyses and calculations that are needed to advance the field in the coming years.

Characteristics of physical activity programs in the Brazilian primary health care system

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Cellular and humoral immune responses against the Plasmodium vivax MSP-119 malaria vaccine candidate in individuals living in an endemic area in north-eastern Amazon region of Brazil

Abstract Background Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is an antigen considered to be one of the leading malaria vaccine candidates. PvMSP-1 is highly immunogenic and evidences suggest that it is target for protective immunity against asexual blood stages of malaria parasites. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the acquired cellular and antibody immune responses against PvMSP-1 in individuals naturally exposed to malaria infections in a malaria-endemic area in the north-eastern Amazon region of Brazil. Methods The study was carried out in Paragominas, Par�� State, in the Brazilian Amazon. Blood samples were collected from 35 individuals with uncomplicated malaria. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and the cellular proliferation and activation was analysed in presence of 19��kDa fragment of MSP-1 (PvMSP-119) and Plasmodium falciparum PSS1 crude antigen. Antibodies IgE, IgM, IgG and IgG subclass and the levels of TNF, IFN-�� and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The prevalence of activated CD4+ was greater than CD8+ T cells, in both ex-vivo and in 96��h culture in presence of PvMSP-119 and PSS1 antigen. A low proliferative response against PvMSP-119 and PSS1 crude antigen after 96��h culture was observed. High plasmatic levels of IFN-�� and IL-10 as well as lower TNF levels were also detected in malaria patients. However, in the 96��h supernatant culture, the dynamics of cytokine responses differed from those depicted on plasma assays; in presence of PvMSP-119 stimulus, higher levels of TNF were noted in supernatant 96��h culture of malaria patient���s cells while low levels of IFN-�� and IL-10 were verified. High frequency of malaria patients presenting antibodies against PvMSP-119 was evidenced, regardless class or IgG subclass.PvMSP-119-induced antibodies were predominantly on non-cytophilic subclasses. Conclusions The results presented here shows that PvMSP-119 was able to induce a high cellular activation, leading to production of TNF and emphasizes the high immunogenicity of PvMSP-119 in naturally exposed individuals and, therefore, its potential as a malaria vaccine candidate.

Intermolecular Clamping by Hydrogen Bonds: 2-Pyridone center dot NH3

A combined spectroscopic and ab initio theoretical study of the doubly hydrogen-bonded complex of 2-pyridone (2PY) with NH3 has been performed. The S-1 <- S-0 spectrum extends up to approximate to 1200 cm(-1) above the 0(0)(0) band, close to twice the range observed for 2PY. The S-1 state nonradiative decay for vibrations above approximate to 300 cm(-1) in the NH3 complex is dramatically slowed down relative to bare 2PY. Also, the Delta v=2,4,... overtone bands of the v(1)' and v(2)' out-of-plane vibrations that dominate the low-energy spectral region of 2PY are much weaker or missing for 2PY center dot NH3, which implies that the bridging (2PY)NH center dot center dot center dot NH3 and H2NH center dot center dot center dot O=C H-bonds clamp the 2PY at a planar geometry in the S-1 state. The mass-resolved UV vibronic spectra of jet-cooled 2PY center dot NH3 and its H/D mixed isotopomers are measured using two-color resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. The S-0 and S-1 equilibrium structures and normal-mode frequencies are calculated by density functional (B3LYP) and correlated ab initio methods (MP2 and approximate second-order coupled-cluster, CC2). The S-1 <- S-0 vibronic assignments are based on configuration interaction singles (CIS) and CC2 calculations. A doubly H-bonded bridged structure of C-S symmetry is predicted, in agreement with that of Held and Pratt [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9718]. While the B3LYP and MP2 calculated rotational constants are in very good agreement with experiment, the calculated H2NH center dot center dot center dot O=C H-bond distance is approximate to 0.7 angstrom shorter than that derived by Held and Pratt. On the other hand, this underlines their observation that ammonia can act as a strong H-bond donor when built into an H-bonded bridge. The CC2 calculations predict the H2NH center dot center dot center dot O distance to increase by 0.2 angstrom upon S-1 <- S-0 electronic excitation, while the (2PY)NH center dot center dot center dot NH3 H-bond remains nearly unchanged. Thus, the expansion of the doubly H-bonded bridge in the excited state is asymmetric and almost wholly due to the weakening of the interaction of ammonia with the keto acceptor group.

S-0 and S-1 State Structure, Methyl Torsional Barrier Heights, and Fast Intersystem Crossing Dynamics of 5-Methyl-2-hydroxypyrimidine

We report the analysis of the SI So rotational band contours of jet-cooled 5-methyl-2-hydroxypyrimidine (5M2HP), the enol form of deoxythymine. Unlike thymine, which exhibits a structureless spectrum, the vibronic spectrum of 5M2HP is well structured, allowing us to determine the rotational constants and the methyl group torsional barriers in the S-0 and S-1 states. The 0(0)(0), 6a(0)(1), 6b(0)(1), and 14(0)(1) band contours were measured at 900 MHz (0.03 cm(-1)) resolution using mass-specific two-color resonant two-photon ionization (2C-R2PI) spectroscopy. All four bands are polarized perpendicular to the pyrimidine plane (>90% c type), identifying the S-1 <- S-0 excitation of 5M2HP as a 1n pi* transition. All contours exhibit two methyl rotor subbands that arise from the lowest 5-methyl torsional states 0A '' and 1E ''. The S-0 and S-1 state torsional barriers were extracted from fits to the torsional subbands. The 3-fold barriers are V-3 '' = 13 cm(-1) and V3' = SI cm(-1); the 6-fold barrier contributions V-6 '' and V-6' are in the range of 2-3 cm(-1) and are positive in both states. The changes of A, B, and C rotational constants upon S-1 <- S-0 excitation were extracted from the contours and reflect an "anti-quinoidal" distortion. The 0(0)(0) contour can only be simulated if a 3 GHz Lorentzian line shape is included, which implies that the S-1(1n pi*) lifetime is similar to 55 ps. For the 6a(0)(1) and 6b(0)(1) bands, the Lorentzian component increases to 5.5 GHz, reflecting a lifetime decrease to similar to 30 ps. The short lifetimes are consistent with the absence of fluorescence from the 1n pi* state. Combining these measurements with the previous observation of efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) from the Si state to a long-lived T-1((3)n pi*) state that lies similar to 2200 cm(-1) below [S. Lobsiger, S. et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 5032] implies that the broadening arises from fast intersystem crossing with k(ISC) approximate to 2 x 10(10) s(-1). In comparison to 5-methylpyrimidine, the ISC rate is enhanced by at least 10 000 by the additional hydroxy group in position 2.

Q & A

Question and answer session with presenters Auvo Kostiainen, William Pratt, and Richard Hudelson.

Finnish Americans and the Farm Revolt of the 1930s

Farm protest in the United States attracted widespread attention in the 1930s as militant farmers interfered with foreclosure sales, demonstrated at county court houses and state capitals, and blocked highways and stopped trains to prevent crops and livestock from going to market in an effort to raise farm prices. The best known of the protest groups was the Farmers Holiday Association, which was formed in 1932. Prior to the Holiday, however, a left-wing group organized by Communists in 1930 known as the United Farmers League (UFL) gained an initial following in the cutover country of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northern Wisconsin, northern Minnesota, and parts of the Dakotas and northeast Montana. Finnish Americans dominated the UFL in the Upper Midwest and in a few locales in the Dakotas. Evidence for this high level of influence comes from the fact that the head of the Communist Party���s Agrarian Department was Henry Puro, a key figure in Finnish American Communist circles and a member of the Party���s Politburo. This paper will focus on Finnish American involvement in the UFL and, to a lesser extent, the broader-based Farmers Holiday movement.