Evolución, perspectivas y diseño de políticas sobre la banca de desarrollo en el Perú

Incluye Bibliografía

Nuevos modelos económicos: ¿nuevos sistemas de movilidad social?

Incluye Bibliografía

Exchange-rate management in Brazil

Includes bibliography

Notas de la CEPAL Nº 24

Crecimiento Económico de América Latina y el Caribe Será Negativo en 2002 Repercusiones Regionales de la Crisis Argentina Media Década Perdida. Columna de opinión de José Antonio Ocampo, Secretario Ejecutivo de la CEPAL Precisiones: Invertir en el Desarrollo Sostenible Indicadores Participación de las Mujeres en la Reforma del Estado Publicaciones recientes y calendario de eventos

Notas de la CEPAL Nº 21

Mejora Confianza Mutua y Transparencia del Gasto en Defensa entre Chile y Argentina La Educación y el Mercado del Trabajo: Latinoamérica Se Queda Atrás Columna de Opinión del Secretario Ejecutivo de la CEPAL, José Antonio Ocampo: Las Lecciones de la Crisis Argentina Precisiones. Inversión y Volatilidad Financiera: América Latina en los Inicios del Nuevo Milenio Indicadores Es el Momento de Crear la Organización Mundial del Medio Ambiente Indice de publicaciones recientes Calendario de actividades

Revista de la CEPAL no.88

Vigencia de los aportes de Celso Furtado al estructuralismo / Ricardo Bielschowsky. -- Obsolescencia de la protección a los inversores extranjeros después de la crisis argentina / Michael Mortimore y Leonardo Stanley. -- Una aproximación al enfoque de derechos en las estrategias y políticas de desarrollo / Víctor Abramovich. -- ¿Pueden los países de América Latina y el Caribe emular el modelo irlandés para atraer inversión extranjera directa? / Ruth Ríos-Morales y David O ’Donovan. -- El lento retorno de las políticas industriales en América Latina y el Caribe / Wilson Peres. -- Un modelo de bajo crecimiento: la informalidad como restricción structural / Mario Cimoli, Annalisa Primi y Maurizio Pugno. -- El mercado de trabajo argentino en la globalización financier / Mario Damill y Roberto Frenkel. -- Precariedad social en México y Argentina: tendencias, expresiones y trayectorias nacionales / María Cristina Bayón. -- Pacto Fiscal en Guatemala: lecciones de una negociación / Juan Alberto Fuentes K. y Maynor Cabrera. -- Cambio de la estructura productiva en Chile, 1986-1996: producción e interdependencia industrial / José Miguel Albala-Bertrand. -- Orientaciones para los colaboradores de la Revista de la CEPAL. -- La Revista de la CEPAL en Internet. -- Publicaciones recientes de la CEPAL.

The employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Countercyclical policies for a sustained recovery in employment

Latin America and the Caribbean experienced an unexpectedly vigorous economic recovery in 2010 after the output contraction of 2009. This upturn was reflected in the region’s employment and unemployment rates, which resumed the positive trends that had been broken by the crisis, and formal wages rose slightly. The strength of the recovery and labour-market performance varied markedly across subregions and countries, however. The first part of this joint ECLAC/ILO publication on the employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean looks at how labour markets have responded to the rapid economic upswing in 2010 and early 2011, highlighting both the significant advances achieved in the post-crisis period and the sharp differences evident across subregions and countries. As well as tapping into the improved external conditions which followed upon the Asianled global economic upturn, several Latin American countries were also able to contain the impacts of the crisis and underpin their own recovery with countercyclical policies, thanks to the leeway gained by their macroeconomic management during the run of growth from 2003 to 2008. These countries were in a position to implement expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, some of which channelled higher fiscal spending through labour-market policies or softened the impact of the crisis on employment and income, as discussed in previous ECLAC/ILO bulletins. Since the region is fairly new to the use of countercyclical policies, the second part of this document reviews the experiences arising from those policies and considers lessons for institutionalizing them. Economic growth in the Latin American and Caribbean region has historically been marked by the volatility of its economic cycles, with high-growth periods being succeeded by deep crises. Volatility has conspired against the use of production resources over extended periods and short growth horizons have impeded investment in capital and labour. In the recent international crisis, the deployment of countercyclical macroeconomic policy helped to reduce the depth and duration of the impact and to leverage a more rapid recovery. It is therefore worth looking at the fundamentals of a long-term countercyclical macroeconomic policy which would provide the tools needed to deal with future crises and pave the way for economic growth that may be sustained over time. A special factor during this crisis was that a greater effort was made to support employment and income. Several of the labour-market policy measures taken acted as vehicles for conveying increased fiscal spending to individuals, reflecting greater consideration for equality concerns. Indeed, these measures were aimed not only at stabilizing andstrengthening domestic demand per se, but also at preventing the crisis from hitting lowest-income households the hardest, as had occurred in previous episodes. And —again unlike the pattern seen in previous episodes— inflation actually fell during the crisis as the high food and fuel prices seen in the run-up to it eased as a result of both existing macroeconomic policies and global conditions. This averted the surge in inequality so often seen in previous crises. Two caveats must be added, however. First, not all the countries were in a position to deploy strong countercyclical policies. Many simply lacked the fiscal space to do so. Second, some countries took this sort of measure more as an ad hoc response to the crisis than as part of a clearly established countercyclical policy strategy. The challenge, then, is to institutionalize a countercyclical approach throughout the economic cycle. Taking up this challenge is part of making economic growth more sustainable. This year —2011— was ushered in by rapid economic growth and substantial improvements in labour indicators. With the region’s GDP projected to grow well over 4% this year, ECLAC and ILO estimate that the regional unemployment rate will fall substantially again, from 7.3% in 2010 to between 6.7% and 7.0% in 2011.

Access to international capital markets: recent developments in Central America and the Caribbean

The objective of this report is to analyze the impact of recent global financial trends on the access to private external financing by Central American and Caribbean (CAC) economies, as well as their performance in international capital markets in recent years. The CAC economies, like many other countries in the world, were not immune to the negative consequences of the global economic and financial crisis of 2008. In fact, their openness, export driven growth and linkages to advanced economies, particularly to the U.S., as well as size, made them more vulnerable than other Latin American countries to the negative effects of the crisis. In addition, their recovery was hindered by their weak linkages to the larger emerging market countries that drove global growth in the post-crisis recovery. As China and other emerging market economies begin to slowdown, however, and the U.S. and other advanced economies show signs of a strengthening recovery, the linkages to advanced economies may once again become a source of strength.

Atores, cenários e planos: o planejamento estratégico situacional e a educação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Family stress, coping, communication, and adaptation in unintended adolescent pregnancy

Objective. This study examines post-crisis family stress, coping, communication, and adaptation using the Double ABC-X Model of Family Adaptation in families with a pregnant or postpartum adolescent living at home. ^ Methods. Ninety-eight pregnant and parenting adolescents between ages 14 and 18 years (Group 1 at 20 or more weeks gestation; Group 2 at delivery and 8 weeks postpartum) and their parent(s) completed instruments congruent with the model to measure family stress, coping, communication, and adaptation. Descriptive family data was obtained. Mother-daughter data was analyzed for differences between subjects and within subjects using paired t-tests. Correlational analysis was used to examine relationships among variables. ^ Results. More than 90% of families were Hispanic. There were no significant differences between mother and daughter mean scores for family stress or communication. Adolescent coping was not significantly correlated to family coping at any interval. Adolescent family adaptation scores were significantly lower than mothers' scores at delivery and 8 weeks postpartum. Mean individual ratings of family variables did not differ significantly between delivery and 8 weeks postpartum. Simultaneous multiple regression analysis showed that stress, coping, and communication significantly influenced adaptation for mothers and daughters at all three intervals. The relative contributions of the three independent variables exhibited different patterns for mothers and daughters. Parent-adolescent communication accounted for most of the variability in adaptation for daughters at all three intervals. Daughters' family stress ratings were significant for adaptability (p = .01) during the pregnancy and for cohesion (p = .03) at delivery. Adolescent coping (p = .03) was significant for cohesion at 8 weeks postpartum. Family stress was a significant influence at all three intervals for mothers' ratings of family adaptation. Parent-adolescent communication was significant for mother's perception of both family cohesion (p < .001) and adaptability (p < .001) at delivery and 8 weeks, but not during pregnancy. ^ Conclusions. Mothers' and daughters' ratings of family processes were similar regarding family stress and communication, but were significantly different for family adaptation. Adolescent coping may not reflect family coping. Family communication is a powerful component in family functioning and may be an important focus for interventions with adolescents and parents. ^

Agentes sociales : trayectorias, estrategias, capitales

Este artículo centra su indagación en las estrategias ocupacionales y las trayectorias vitales y laborales de hogares urbanos en situaciones de pobreza histórica del Gran Mendoza, desde la crisis argentina del 2001 al 2008. El propósito central consiste en analizar la asociación existente entre las trayectorias laborales, las estrategias desplegadas y las trayectorias vitales de los hogares en momentos de crisis que afectan las relaciones de los agentes sociales con el trabajo.

Intervención pedagógica y bachilleratos populares

Esta ponencia presenta la reflexión derivada de algunos primeros avances de investigación sobre los denominados Bachilleratos Populares (B. P.), espacios de educación secundaria, generados en particular, a partir de la crisis argentina del año 2001. Definidos como experiencias alternativas, al mismo tiempo interrogan al modelo convencional de escolaridad secundaria, exponen una posición social y política y capacidad institucional que se interpreta como acción a favor de la inclusión y permanencia de los jóvenes de sectores más vulnerados, en una instancia de formación pos primario. En la actualidad se registran más de veinte B. P. en la región y un dato de inscripción de más de 1000 participantes estudiando con un grupo de más de 300 docentes y auxiliares. Estas instancias se afirman como organizaciones políticas, "de intervención pedagógica" que procuran "constituir" nuevas formas de experiencia democrática como respuesta a la desigualdad y exclusión social, exponen las contradicciones del modelo capitalista caracterizado y exacerbado en la historia reciente de nuestro país por el modelo neoliberal y las prácticas sociales neoconservadoras. Como instituciones políticas, socio - educativas, estas "Escuelas", interpelan el papel del Estado desde la conjunción de intereses y necesidades de los sectores sociales y se muestran como construcciones sociales efectivas de una ciudadanía activa. En esas condiciones se procura analizar el desempeño político -institucional- pedagógico desde la mirada de la cuestión social dada las nuevas caracterizaciones que se observan en el campo educativo, consecuencia del escenario histórico socio político actual en Argentina. Desde el avance del proyecto se van abriendo focos de análisis que podemos expresar entre otros como ¿en qué aspectos estas nuevas formas develan problemas pedagógicos de la escuela secundaria tradicional?. En ese sentido y en el marco del eje 2, se desea remarcar "las nuevas configuraciones en las subjetividades" y por lo tanto en el modelo de intervención pedagógica centrada en lo sujetos. Los B. P. pueden explicarse como una de las tantas experiencias de educación popular, tal como lo hemos conocido o desde el momento de ser reconocidas por las Jurisdicciones dejan de ser experiencias para constituirse en "formatos oficiales". Siendo así el debate cambia, por un lado los B. P. dejan de ser instrumentaciones de estrategias facilitadoras para los culminación de estudios de los jóvenes para conformase como núcleo de debate pedagógico por el modelo que sustenta en términos de expresiones derivadas de la cuestión social en la educación

Intervención pedagógica y bachilleratos populares

Esta ponencia presenta la reflexión derivada de algunos primeros avances de investigación sobre los denominados Bachilleratos Populares (B. P.), espacios de educación secundaria, generados en particular, a partir de la crisis argentina del año 2001. Definidos como experiencias alternativas, al mismo tiempo interrogan al modelo convencional de escolaridad secundaria, exponen una posición social y política y capacidad institucional que se interpreta como acción a favor de la inclusión y permanencia de los jóvenes de sectores más vulnerados, en una instancia de formación pos primario. En la actualidad se registran más de veinte B. P. en la región y un dato de inscripción de más de 1000 participantes estudiando con un grupo de más de 300 docentes y auxiliares. Estas instancias se afirman como organizaciones políticas, "de intervención pedagógica" que procuran "constituir" nuevas formas de experiencia democrática como respuesta a la desigualdad y exclusión social, exponen las contradicciones del modelo capitalista caracterizado y exacerbado en la historia reciente de nuestro país por el modelo neoliberal y las prácticas sociales neoconservadoras. Como instituciones políticas, socio - educativas, estas "Escuelas", interpelan el papel del Estado desde la conjunción de intereses y necesidades de los sectores sociales y se muestran como construcciones sociales efectivas de una ciudadanía activa. En esas condiciones se procura analizar el desempeño político -institucional- pedagógico desde la mirada de la cuestión social dada las nuevas caracterizaciones que se observan en el campo educativo, consecuencia del escenario histórico socio político actual en Argentina. Desde el avance del proyecto se van abriendo focos de análisis que podemos expresar entre otros como ¿en qué aspectos estas nuevas formas develan problemas pedagógicos de la escuela secundaria tradicional?. En ese sentido y en el marco del eje 2, se desea remarcar "las nuevas configuraciones en las subjetividades" y por lo tanto en el modelo de intervención pedagógica centrada en lo sujetos. Los B. P. pueden explicarse como una de las tantas experiencias de educación popular, tal como lo hemos conocido o desde el momento de ser reconocidas por las Jurisdicciones dejan de ser experiencias para constituirse en "formatos oficiales". Siendo así el debate cambia, por un lado los B. P. dejan de ser instrumentaciones de estrategias facilitadoras para los culminación de estudios de los jóvenes para conformase como núcleo de debate pedagógico por el modelo que sustenta en términos de expresiones derivadas de la cuestión social en la educación

Bank restructuring and financial institution reform in Indonesia

The banking sector underwent drastic reform in post-crisis Indonesia. Bank restructuring, driven by IMF conditionalities, resulted in the exit of insolvent banks and ownership changes of major private banks. Through recapitalization and sales of government-held shares, foreign-owned banks emerged as leading actors in the place of business-group-affiliated banks. As part of the restructuring process, an exit rule was created. The central bank, which up to that time had been given only partial authority under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Finance, now gained a full range of authority over banks. The central bank's supervision system on banks, risk management systems at individual banks, and their efforts to build risk management capacities, began to function. This is totally different from the old financial institution under the Soeharto regime, where banks had no incentive to control risks, as the regime tacitly ensured their survival.

Financial services and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. CEPS Policy Brief No. 302, 20 November 2013

Given the size of the financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic and the symmetry in the follow-up of the G-20 standards, Karel Lannoo argues in this Policy Brief that the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) provides a good opportunity to put in place a more institutionalised framework. He finds that both blocs have reacted in similar ways to the financial crisis in strengthening their regulatory and supervisory frameworks and incorporating the G-20 recommendations into federal law. He also notes that consumer protection has been reinforced, certainly in the US, with the creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. And on the EU side, the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) will radically change banking supervision. In his view, inclusion of financial services could also be an opportunity to strengthen prudential rules and consumer protection provisions on both sides. Rather than leading to a reduction of consumer protection, as had been feared in the post-crisis environment, it could lead to an examination, exchange and recognition of best practices in regulation and enforcement. Finally, he concludes that inclusion of financial services would make it part of the permanent regulatory dialogue that will be established as a result of a successful TTIP.