Sea surface temperature variations in the western Mediterranean Sea

A high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction of the western Mediterranean was accomplished using two independent, algae-based molecular organic proxies, i.e. the UK'37 index based on long-chain unsaturated ketones and the novel long-chain diol index (LDI) based on the relative abundances of C28 and C30 1,13- and 1,15-diols. Two marine records, from the western and eastern Alboran Sea basin, spanning the last 14 and 20 kyr, respectively, were studied. Results from the surface sediments suggest that the two proxies presently reflect seasons with similar SST, or simply annual mean SST. Both proxy records reveal the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene in the eastern Alboran Sea with an SST increase of ca. 7 °C for UK'37 and 9 °C for LDI. Minimum SSTs (10-12 °C) are reached at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and during the last Heinrich event with a subsequent rapid SST increase in LDI-SST towards the beginning of the Bölling period (20 °C), while UK'37-SST remains constantly low (~12 °C). The Bölling-Alleröd is characterized by a rapid increase and subsequent decrease in UK'37-SST, while the LDI-SST decrease continuously. Short-term fluctuations in UK'37-SST are probably related to availability of nutrients and seasonal changes. The Younger Dryas is recorded as a short cold interval followed by progressively warmer temperatures. During the Holocene, the general lower UK'37-derived temperature values in the eastern Alboran (by ca. 1.5-2 °C) suggest a southeastward cold water migration by the western Alboran gyre and divergence in the haptophyte blooming season between both basins.

Magnesium/Calcium ratios in benthic foraminifera from surface sediments

We used modern epibenthic foraminifer tests of Cibicidoides mundulus and Planulina wuellerstorfi from South Atlantic core top sediments in order to establish Mg/Ca-temperature relationships for the temperature range from 0 to 15°C. We obtained the following calibrations: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) = 0.830*exp(0.145*BWT (°C)) for P. wuellerstorfi, and Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) = 0.627*exp(0.143*BWT (°C)) for C. mundulus. However, a number of tests, especially those bathed in North Atlantic Deep Water, revealed higher Mg/Ca ratios than predicted from the calibration. Our data suggest that d[CO3 2-] of bottom water exerts a significant control on dMg/Ca (temperature-corrected) of C. mundulus (dMg/Ca = 0.017*d[CO3 2-] -0.14), while dMg/Ca of P. wuellerstorfi is more likely to be governed by TCO2 (dMg/Ca = -0.007*TCO2 + 15). Since both d[CO3 2-] and TCO2 are closely linked to [CO3 2-], it is inferred that carbonate ion acts as secondary control, after temperature, on benthic shell Mg/Ca below -4°C. A drop in [CO3 2-] by 25 ?mol/kg at 4 km water depth, as suggested for the Last Glacial Maximum, would decrease Mg/Ca by up to 0.4 mmol/mol, which leads to an underestimation of bottom water temperature by -3.5°C. Therefore our results indicate that the Mg/Ca thermometer should be used cautiously for benthic foraminifers where changes in the carbonate chemistry are present in the paleoceanographic record.

Pythagorean politics in southern Italy; an analysis of the sources,

Bibliographical footnotes.

Obras de Gil Vicente /

t. 1. Das obras de devac a o.--t. 2. Das comedias. Das tragicomedias.--t. 3. Das farc as. Das obras varias.

Disputatio inauguralis de VI Musices ad Escolendum Hominem e sententia platonis /

Tesis Univ. Tilburgensis.

Platons Werke /

T.I, Vol.1 - T.I, Vol.2 - T.II, Vol.1 - T.II, Vol.2 - T.II, Vol.3 - T.III, Vol.1, 2. ed.

Oulpianou rhetoros prolegomena eis te tous Olynthianous, kai Philippikous Demosthenous logous. Exgsis anankaiota t, eis dekatreis tou Demosthenous logous = Vlpiani commentarioli in Olynthiacas, Philippicasq[ue] Demosthenis Orationes. Enarrationes saneq[ue] necessariae in tredecim orationes Demosthenis.

Incluye: Arpokratiònos lexikon tein deka rhetoròn.

Les antiquitez romaines de Denys d'Halicarnasse /

Mode of access: Internet.

Oeuvres complètes de Platon.

Contiene: I, Théétète - Cratyle - Euthydème.

Oeuvres complètes de Platon.

Mode of access: Internet.

Oeuvres complètes de Platon.

Mode of access: Internet.

Demosthenous logou kata philippou = Demosthenis orationes contra Philippum ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Ton tes Ellados exochon rhetopon Isokpatous, Aischinou, kai Demosthenous Logoi tines, kai pleisai ton ek Thoukydidou Demegorion = Excellentium graeciae oratorum Isocratis, Aeschinis [et] Demosthenis orationes quaedam, [et] plures ex Thucydidis concionibus.

Mode of access: Internet.

Oeuvres complètes de Platon.

Contiene: I, Phédon-Gorgias-Le Banquet

Oeuvres complètes de Platon.

Mode of access: Internet.