A numerical study of temperature effects on hot wire measurements inside turbulent channel flows

A way to investigate turbulence is through experiments where hot wire measurements are performed. Analysis of the in turbulence of a temperature gradient on hot wire measurements is the aim of this thesis work. Actually - to author's knowledge - this investigation is the first attempt to document, understand and ultimately correct the effect of temperature gradients on turbulence statistics. However a numerical approach is used since instantaneous temperature and streamwise velocity fields are required to evaluate this effect. A channel flow simulation at Re_tau = 180 is analyzed to make a first evaluation of the amount of error introduced by temperature gradient inside the domain. Hot wire data field is obtained processing the numerical flow field through the application of a proper version of the King's law, which connect voltage, velocity and temperature. A drift in mean streamwise velocity profile and rms is observed when temperature correction is performed by means of centerline temperature. A correct mean velocity pro�le is achieved correcting temperature through its mean value at each wall normal position, but a not negligible error is still present into rms. The key point to correct properly the sensed velocity from the hot wire is the knowledge of the instantaneous temperature field. For this purpose three correction methods are proposed. At the end a numerical simulation at Re_tau =590 is also evaluated in order to confirm the results discussed earlier.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONFOCAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR PROBING INTERFACIAL DYNAMICS IN MICROSCALE, GAS-LIQUID, TWO-PHASE FLOW

Micro-scale, two-phase flow is found in a variety of devices such as Lab-on-a-chip, bio-chips, micro-heat exchangers, and fuel cells. Knowledge of the fluid behavior near the dynamic gas-liquid interface is required for developing accurate predictive models. Light is distorted near a curved gas-liquid interface preventing accurate measurement of interfacial shape and internal liquid velocities. This research focused on the development of experimental methods designed to isolate and probe dynamic liquid films and measure velocity fields near a moving gas-liquid interface. A high-speed, reflectance, swept-field confocal (RSFC) imaging system was developed for imaging near curved surfaces. Experimental studies of dynamic gas-liquid interface of micro-scale, two-phase flow were conducted in three phases. Dynamic liquid film thicknesses of segmented, two-phase flow were measured using the RSFC and compared to a classic film thickness deposition model. Flow fields near a steadily moving meniscus were measured using RSFC and particle tracking velocimetry. The RSFC provided high speed imaging near the menisci without distortion caused the gas-liquid interface. Finally, interfacial morphology for internal two-phase flow and droplet evaporation were measured using interferograms produced by the RSFC imaging technique. Each technique can be used independently or simultaneously when.

West Antarctic Ice Streams

Solar heat is the acknowledged driving force for climatic change. However, ice sheets are also capable of causing climatic change. This property of ice sheets derives from the facts that ice and rock are crystalline whereas the oceans and atmosphere are fluids and that ice sheets are massive enough to depress the earth's crust well below sea level. These features allow time constants for glacial flow and isostatic compensation to be much larger than those for ocean and atmospheric circulation and therefore somewhat independent of the solar variations that control this circulation. This review examines the nature of dynamic processes in ice streams that give ice sheets their degree of independent behavior and emphasizes the consequences of viscoplastic instability inherent in anisotropic polycrystalline solids such as glacial ice. Viscoplastic instability and subglacial topography are responsible for the formation of ice streams near ice sheet margins grounded below sea level. As a result the West Antarctic marine ice sheet is inherently unstable and can be rapidly carved away by calving bays which migrate up surging ice streams. Analyses of tidal flexure along floating ice stream margins, stress and velocity fields in ice streams, and ice stream boundary conditions are presented and used to interpret ERTS 1 photomosaics for West Antarctica in terms of characteristic ice sheet crevasse patterns that can be used to monitor ice stream surges and to study calving bay dynamics.

Geodetic and satellite derived ice surface velocities of Vestfonna ice cap

During 2007 we launched a geodetic campaign on the Svalbard ice cap Vestfonna in order to estimate the velocity field of the ice cap. This was done within the frame of the IPY project KINNVIKA. We present here the velocity measurements derived from our campaigns 2007-2010 and compare the geodetic measurements against InSAR velocity fields from satellite platforms from 1995/96 and 2008. We find the spatial distribution of ice speeds from the InSAR is in good agreement within the uncertainty limits with our geodetic measurements. We observe no clear indication of seasonal ice speed differences, but we find a speed-up of the outlet glacier Franklinbreen between the InSAR campaigns, and speculate the outlet is having a surge phase.

Spanish National GPS Reference Station Network (ERGPS)

The Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España, thought its geodesy department, since 1997 has carried out the establisment of a GPS Reference Station Network (ERGPS) delivered all around Spain which allows millimetric co-ordinate results, as well as velocity fields in a Global Reference System (ITRFxx). It serves as support for other geodetic networks. Some of these stations are being integrated into the EUREF (EUropean REference Frame) Permanent Station Network. The ERGPS forms the zero order of the Spanish new geodesy

Dust tracking techniques applied to the STARDUST facility: First results

An important issue related to future nuclear fusion reactors fueled with deuterium and tritium is the creation of large amounts of dust due to several mechanisms (disruptions, ELMs and VDEs). The dust size expected in nuclear fusion experiments (such as ITER) is in the order of microns (between 0.1 and 1000 μm). Almost the total amount of this dust remains in the vacuum vessel (VV). This radiological dust can re-suspend in case of LOVA (loss of vacuum accident) and these phenomena can cause explosions and serious damages to the health of the operators and to the integrity of the device. The authors have developed a facility, STARDUST, in order to reproduce the thermo fluid-dynamic conditions comparable to those expected inside the VV of the next generation of experiments such as ITER in case of LOVA. The dust used inside the STARDUST facility presents particle sizes and physical characteristics comparable with those that created inside the VV of nuclear fusion experiments. In this facility an experimental campaign has been conducted with the purpose of tracking the dust re-suspended at low pressurization rates (comparable to those expected in case of LOVA in ITER and suggested by the General Safety and Security Report ITER-GSSR) using a fast camera with a frame rate from 1000 to 10,000 images per second. The velocity fields of the mobilized dust are derived from the imaging of a two-dimensional slice of the flow illuminated by optically adapted laser beam. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of dust tracking by means of image processing with the objective of determining the velocity field values of dust re-suspended during a LOVA.

Analysis of air flow past and through the 2415-3S airfoil for an unmanned aerial vehicle with internal propulsion system

This paper deals with the prediction of velocity fields on the 2415-3S airfoil which will be used for an unmanned aerial vehicle with internal propulsion system and in this way analyze the air flow through an internal duct of the airfoil using computational fluid dynamics. The main objective is to evaluate the effect of the internal air flow past the airfoil and how this affects the aerodynamic performance by means of lift and drag forces. For this purpose, three different designs of the internal duct were studied; starting from the base 2415-3S airfoil developed in previous investigation, basing on the hypothesis of decreasing the flow separation produced when the propulsive airflow merges the external flow, and in this way obtaining the best configuration. For that purpose, an exhaustive study of the mesh sensitivity was performed. It was used a non-structured mesh since the computational domain is three-dimensional and complex. The selected mesh contains approximately 12.5 million elements. Both the computational domain and the numerical solution were made with commercial CAD and CFD software, respectively. Air, incompressible and steady was analyzed. The boundary conditions are in concordance with experimental setup in the AF 6109 wind tunnel. The k-e model is utilized to describe the turbulent flow process as followed in references. Results allowed obtaining velocity contours as well as lift and drag coefficients and also the location of separation and reattachment regions in some cases for zero degrees of angle of attack on the internal and external surfaces of the airfoil. Finally, the selection of the configuration with the best aerodynamic performance was made, selecting the option without curved baffles.

Numerical analysis of air flow past the 2415-3S airfoil for an unmanned aerial vehicle with internal propulsion system

This paper deals with the prediction of pressure and velocity fields on the 2415-3S airfoil which will be used for and unmanned aerial vehicle with internal propulsion system and in this way analyze the air flow through an internal duct of the airfoil using computational fluid dynamics. The main objective is to evaluate the effect of the internal air flow past the airfoil and how this affects the aerodynamic performance by means of lift and drag forces. For this purpose, three different designs of the internal duct were studied; starting from the base 2415-3S airfoil developed in previous investigation, basing on the hypothesis of decreasing the flow separation produced when the propulsive airflow merges the external flow, and in this way obtaining the best configuration. For that purpose, an exhaustive study of the mesh sensitivity was performed. It was used a non-structured mesh since the computational domain is tridimensional and complex. The selected mesh contains approximately 12.5 million elements. Both the computational domain and the numerical solution were made with commercial CAD and CFD software respectively. Air, incompressible and steady was analyzed. The boundary conditions are in concordance with experimental setup in the AF 6109 wind tunnel. The k-ε model is utilized to describe the turbulent flow process as followed in references. Results allowed obtaining pressure and velocity contours as well as lift and drag coefficients and also the location of separation and reattachment regions in some cases for zero degrees of angle of attack on the internal and external surfaces of the airfoil. Finally, the selection of the configuration with the best aerodynamic performance was made, selecting the option without curved baffles.

Análisis y optimización de la resistencia de interferencia en multicascos

Esta tesis presenta un estudio de la resistencia de interferencia en multicascos, término que engloba las variaciones en la resistencia al avance debidas a la interacción entre cascos. Su característica más notable es que puede ser tanto positiva como negativa, contribuyendo favorablemente en este último caso a la reducción de la resistencia total. Su análisis permanece como un área activa dentro de la comunidad hidrodinámica, si bien se ha detectado una significativa falta de información experimental sobre el flujo entre cascos. En primer lugar se incluye una caracterización de los fenómenos de interferencia, evaluando su impacto en las diferentes componentes de la resistencia al avance. Al igual que la resistencia total, su predicción requiere el uso de técnicas experimentales o numéricas al ser inviable su solución analítica. Ambos procedimientos han sido considerados en esta tesis. El análisis experimental de la resistencia de interferencia supone el núcleo central del trabajo realizado. Se han ensayado dos geometrías diferentes, un catamarán de servicio comercial PESBO junto con un catamarán compuesto por dos Serie 60 (S60) en paralelo. Los ensayos se han llevado a cabo en dos canales de experiencias, CEHINAV y CEHIPAR, midiéndose resistencia al avance, asiento y trimados dinámicos, y cortes de olas en la zona entre cascos. Mención especial a estos últimos, dado que a pesar de ser en la zona central donde ocurren los principales efectos de interferencia, no se encontró información previa publicada en la literatura. Su medición requirió la fabricación de un sistema de soporte especifico para las probetas de medición. Por otro lado, aunque el Serie 60 es una geometría bien conocida en la comunidad hidrodinámica, a conocimiento del autor su comportamiento como multicasco no había sido aun caracterizado experimentalmente. Los bastidores de unión se fabricaron de forma que permitieran variar la separación entre cascos. Además, los multicascos son en general embarcaciones de alta velocidad mostrando asientos y trimados dinámicos significativos. Para cuantificar su efecto en la resistencia total y de interferencia se construyo un sistema de fijación del modelo al carro que los restringiera, posibilitando comparar los resultados en esta condición con los del modelo libre. Como resultado, se han obtenido resultados experimentales de las dos geometrías estudiadas con múltiples separaciones, incluyendo un solo casco, y con modelo fijo y libre. Una de las principales utilidades de los resultados experimentales es servir como referencia para validar modelos de predicción. Como primera aplicación, los datos experimentales obtenidos con el catamarán S60 se han contrastado con las predicciones numéricas de Yeung et al. (2004). El análisis numérico de la resistencia de interferencia se completa con la realización de simulaciones numéricas utilizando dos códigos substancialmente diferentes: Tdynlin y CD--‐Adapco Star--‐CCM+. Los cortes de olas obtenidos en las simulaciones se comparan con los valores experimentales, mostrándose además los campos de presiones y velocidades calculados sobre el casco. La principal aportación de esta tesis es una extensa caracterización experimental de los fenómenos de interferencia, con la intención de servir de referencia para futuros estudios con multicascos. El análisis de los resultados permite comprender mejor el impacto que la interacción entre cascos, así como las variaciones dinámicas de las condiciones de navegación, tienen en las diferentes componentes de la resistencia. Por otro lado, permite apreciar la dependencia de la resistencia de interferencia con la velocidad y separación entre cascos, de cara a su utilización como parámetro de diseño. ABSTRACT This thesis presents a study of the interference resistance in multihulls, which comprises all the variations in the ship resistance due to the interaction between hulls. Its most remarkable characteristic is that it can be positive or negative, contributing in the second case to the reduction of the total ship resistance. Its study remains an active area in the hydrodynamic community, although there is a significant lack of published experimental data regarding the flow between hulls. First of all, the interference phenomena are characterized, evaluating the impact in the different components of the ship resistance. Similar to the total resistance, their prediction requires experimental or numerical techniques, as no analytic solutions are known. Both procedures have been considered in this thesis. The experimental analysis of the interference resistance is the core of the work done. Two different geometries have been tested, a commercial catamaran PESBO and a catamaran composed by two parallel Series 60 (S60). The tests have been carried out in two towing tanks, CEHINAV and CEHIPAR, measuring ship resistance, dynamic sinkage and trim, and wave cuts in--‐between the hulls. Special mention to the wave cuts, as no previous published information was found regarding this zone, even if it is where the main interference effects happen. Their measurement required building a support tripod for the probes, specifically designed for this experimental campaign. In addition, although the Series 60 is a well known hull for experimental and computational analyses, to the author’s knowledge its behavior as a multihull had not yet been experimentally described. The connection frames between the hulls were built so they allowed adjusting the hull spacing. Furthermore, multihulls are usually high--‐speed vessels, acquiring significant dynamic sinkage and trim. To quantify the effect of these dynamic variations of the interference resistance, a clamping system was developed to fixed the model and compare the results with the free model condition. Thus, experimental results have been obtained for various hull separations with the two geometries analyzed, including a single hull, and with free and fixed model. One of the main applications of experimental results is to serve as a reference to validate prediction models. As a first step, the obtained experimental data with the catamaran S60 have been compared with the numerical predictions of Yeung et al. (2004). The numerical analysis of the interference resistance is completed with the inclusion of numerical simulations using two codes substantially different: Tdynlin and CD--‐Adapco Star--‐CCM+. The wave cuts obtained from the simulations are compared with the experimental ones, showing also the pressure and velocity fields over the hulls. The main contribution of this thesis is an extensive experimental characterization of the interference phenomena, aiming to serve as reference for future studies about multihulls. The analysis of the results provides insights into the impact that the interaction between hulls, as well as the dynamic variations of the sailing conditions, have in the different components of the ship resistance. Moreover, it allows us to observe the dependence of the interference resistance on the velocity and hull spacing, useful towards its use as a design parameter.

Generalized flows, intrinsic stochasticity, and turbulent transport

The study of passive scalar transport in a turbulent velocity field leads naturally to the notion of generalized flows, which are families of probability distributions on the space of solutions to the associated ordinary differential equations which no longer satisfy the uniqueness theorem for ordinary differential equations. Two most natural regularizations of this problem, namely the regularization via adding small molecular diffusion and the regularization via smoothing out the velocity field, are considered. White-in-time random velocity fields are used as an example to examine the variety of phenomena that take place when the velocity field is not spatially regular. Three different regimes, characterized by their degrees of compressibility, are isolated in the parameter space. In the regime of intermediate compressibility, the two different regularizations give rise to two different scaling behaviors for the structure functions of the passive scalar. Physically, this means that the scaling depends on Prandtl number. In the other two regimes, the two different regularizations give rise to the same generalized flows even though the sense of convergence can be very different. The “one force, one solution” principle is established for the scalar field in the weakly compressible regime, and for the difference of the scalar in the strongly compressible regime, which is the regime of inverse cascade. Existence and uniqueness of an invariant measure are also proved in these regimes when the transport equation is suitably forced. Finally incomplete self similarity in the sense of Barenblatt and Chorin is established.

Discrete element modelling of a rotating drum and drum granulation

This thesis reports the results of DEM (Discrete Element Method) simulations of rotating drums operated in a number of different flow regimes. DEM simulations of drum granulation have also been conducted. The aim was to demonstrate that a realistic simulation is possible, and further understanding of the particle motion and granulation processes in a rotating drum. The simulation model has shown good qualitative and quantitative agreement with other published experimental results. A two-dimensional bed of 5000 disc particles, with properties similar to glass has been simulated in the rolling mode (Froude number 0.0076) with a fractional drum fill of approximately 30%. Particle velocity fields in the cascading layer, bed cross-section, and at the drum wall have shown good agreement with experimental PEPT data. Particle avalanches in the cascading layer have been shown to be consistent with single layers of particles cascading down the free surface towards the drum wall. Particle slip at the drum wall has been shown to depend on angular position, and ranged from 20% at the toe and shoulder, to less than 1% at the mid-point. Three-dimensional DEM simulations of a moderately cascading bed of 50,000 spherical elastic particles (Froude number 0.83) with a fractional fill of approximately 30% have also been performed. The drum axis was inclined by 50 to the horizontal with periodic boundaries at the ends of the drum. The mean period of bed circulation was found to be 0.28s. A liquid binder was added to the system using a spray model based on the concept of a wet surface energy. Granule formation and breakage processes have been demonstrated in the system.

Local luminous infrared galaxies. I. Spatially resolved observations with the Spitzer infrared spectrograph

We present results from the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectral mapping observations of 15 local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). In this paper, we investigate the spatial variations of the mid-IR emission which includes fine structure lines, molecular hydrogen lines, polycyclic aromatic features (PAHs), continuum emission, and the 9.7 μm silicate feature. We also compare the nuclear and integrated spectra. We find that the star formation takes place in extended regions (several kpc) as probed by the PAH emission, as well as the [Ne II]12.81 μm and [Ne III]15.56 μm emissions. The behavior of the integrated PAH emission and 9.7 μm silicate feature is similar to that of local starburst galaxies. We also find that the minima of the [Ne III]15.56 μm/[Ne II]12.81 μm ratio tends to be located at the nuclei and its value is lower than that of H II regions in our LIRGs and nearby galaxies. It is likely that increased densities in the nuclei of LIRGs are responsible for the smaller nuclear [Ne III]15.56 μm/[Ne II]12.81 μm ratios. This includes the possibility that some of the most massive stars in the nuclei are still embedded in ultracompact H II regions. In a large fraction of our sample, the 11.3 μm PAH emission appears more extended than the dust 5.5 μm continuum emission. We find a dependency of the 11.3 μm PAH/7.7 μm PAH and [Ne II]12.81 μm/11.3 μm PAH ratios with the age of the stellar populations. Smaller and larger ratios, respectively, indicate recent star formation. The estimated warm (300 K velocity fields for most of the LIRGs in our sample are compatible with a rotating disk at ~kpc scales, and they are in a good agreement with Hα velocity fields.

Sensor Planning for Bayesian Nonparametric Target Modeling

Bayesian nonparametric models, such as the Gaussian process and the Dirichlet process, have been extensively applied for target kinematics modeling in various applications including environmental monitoring, traffic planning, endangered species tracking, dynamic scene analysis, autonomous robot navigation, and human motion modeling. As shown by these successful applications, Bayesian nonparametric models are able to adjust their complexities adaptively from data as necessary, and are resistant to overfitting or underfitting. However, most existing works assume that the sensor measurements used to learn the Bayesian nonparametric target kinematics models are obtained a priori or that the target kinematics can be measured by the sensor at any given time throughout the task. Little work has been done for controlling the sensor with bounded field of view to obtain measurements of mobile targets that are most informative for reducing the uncertainty of the Bayesian nonparametric models. To present the systematic sensor planning approach to leaning Bayesian nonparametric models, the Gaussian process target kinematics model is introduced at first, which is capable of describing time-invariant spatial phenomena, such as ocean currents, temperature distributions and wind velocity fields. The Dirichlet process-Gaussian process target kinematics model is subsequently discussed for modeling mixture of mobile targets, such as pedestrian motion patterns.

Novel information theoretic functions are developed for these introduced Bayesian nonparametric target kinematics models to represent the expected utility of measurements as a function of sensor control inputs and random environmental variables. A Gaussian process expected Kullback Leibler divergence is developed as the expectation of the KL divergence between the current (prior) and posterior Gaussian process target kinematics models with respect to the future measurements. Then, this approach is extended to develop a new information value function that can be used to estimate target kinematics described by a Dirichlet process-Gaussian process mixture model. A theorem is proposed that shows the novel information theoretic functions are bounded. Based on this theorem, efficient estimators of the new information theoretic functions are designed, which are proved to be unbiased with the variance of the resultant approximation error decreasing linearly as the number of samples increases. Computational complexities for optimizing the novel information theoretic functions under sensor dynamics constraints are studied, and are proved to be NP-hard. A cumulative lower bound is then proposed to reduce the computational complexity to polynomial time.

Three sensor planning algorithms are developed according to the assumptions on the target kinematics and the sensor dynamics. For problems where the control space of the sensor is discrete, a greedy algorithm is proposed. The efficiency of the greedy algorithm is demonstrated by a numerical experiment with data of ocean currents obtained by moored buoys. A sweep line algorithm is developed for applications where the sensor control space is continuous and unconstrained. Synthetic simulations as well as physical experiments with ground robots and a surveillance camera are conducted to evaluate the performance of the sweep line algorithm. Moreover, a lexicographic algorithm is designed based on the cumulative lower bound of the novel information theoretic functions, for the scenario where the sensor dynamics are constrained. Numerical experiments with real data collected from indoor pedestrians by a commercial pan-tilt camera are performed to examine the lexicographic algorithm. Results from both the numerical simulations and the physical experiments show that the three sensor planning algorithms proposed in this dissertation based on the novel information theoretic functions are superior at learning the target kinematics with

little or no prior knowledge

Investigation expérimentale du décollement dans l’aspirateur d’une turbine bulbe

La présente thèse propose une étude expérimentale du décollement dans le diffuseur d’un modèle de turbine hydroélectrique bulbe. Le décollement se produit quand la turbine est opérée à forte charge et il réduit la section effective de récupération du diffuseur. La diminution de la performance du diffuseur à forte charge engendre une baisse brusque de l’efficacité de la turbine et de la puissance extraite. Le modèle réduit de bulbe est fidèle aux machines modernes avec un diffuseur particulièrement divergent. Les performances de la turbine sont mesurées sur une large gamme de points d’opération pour déterminer les conditions les plus intéressantes pour l’étude du décollement et pour étudier la distribution paramétrique de ce phénomène. La pression est mesurée le long de l’aspirateur par des capteurs dynamiques affleurants alors que les champs de vitesse dans la zone de décollement sont mesurés avec une méthode PIV à deux composantes. Les observations à la paroi sont pour leur part faites à l’aide de brins de laine. Pour un débit suffisant, le gradient de pression adverse induit par la géométrie du diffuseur affaiblit suffisamment la couche limite, entraînant ainsi l’éjection de fluide de la paroi le long d’une large enveloppe tridimensionelle. Le décollement instationnaire tridimensionnel se situe dans la même zone du diffuseur indépendamment du point d’opération. L’augmentation du débit provoque à la fois une extension de la zone de décollement et une augmentation de l’occurrence de ses manifestations. La position et la forme du front de décollement fluctue significativement sans périodicité. L’analyse topologique et celle des tourbillons des champs de vitesse instantanés montrent une topologie du front de décollement complexe qui diffère beaucoup d’une réalisation à l’autre. Bien que l’écoulement soit turbulent, les tourbillons associés aux foyers du front sont clairement plus gros et plus intenses que ceux de la turbulence. Cela suggère que le mécanisme d’enroulement menant aux tourbillons du décollement est clairement distinct des mécanismes de la turbulence.

Structure, transports and transformations of the water masses in the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre

We discuss the distributions and transports of the main water masses in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (NASPG) for the mean of the period 2002–2010 (OVIDE sections 2002–2010 every other year), as well as the inter-annual variability of the water mass structure from 1997 (4x and METEOR sections) to 2010. The water mass structure of the NASPG, quantitatively assessed by means of an Optimum MultiParameter analysis (with 14 water masses), was combined with the velocity fields resulting from previous studies using inverse models to obtain the water mass volume transports. We also evaluate the relative contribution to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of the main water masses characterizing the NASPG, identifying the water masses that contribute to the AMOC variability. The reduction of the magnitude of the upper limb of the AMOC between 1997 and the 2000s is associated with the reduction in the northward transport of the Central Waters. This reduction of the northward flow of the AMOC is partially compensated by the reduction of the southward flow of the lower limb of the AMOC, associated with the decrease in the transports of Polar Intermediate Water and Subpolar Mode Water (SPMW) in the Irminger Basin. We also decompose the flow over the Reykjanes Ridge from the East North Atlantic Basin to the Irminger Basin (9.4 ± 4.7 Sv) into the contributions of the Central Waters (2.1 ± 1.8 Sv), Labrador Sea Water (LSW, 2.4 ± 2.0 Sv), Subarctic Intermediate Water (SAIW, 4.0 ± 0.5 Sv) and Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW, 0.9 ± 0.9 Sv). Once LSW and ISOW cross over the Reykjanes Ridge, favoured by the strong mixing around it, they leave the Irminger Basin through the deep-to-bottom levels. The results also give insights into the water mass transformations within the NASPG, such as the contribution of the Central Waters and SAIW to the formation of the different varieties of SPMW due to air–sea interaction.