A novel 14-kilodalton protein interacts with the mitogen-activated protein kinase scaffold MP1 on a late endosomal/lysosomal compartment

We have identified a novel, highly conserved protein of 14 kD copurifying with late endosomes/lysosomes on density gradients. The protein, now termed p14, is peripherally associated with the cytoplasmic face of late endosomes/lysosomes in a variety of different cell types. In a two-hybrid screen with p14 as a bait, we identified the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) scaffolding protein MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) partner 1 (MP1) as an interacting protein. We confirmed the specificity of this interaction in vitro by glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays and by coimmunoprecipitation, cosedimentation on glycerol gradients, and colocalization. Moreover, expression of a plasma membrane-targeted p14 causes mislocalization of coexpressed MP1. In addition, we could reconstitute protein complexes containing the p14-MP1 complex associated with ERK and MEK in vitro. The interaction between p14 and MP1 suggests a MAPK scaffolding activity localized to the cytoplasmic surface of late endosomes/lysosomes, thereby combining catalytic scaffolding and subcellular compartmentalization as means to modulate MAPK signaling within a cell.

Cross-talk of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) with the transcription factor NFAT and the Src kinase Fyn in T lymphocytes

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2010

Regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-[kappa]B) by protein Kinase C theta (PKC-[theta]) and cylindromatosis (CYLD) in murine listeriosis and toxoplasmosis

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2013

Functional complementation of a yeast knockout strain by Schistosoma mansoni Rho1 GTPase in the presence of caffeine, an agent that affects mutants defective in the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway

In a previous study, the Schistosoma mansoni Rho1 protein was able to complement Rho1 null mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells at restrictive temperatures and under osmotic stress (low calcium concentration) better than the human homologue (RhoA). It is known that under osmotic stress, the S. cerevisiae Rho1 triggers two distinct pathways: activation of the membrane 1,3-beta-glucan synthase enzymatic complex and activation of the protein kinase C1 signal transduction pathway, promoting the transcription of response genes. In the present work the SmRho1 protein and its mutants smrho1E97P, smrho1L101T, and smrho1E97P, L101T were used to try to clarify the basis for the differential complementation of Rho1 knockout yeast strain by the human and S. mansoni genes. Experiments of functional complementation in the presence of caffeine and in the presence of the osmotic regulator sorbitol were conducted. SmRho1 and its mutants showed a differential complementation of the yeast cells in the presence of caffeine, since smrho1E97P and smrho1E97P, L101T mutants showed a delay in the growth when compared to the yeast complemented with the wild type SmRho1. However, in the presence of sorbitol and caffeine the wild type SmRho1 and mutants showed a similar complementation phenotype, as they allowed yeast growth in all caffeine concentrations tested.

Regulation of Placental Leptin Expression by Cyclic Adenosine 5 '-Monophosphate Involves Cross Talk between Protein Kinase A and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways

Leptin, a 16-kDa protein mainly produced by adipose tissue, has been involved in the control of energy balance through its hypothalamic receptor. However, pleiotropic effects of leptin have been identified in reproduction and pregnancy, particularly in placenta, where it was found to be expressed. In the current study, we examined the effect of cAMP in the regulation of leptin expression in trophoblastic cells. We found that dibutyryl cAMP [(Bu)(2)cAMP], a cAMP analog, showed an inducing effect on endogenous leptin expression in BeWo and JEG-3 cell lines when analyzed by Western blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. Maximal effect was achieved at 100 microM. Leptin promoter activity was also stimulated, evaluated by transient transfection with a reporter plasmid construction. Similar results were obtained with human term placental explants, thus indicating physiological relevance. Because cAMP usually exerts its actions through activation of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, this pathway was analyzed. We found that cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation was significantly increased with (Bu)(2)cAMP treatment. Furthermore, cotransfection with the catalytic subunit of PKA and/or the transcription factor CREB caused a significant stimulation on leptin promoter activity. On the other hand, the cotransfection with a dominant negative mutant of the regulatory subunit of PKA inhibited leptin promoter activity. We determined that cAMP effect could be blocked by pharmacologic inhibition of PKA or adenylyl ciclase in BeWo cells and in human placental explants. Thereafter, we decided to investigate the involvement of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in the cAMP effect on leptin induction. We found that 50 microm PD98059, a MAPK kinase inhibitor, partially blocked leptin induction by cAMP, measured both by Western blot analysis and reporter transient transfection assay. Moreover, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation was significantly increased with (Bu)(2)cAMP treatment, and this effect was dose dependent. Finally, we observed that 50 microm PD98059 inhibited cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of CREB in placental explants. In summary, we provide some evidence suggesting that cAMP induces leptin expression in placental cells and that this effect seems to be mediated by a cross talk between PKA and MAPK signaling pathways.

Function and regulation of the scaffold protein IB1/JIP-1 in the uro-genital tract.

RESUME Ce mémoire de thèse traite de l'étude de la « scaffold »protéine ou protéine «échafaud», « Islet-Brain1/ JNK Interacting Protein 1 » (IB1/JIP-1) dans la vessie et la prostate, deux organes importants de l'appareil uro-genital. Cette protéine, mise en évidence dans notre laboratoire à la fin des année 90, a été reconnue pour réguler la voie de signalisation des « Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases » (MAPKs), et en particulier de la MAPK appelée c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK). Le réseau de voie de signalisation permet aux cellules de percevoir les changements dans le milieu extracellulaire et de permettre une réponse appropriée à ces différents stimuli. La connaissance des voies de signalisation a permis de mettre en évidence leur rôle crucial tant dans l'homéostase des tissus sains que dans des processus pathologiques comme l'oncogenèse. Parmi une vingtaine de voie de signalisation, la voie de signalisation des «MAPKinases » est une des plus importantes et a été montrée pour participer à diverses fonctions cellulaires telles que la différentiation, la motilité, la division et la mort cellulaire. La voie de signalisation des « MAPKinases » est typiquement constituée d'un module de trois kinases qui s'activent séquentiellement par phosphorylation. On note la présence d'une MAPK, d'un activateur de MAPK et d'un activateur de l'activateur de MAPK. Une fois la MAPK activée, elle permettra la régulation de différentes cibles dont certain facteur de transcription. Chez les mammifères, il existe 3 grands groupes de MAPKs : the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) cascade, qui régule préférentiellement la croissance et la différentiation cellulaire, ainsi que les cascades JNK et p38 qui régulent préférentiellement la réponse à différents stress cellulaires telle que l'inflammation ou l'apoptose. JNK est activé par différents stress cellulaire telle que les cytokines inflammatoires. JNK est également requis au cours du développement embryonnaire et contribue à la mort (apoptose) ou à la prolifération cellulaire. Plusieurs études ont mis en évidence le rôle de JNK durant le processus tumoral, sans que son rôle soit clairement identifié. JNK pourrait avoir des fonctions différentes durant l'initiation puis de la progression tumorale. Chez les mammifères, les voies de signalisation intracellulaires forment un réseau complexe et elles interagissent entre elles, ce qui permet aux cellules une réponse adéquate aux multitudes de stimuli existants dans les organismes pluricellulaires. Parmi plusieurs mécanismes de régulation, les protéines dites « scaffold » ou «échafaud » jouent un rôle crucial dans l'homéostase de la voie de signalisation des «MAPKinase ». L'introduction revoit brièvement ces différents aspects, de la voie de signalisation des «MAPKinase et des connaissance sur IB1/JIP-1. Les premières études effectuées sur IB1/JIP-1 ont montré une expression relativement spécifique de cette protéine dans certains types de neurones ainsi que dans la cellule beta-sécrétrice d'insuline. IB1/JIP-1 régule la voie de signalisation JNK par interaction avec les différents composants du module, modifiant ainsi le spectre de substrats activés par JNK. La fonction précise de IB1/JIP-1 n'était pas encore élucidée, mais plusieurs travaux mettaient en lumière un rôle dans la régulation, et la sous-location cellulaire des composants de la voie de signalisation JNK, ainsi que dans la survie cellulaire à certain stress. Cette expression relativement spécifique est intrigante car elle suggère que sa présence serait nécessaire à une régulation spécifique de la MAPKinase JNK ou à certaines autres fonctions cellulaires également spécifiques de certains tissus. Le premier but de ce travail a consisté à mettre en évidence l'expression de IB1/JIP-1 dans l'appareil uro-génital et plus particulièrement dans la vessie et la prostate. Nos résultats ont montré que IB1/JIP-1 est spécifiquement exprimé au niveau de l'urothélium vésical, mais pas dans le muscle lisse. Il en est de même au niveau de la prostate où IB1/JIP-1 est exprimé spécifiquement au niveau de l'épithélium sécrétoire et absent au niveau du stroma fibro-musculaire. La vessie et la prostate sont des organes ou l'activité JNK pourrait être crucial tant dans l' homeostase tissulaire que dans le développement de pathologies bénignes ou malignes. La vessie et la prostate sont le siège fréquent de tumeur. La base pour le développement du cancer est complexe et implique plusieurs anomalies génétiques. Ce processus complexe lié au développement tumoral est encore loin d`être complètement élucidé, raison pour laquelle il est crucial de poursuivre l'étude des différents gènes pouvant être impliqué dans ces processus ou pouvant être utilisé comme outil thérapeutique. Dans l'urothelium de la vessie, la fonction de la MAPK JNK n'a été que très peu étudiée. Il existe quelques études, in vitro, suggérant une implication possible de cette voie de signalisation dans des processus telle que le développement ou la progression tumorale. Le chapitre 1 décrit une étude in vivo dans la vessie un modèle de stress mécanique, connu pour activer les MAPKinase. La dilatation vésicale, due à une obstruction urétrale, a mis en évidence une diminution de l'expression de IB1/JIP-1 ainsi qu'une activation de la MAPKinase JNK. Dans ce modèle, la régulation de IB1/JIP-1, par l'intermédiaire d'un vecteur viral, a permis de démontrer que IB1/JIP-1 régulait l'activité de JNK dans ce tissu. Pour poursuivre l'étude de cette fonction d' IB1/JIP-1 dans l'urothélium, nous avons investigué l'activité JNK dans des souris génétiquement modifiées et porteuse d'une délétion de 1 des 2 allèles du gène codant pour IB1/JIP-1, avec un contenu en IB1/JIP-1 diminué de moitié. L'activation de JNK est également augmentée dans l'urothelium au repos de ces souris, ce qui confirme la fonction régulatrice de JNK par IB1/JIP-1. Ces résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence un rôle critique de celle-ci dans l'homéostase de I`urothelium et suggère une nouvelle cible pour réguler la voie de signalisation dans ce tissu. En outre, la modulation des niveaux d'expression d'IB1/JIP-1 dans la vessie, in vivo, par l'intermédiaire de vecteurs viraux s'est révélée réalisable et indique un moyen élégant pour développer une thérapie génique dans cet organe. Un autre élément de ce travail de thèse, révélée au chapitre 2, a été d'étudier la régulation dans la vessie de rat de la communication intercellulaire de type « GAP ». Les cellules adjacentes partagent des ions, messagers secondaires et des petits métabolites par l'intermédiaire de canaux intercellulaire qui forment les jonctions de type « GAP ». Ce type de communications intercellulaire permet une activité cellulaire coordonnée, une caractéristique importante pour l'homéostase des organismes multicellulaire. Ce type de communication intercellulaire est formé de 2 demi-canaux appelés connexons. Chaque connexon est formé de six protéines appelées connexins (Cx). Il existe environ vingt connexines différentes nommées par leur poids moléculaire respectif. Les jonctions de type canaux "GAP" permettent aux cellules de communiquer avec les cellules voisines au quelles elles sont mécaniquement ou électriquement couplées. La vessie peut être particulièrement dépendante de la communication intercellulaire par les canaux « Gap » qui permettrait de coordonner la réponse de la musculature ainsi que de l'urothélium à l'augmentation de la pression transmurale du à l'accumulation d'urine, situation fréquemment observée dans le cadre de l'hyperplasie bénigne de la prostate. Dans la vessie de rat, la connexine26 est exprimée uniquement dans l'urothelium. La Cx26, a été montrée pour être un possible « tumor suppressor gene » dans le cancer de vessie. Une augmentation de la Cx26 ainsi que du couplage des cellules urothéliales a été démontré dans notre modèle de stress mécanique sur la vessie de rat et est dépendante de 2 éléments de réponses connues pour interagir avec AP-1. La régulation de IB1/JIP-1 a permis de montrer que celle-ci régulait l'activité JNK, ainsi que l'activité du facteur de transcription AP-1, composé de c-Jun lui-même cible de JNK. Cette réduction de l'activité de AP-1 est associée à une diminution de l'expression du transcipt de la Cx26. En résumé, la Cx26 pourrait être régulée par le complexe AP-1 lui-même dépendant du contenu en IB1/JIP-1. Dans le chapitre 3, l'étude de IB1/J1P-1 s'est portée sur la prostate. Cet organe, siège fréquent de pathologie telle que le cancer ou l'hyperplasie bénigne de la prostate, exprime IB1/JIP-1 au niveau de son épithélium sécrétoire. Cette expression est maintenue dans une lignée cellulaire humaine largement étudiée est reconnue comme un modèle adéquat de cellules tumorales de type androgène-sensible. IB1/JIP-1 a été investigué dans un modèle in vitro d'apoptose en réponse à un agent appelé N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) qui induit une activation de la MAPK JNK ainsi que également un diminution du contenu en IB1/JIP-1. La surexpression de IB1/JIP-1 en utilisant à nouveau des virus comme vecteur a démontré que IB1/JIP-1 était capable de réguler l'activité de JNK ainsi que les taux d'apoptose. Dans le cancer de la prostate, certains travaux ont montré que la différentiation neuroendocrine des cellules tumorales est associée à la progression tumorale et à la perte de sensibilité aux androgènes. Ce travail a permis de dévoiler l'augmentation d'expression de IB1/JIP-1 dans un modèle de neurodifferentiation des cellules d'une lignée prostatique humaine (LNCaP). Les mécanismes qui permettent une expression spécifique de IB1/JIP-1 ont été partiellement investiguée dans notre laboratoire. Son promoteur humain contient un « Neuron Restricive Silencer Element » (NRSE) connu pour se lier a répresseur transcriptionel appelé « RE-1 Silencer Transcription Factor » ou « Neuron Restrictive Silencer Factor » (REST/NRSF). NRSF/REST est capable de réprimer l'expression de gènes neuronaux en dehors du système neuronal. Il prend part à la différentiation terminale des gènes neuronaux. Dans le chapitre 3, on observe que l'activité de REST/NRSF est diminuée dans les cellules LNCaP qui se transdifferencient de manière neuroendocrine, et que REST/NRSF est capable de moduler l'expression de ces gènes cibles dans ce type cellulaire. Ces travaux laissent suggérer que NRSF/REST participe à l'acquisition du phénotype neuroendocrinien et pourrait être une cible pour réguler ce phénomène. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse présente l'expression de IB1/JIP-1 dans 2 organes de l'appareil uro-génital ; la vessie et la prostate. La fonction de IB1/JIP-1 a été étudiée in vivo dans la vessie de rat, ce qui a mis en évidence sa fonction régulatrice de l'activité de la MAPKinase JNK, et de l'activité du facteur de transcription AP-1 ; ainsi que sa possible implication régulatrice de gène cible tel que la Connexin 26 (Cx26). AP-1 et la Cx26 pourraient jouer un rôle dans le processus oncologique, tant dans le control de l'invasion cellulaire ou le control de la croissance cellulaire. Dans la prostate, IB1/JIP-1 régule également l'activité JNK; crucial dans la transmission de certains stimulis pro-apoptotiques. Dans un modèle de transdifférenciation neuroendocrinienne, phénotype possiblement lié au caractère agressif du cancer de la prostate, l'expression de IB1/JIP-1 est augmenté, suggérant soit un rôle possible dans le développement du phénotype neuronal ou une implication dans une fonction anti-apoptotique. Ce travail a donc permis d'élargir nos connaissances sur la régulation et le control de la voie de signalisation des MAPKinases par IB1/JIP-1, qui pourrait avoir encore d'autres fonctions dans ces tissus.

The scaffold protein IB1/JIP-1 is a critical mediator of cytokine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells.

In insulin-secreting cells, cytokines activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which contributes to a cell signaling towards apoptosis. The JNK activation requires the presence of the murine scaffold protein JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP-1) or human Islet-brain 1(IB1), which organizes MLK3, MKK7 and JNK for proper signaling specificity. Here, we used adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to modulate IB1/JIP-1 cellular content in order to investigate the contribution of IB1/JIP-1 to beta-cell survival. Exposure of the insulin-producing cell line INS-1 or isolated rat pancreatic islets to cytokines (interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta) induced a marked reduction of IB1/JIP-1 content and a concomitant increase in JNK activity and apoptosis rate. This JNK-induced pro-apoptotic program was prevented in INS-1 cells by overproducing IB1/JIP-1 and this effect was associated with inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage. Conversely, reducing IB1/JIP-1 content in INS-1 cells and isolated pancreatic islets induced a robust increase in basal and cytokine-stimulated apoptosis. In heterozygous mice carrying a selective disruption of the IB1/JIP-1 gene, the reduction in IB1/JIP-1 content in happloinsufficient isolated pancreatic islets was associated with an increased JNK activity and basal apoptosis. These data demonstrate that modulation of the IB1-JIP-1 content in beta cells is a crucial regulator of JNK signaling pathway and of cytokine-induced apoptosis.

Lack of association between the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 R263Q and R620W functional genetic variants and endogenous non-anterior uveitis.

OBJECTIVE Endogenous uveitis is a major cause of visual loss mediated by the immune system. The protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene encodes a lymphoid-specific phosphatase that plays a key role in T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Two independent functional missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within the PTPN22 gene (R263Q and R620W) have been associated with different autoimmune disorders. We aimed to analyze for the first time the influence of these PTPN22 genetic variants on endogenous non-anterior uveitis susceptibility. METHODS We performed a case-control study of 217 patients with endogenous non-anterior uveitis and 718 healthy controls from a Spanish population. The PTPN22 polymorphisms (rs33996649 and rs2476601) were genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. The allele, genotype, carriers, and allelic combination frequencies were compared between cases and controls with χ(2) analysis or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Our results showed no influence of the studied SNPs in the global susceptibility analysis (rs33996649: allelic P- value=0.92, odds ratio=0.97, 95% confidence interval=0.54-1.75; rs2476601: allelic P- value=0.86, odds ratio=1.04, 95% confidence interval=0.68-1.59). Similarly, the allelic combination analysis did not provide additional information. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the studied polymorphisms of the PTPN22 gene do not play an important role in the pathophysiology of endogenous non-anterior uveitis.

Phosphorylation of the Na,K-ATPase alpha-subunit by protein kinase A and C in vitro and in intact cells. Identification of a novel motif for PKC-mediated phosphorylation.

Na,K-ATPase is a potential target for regulatory phosphorylation by protein kinase A and C (PKA and PKC). To identify the phosphorylation sites, we have mutated the alpha 1-subunit of Bufo marinus in a highly conservative PKA and in 20 different PKC consensus sequences. The mutants were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and their phosphorylation capacity tested in homogenates upon stimulation of PKA or PKC. While serine 943 (Ser-943) was identified as a unique target site for PKA, none of the PKC consensus serine or threonine residues are implicated in PKC phosphorylation. Controlled trypsinolysis of phosphorylated alpha-subunits of various purified enzyme preparations and of alpha/beta complexes from oocyte homogenates revealed that PKC phosphorylation was exclusively associated with the N terminus. A fusion protein containing the first 32 amino acids of the Bufo alpha-subunit was phosphorylated in vitro and serine and threonine residues (Thr-15 and Ser-16) in this region were identified by site-directed mutagenesis as the PKC phosphorylation sites. Finally, the Bufo alpha-subunit was phosphorylated by protein kinases in transfected COS-7 cells. In intact cells, PKA stimulation induced phosphorylation exclusively on Ser-943 and PKC stimulation mainly on Thr-15 and Ser-16, which are contained in a novel PKC phosphorylation motif.

Protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of GLUT2 in pancreatic beta cells.

In pancreatic beta cells, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase regulates many cellular processes including the potentiation of insulin secretion. The substrates for this kinase, however, have not been biochemically characterized. Here we demonstrate that the glucose transporter GLUT2 is rapidly phosphorylated by protein kinase A following activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin or the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1. We show that serines 489 and 501/503 and threonine 510 in the carboxyl-terminal tail of the transporter are the in vitro and in vivo sites of phosphorylation. Stimulation of GLUT2 phosphorylation in beta cells reduces the initial rate of 3-O-methyl glucose uptake by approximately 48% but does not change the Michaelis constant. Similar differences in transport kinetics are observed when comparing the transport activity of GLUT2 mutants stably expressed in insulinoma cell lines and containing glutamates or alanines at the phosphorylation sites. These data indicate that phosphorylation of GLUT2 carboxyl-terminal tail modifies the rate of transport. This lends further support for an important role of the transporter cytoplasmic tail in the modulation of catalytic activity. Finally, because activation of protein kinase A stimulates glucose-induced insulin secretion, we discuss the possible involvement of GLUT2 phosphorylation in the amplification of the glucose signaling process.

The scaffold protein IB1/JIP-1 controls the activation of JNK in rat stressed urothelium.

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is critical for cell survival, differentiation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. This signalling pathway requires the presence of the scaffold protein Islet-Brain1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase interacting protein-1 (IB1/JIP-1). Immunolabeling and in situ hybridisation of bladder sections showed that IB1/JIP-1 is expressed in urothelial cells. The functional role of IB1/JIP-1 in the urothelium was therefore studied in vivo in a model of complete rat bladder outlet obstruction. This parietal stress, which is due to urine retention, reduced the content of IB1/JIP-1 in urothelial cells and consequently induced a drastic increase in JNK activity and AP-1 binding activity. Using a viral gene transfer approach, the stress-induced activation of JNK was prevented by overexpressing IB1/JIP-1. Conversely, the JNK activity was increased in urothelial cells where the IB1/JIP-1 content was experimentally reduced using an antisense RNA strategy. Furthermore, JNK activation was found to be increased in non-stressed urothelial cells of heterozygous mice carrying a selective disruption of the IB1/JIP-1 gene. These data established that mechanical stress in urothelial cells in vivo induces a robust JNK activation as a consequence of regulated expression of the scaffold protein IB1/JIP-1. This result highlights a critical role for that scaffold protein in the homeostasis of the urothelium and unravels a new potential target to regulate the JNK pathway in this tissue.

Impaired activation of protein kinase C-zeta by insulin and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-(PO4)3 in cultured preadipocyte-derived adipocytes and myotubes of obese subjects.

Insulin resistance in obesity is partly due to diminished glucose transport in myocytes and adipocytes, but underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport requires activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase (3K), operating downstream of insulin receptor substrate-1. PI3K stimulates glucose transport through increases in PI-3,4,5-(PO(4))(3) (PIP(3)), which activates atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). However, previous studies suggest that activation of aPKC, but not PKB, is impaired in intact muscles and cultured myocytes of obese subjects. Presently, we examined insulin activation of glucose transport and signaling factors in cultured adipocytes derived from preadipocytes harvested during elective liposuction in lean and obese women. Relative to adipocytes of lean women, insulin-stimulated [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose uptake and activation of insulin receptor substrate-1/PI3K and aPKCs, but not PKB, were diminished in adipocytes of obese women. Additionally, the direct activation of aPKCs by PIP(3) in vitro was diminished in aPKCs isolated from adipocytes of obese women. Similar impairment in aPKC activation by PIP(3) was observed in cultured myocytes of obese glucose-intolerant subjects. These findings suggest the presence of defects in PI3K and aPKC activation that persist in cultured cells and limit insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes and myocytes of obese subjects.

Connexin26 is regulated in rat urothelium by the scaffold protein IB1/JIP-1.

Proper function of the wall of bladder requires gap junctional communication for coordinating the responses of smooth muscle (SMC) and urothelial cells exposed to urine pressure. In the rat bladder, Cx43 is expressed by SMC and urothelial cells, whereas Cx26 expression is restricted to the epithelium. We used a model of bladder outlet obstruction, in which a ligature is placed around the urethra to increase voiding pressure. Increased fluid pressure was associated with increased Cx43 and Cx26 mRNA expression and with the activation of a signaling cascade including the transcription factor c-Jun, which is a component of the AP-1 complex. The signaling pathway of the c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) requires the presence of the scaffold protein Islet-Brain1/c-Jun amino-terminal kinase Interacting Protein-1 (IB1/JIP-1). Under stress conditions resulting from urine retention, we have found a reduced content of IB1/JIP-1 in urothelial cells, which in turn induced a drastic increase of JNK and AP-1 binding activities. The stress-induced activation of JNK was prevented by overexpressing IB1/JIP-1, using a viral gene transfer approach, a condition which also resulted in a decrease in Cx26 mRNA. The data show that: 1) mechanical stress of urothelial cells activates in vivo JNK, as a consequence of a regulated expression of IB1/JIP-1 and 2) that urothelial Cx26 may be directly regulated by the AP-1 complex.

Zoledronate sensitizes endothelial cells to tumor necrosis factor-induced programmed cell death: evidence for the suppression of sustained activation of focal adhesion kinase and protein kinase B/Akt.

Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of osteoclast function widely used to treat conditions of excessive bone resorption, including tumor bone metastases. Recent evidence indicates that bisphosphonates have direct cytotoxic activity on tumor cells and suppress angiogenesis, but the associated molecular events have not been fully characterized. In this study we investigated the effects of zoledronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, and clodronate, a non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) adhesion, migration, and survival, three events essential for angiogenesis. Zoledronate inhibited HUVEC adhesion mediated by integrin alphaVbeta3, but not alpha5beta1, blocked migration and disrupted established focal adhesions and actin stress fibers without modifying cell surface integrin expression level or affinity. Zoledronate treatment slightly decreased HUVEC viability and strongly enhanced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cell death. HUVEC treated with zoledronate and TNF died without evidence of enhanced annexin-V binding, chromatin condensation, or nuclear fragmentation and caspase dependence. Zoledronate inhibited sustained phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and in combination with TNF, with and without interferon (IFN) gamma, of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). Constitutive active PKB/Akt protected HUVEC from death induced by zoledronate and TNF/IFNgamma. Phosphorylation of c-Src and activation of NF-kappaB were not affected by zoledronate. Clodronate had no effect on HUVEC adhesion, migration, and survival nor did it enhanced TNF cytotoxicity. Taken together these data demonstrate that zoledronate sensitizes endothelial cells to TNF-induced, caspase-independent programmed cell death and point to the FAK-PKB/Akt pathway as a novel zoledronate target. These results have potential implications to the clinical use of zoledronate as an anti-angiogenic or anti-cancer agent.

Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Erk1/2 Promotes Protein Degradation of ATP Binding Cassette Transporters A1 and G1 in CHO and in HuH7 cells.

Signal transduction modulates expression and activity of cholesterol transporters. We recently demonstrated that the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade regulates protein stability of Scavenger Receptor BI (SR-BI) through Proliferator Activator Receptor (PPARα) -dependent degradation pathways. In addition, MAPK (Mek/Erk 1/2) inhibition has been shown to influence liver X receptor (LXR) -inducible ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter ABCA1 expression in macrophages. Here we investigated if Ras/MAPK signaling could alter expression and activity of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in steroidogenic and hepatic cell lines. We demonstrate that in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and human hepatic HuH7 cells, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) inhibition reduces PPARα-inducible ABCA1 protein levels, while ectopic expression of constitutively active H-Ras, K-Ras and MAPK/Erk kinase 1 (Mek1) increases ABCA1 protein expression, respectively. Furthermore, Mek1/2 inhibitors reduce ABCG1 protein levels in ABCG1 overexpressing CHO cells (CHO-ABCG1) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells treated with LXR agonist. This correlates with Mek1/2 inhibition reducing ABCG1 cell surface expression and decreasing cholesterol efflux onto High Density Lipoproteins (HDL). Real Time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein turnover studies reveal that Mek1/2 inhibitors do not target transcriptional regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1, but promote ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein degradation in HuH7 and CHO cells, respectively. In line with published data from mouse macrophages, blocking Mek1/2 activity upregulates ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein levels in human THP1 macrophages, indicating opposite roles for the Ras/MAPK pathway in the regulation of ABC transporter activity in macrophages compared to steroidogenic and hepatic cell types. In summary, this study suggests that Ras/MAPK signaling modulates PPARα- and LXR-dependent protein degradation pathways in a cell-specific manner to regulate the expression levels of ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters.