Impressoras 3D: o direito da propriedade intelectual precisará alcançar novas dimensões?

A presente monografia tem como objeto a análise dos possíveis impactos causados no campo da Propriedade Intelectual oriundos do desenvolvimento da tecnologia de impressão 3D. Este trabalho se estrutura em torno de três grandes seções. A primeira visa à apresentação das impressoras 3D ao leitor, descrevendo um pouco de sua história e, também, suas aplicações. A segunda expõe os principais contornos jurídicos que caracterizam a Propriedade Intelectual e os direitos dela decorrentes, relacionando-os com a impressão 3D. Na última seção, por fim, realiza-se uma reflexão quanto aos desafios apresentados no decorrer do texto e, também, a apresentação de situações que indicam possíveis rumos para a interação entre a tecnologia em questão e a Propriedade Intelectual.

Comparative analysis between a CAD model design and physical models obtained by manufacturing additive technologies using optical scan

This article presents a detailed study of the application of different additive manufacturing technologies (sintering process, three-dimensional printing, extrusion and stereolithographic process), in the design process of a complex geometry model and its moving parts. The fabrication sequence was evaluated in terms of pre-processing conditions (model generation and model STL SLI), generation strategy and physical model post-processing operations. Dimensional verification of the obtained models was undertook by projecting structured light (optical scan), a relatively new technology of main importance for metrology and reverse engineering. Studies were done in certain manufacturing time and production costs, which allowed the definition of an more comprehensive evaluation matrix of additive technologies.

Studio di catalisi termoattivate per compositi poliuretanici

One of the key processing parameters in thermoset composites manufacturing is to have an optimum balance between open time and cure time. Long open times followed with a fast cure profile (also referred as snap cure or “hockey stick” shaped profiles) are required on applications like Pultrusion, Filament Winding, Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Infusion. In this work, several factors affecting the reactivity of a base line polyurethane formulation were studied. The addition of different components such as internal mold release agents, cross-linker, polyols having different molecular structure and isocyanates having different functionality were studied. A literature search was conducted to identify the main catalyst packages existing in the market. The reactivity of catalyst based on tertiary amines, orgamometallic salts, and co-catalyst of amine-organometallic complexes was characterized. Addition of quelants agents such as thioglycerol and acetyl acetone to delay the catalyst activity were also considered. As a consequence of this work a vast reactivity map was generated. This should guide the formulation designer in future product generations for the further development of the mentioned applications. Recommendations on measurements systems and further areas of exploration are also given.

Design methods and geometric modelling of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Every year, thousand of surgical treatments are performed in order to fix up or completely substitute, where possible, organs or tissues affected by degenerative diseases. Patients with these kind of illnesses stay long times waiting for a donor that could replace, in a short time, the damaged organ or the tissue. The lack of biological alternates, related to conventional surgical treatments as autografts, allografts, e xenografts, led the researchers belonging to different areas to collaborate to find out innovative solutions. This research brought to a new discipline able to merge molecular biology, biomaterial, engineering, biomechanics and, recently, design and architecture knowledges. This discipline is named Tissue Engineering (TE) and it represents a step forward towards the substitutive or regenerative medicine. One of the major challenge of the TE is to design and develop, using a biomimetic approach, an artificial 3D anatomy scaffold, suitable for cells adhesion that are able to proliferate and differentiate themselves as consequence of the biological and biophysical stimulus offered by the specific tissue to be replaced. Nowadays, powerful instruments allow to perform analysis day by day more accurateand defined on patients that need more precise diagnosis and treatments.Starting from patient specific information provided by TC (Computed Tomography) microCT and MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging), an image-based approach can be performed in order to reconstruct the site to be replaced. With the aid of the recent Additive Manufacturing techniques that allow to print tridimensional objects with sub millimetric precision, it is now possible to practice an almost complete control of the parametrical characteristics of the scaffold: this is the way to achieve a correct cellular regeneration. In this work, we focalize the attention on a branch of TE known as Bone TE, whose the bone is main subject. Bone TE combines osteoconductive and morphological aspects of the scaffold, whose main properties are pore diameter, structure porosity and interconnectivity. The realization of the ideal values of these parameters represents the main goal of this work: here we'll a create simple and interactive biomimetic design process based on 3D CAD modeling and generative algorithmsthat provide a way to control the main properties and to create a structure morphologically similar to the cancellous bone. Two different typologies of scaffold will be compared: the first is based on Triply Periodic MinimalSurface (T.P.M.S.) whose basic crystalline geometries are nowadays used for Bone TE scaffolding; the second is based on using Voronoi's diagrams and they are more often used in the design of decorations and jewellery for their capacity to decompose and tasselate a volumetric space using an heterogeneous spatial distribution (often frequent in nature). In this work, we will show how to manipulate the main properties (pore diameter, structure porosity and interconnectivity) of the design TE oriented scaffolding using the implementation of generative algorithms: "bringing back the nature to the nature".

3D-Druck von Kunststoff-Medizinprodukten

Das Additive Manufacturing gewinnt im Bereich der Medizintechnik zur Herstellung von Prototypen bis hin zu Endprodukten zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ein großes Hemmnis stellen allerdings die relativ hohen Fertigungskosten dar. Hier bietet der verstärkte Einsatz der 3D-Drucktechnologie (3D Printing) ein erhebliches Potential zur Reduktion der Kosten. Aus dieser Motivation heraus wurde ein 3D-Druckverfahren zur Herstellung biokompatibler, sterilisierbarer Kunststoffmodelle entwickelt. Beim 3D-Druck-Verfahren handelt es sich um einen pulverbasierten Prozess zur schichtweisen Herstellung von Modellen direkt aus Computerdaten. Dabei werden dünne Schichten eines Pulvers auf eine Grundplatte aufgebracht, die dann durch gezielte Binderzugabe entsprechend des aktuellen Bauteilquerschnitts verfestigt werden. Ausgangsmaterial für diesen Prozess ist ein Granulatgemisch auf Basis von PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylat). Als Binderflüssigkeit wird ein Lösungsmittel eingesetzt. Die 3D gedruckten Modelle werden nach einer entsprechenden Trocknungszeit im Pulverbett entpackt und warmgelagert, um das Abdampfen des Lösungsmittels zu beschleunigen. Der Nachweis der Biokompatibilität der hergestellten Modelle erfolgte durch einen Test nach DIN EN ISO 10993-5. In Kooperation mit Anwendern wurden verschiedene Anwendungsbeispiele wie Bohrschablonen, Otoplastiken, Gebissmodelle und Modelle für die präoperative Planung realisiert und charakterisiert.

3D printing and its applications

Eine zunehmende Anzahl von Artikeln in Publikumszeitschriften und Journalen rückt die direkte Herstellung von Bauteilen und Figuren immer mehr in das Bewusstsein einer breiten Öffentlichkeit. Leider ergibt sich nur selten ein einigermaßen vollständiges Bild davon, wie und in welchen Lebensbereichen diese Techniken unseren Alltag verändern werden. Das liegt auch daran, dass die meisten Artikel sehr technisch geprägt sind und sich nur punktuell auf Beispiele stützen. Dieser Beitrag geht von den Bedürfnissen der Menschen aus, wie sie z.B. in der Maslow’schen Bedürfnispyramide strukturiert dargestellt sind und unterstreicht dadurch, dass 3D Printing (oder Additive Manufacturing resp. Rapid Prototyping) bereits alle Lebensbereiche erfasst hat und im Begriff ist, viele davon zu revolutionieren.

3D Drucken und die Anwendungen

Eine zunehmende Anzahl von Artikeln in Publikumszeitschriften und Journalen rückt die direkte Herstellung von Bauteilen und Figuren immer mehr in das Bewusstsein einer breiten Öffentlichkeit. Leider ergibt sich nur selten ein einigermaßen vollständiges Bild davon, wie und in welchen Lebensbereichen diese Techniken unseren Alltag verändern werden. Das liegt auch daran, dass die meisten Artikel sehr technisch geprägt sind und sich nur punktuell auf Beispiele stützen. Dieser Beitrag geht von den Bedürfnissen der Menschen aus, wie sie z.B. in der Maslow’schen Bedürfnispyramide strukturiert dargestellt sind und unterstreicht dadurch, dass 3D Printing (oder Additive Manufacturing resp. Rapid Prototyping) bereits alle Lebensbereiche erfasst hat und im Begriff ist, viele davon zu revolutionieren.

Low-cost manufacturing by fused filament fabrication of microwave waveguide passive devices for space applications

Presentación en poster de impresión 3D de guias de onda.

Investigation into the Influence of Build Parameters on Failure of 3D Printed Parts

Additive manufacturing, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), is transforming the built world and engineering education. Deep understanding of parts created through FDM technology has lagged behind its adoption in home, work, and academic environments. Properties of parts created from bulk materials through traditional manufacturing are understood well enough to accurately predict their behavior through analytical models. Unfortunately, Additive Manufacturing (AM) process parameters create anisotropy on a scale that fundamentally affects the part properties. Understanding AM process parameters (implemented by program algorithms called slicers) is necessary to predict part behavior. Investigating algorithms controlling print parameters (slicers) revealed stark differences between the generation of part layers. In this work, tensile testing experiments, including a full factorial design, determined that three key factors, width, thickness, infill density, and their interactions, significantly affect the tensile properties of 3D printed test samples.

A MARKET-BASED APPROACH TO 3D PRINTING FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA

The purpose of this report is to create the foundation for further study of a market-based approach to 3D printing as an instrument for economic development in Ghana. The delivery of improved products and services to the most underserved markets is needed to spur economic activity and improve standards of living. The relationship between economic development and the advancement of technology is considered within the context of Ghana. An opportunity for market entry exists within both the bottom of the economic pyramid and the mid-segment market. 3D printing (additive manufacturing) has proven to be a disruptive technology that has demonstrated an ability to expedite the speed of innovations and create products that were previously not possible. An investigation of how 3D printers can be used to create improved products for the most underserved markets within Ghana is presented. Questions are asked to elucidate how and when adoption of 3D printers and 3D printed products may occur in the future. Based upon the existing barriers to adoption, 3D printing technology must improve before widespread adoption will occur in Ghana.

Design of compliant mechanisms and their application to morphing wing technology

This thesis describes a study conducted for the development of a new approach for the design of compliant mechanisms. Currently compliant mechanisms are based on a 2.5D design method. The applications for which compliant mechanisms can be used this way, is limited. The proposed research suggests to use a 3D approach for the design of CM’s, to better exploit its useful properties. To test the viability of this method, a practical application was chosen. The selected application is related to morphing wings. During this project a working prototype of a variable sweep and variable AoA system was designed and made for an SUAV. A compliant hinge allows the system to achieve two DOF. This hinge has been designed using the proposed 3D design approach. To validate the capabilities of the design, two methods were used. One of these methods was by simulation. By using analysis software, a basic idea could be provided of the stress and deformation of the designed mechanism. The second validation was done by means of AM. Using FDM and material jetting technologies, several prototypes were manufactured. The result of the first model showed that the DOF could be achieved. Models manufactured using material jetting technology, proved that the designed model could provide the desired motion and exploit the positive characteristics of CM. The system could be manufactured successfully in one part. Being able to produce the system in one part makes the need for an extensive assembly process redundant. This improves its structural quality. The materials chosen for the prototypes were PLA, VeroGray and Rigur. The material properties were suboptimal for its final purpose, but successful results were obtained. The prototypes proved tough and were able to provide the desired motion. This proves that the proposed design method can be a useful tool for the design of improved CM’s. Furthermore, the variable sweep & AoA system could be used to boost the flight performance of SUAV’s.

Stato dell'arte di scaffold ottenuti mediante tecnologie additive ed elettrofilatura per la rigenerazione del tessuto muscolo-scheletrico

Il sistema muscolo scheletrico è costituito dall’insieme di ossa, cartilagini e tessuti molli come muscoli, tendini e legamenti, che presentano una diversa struttura e differenti proprietà meccaniche tra loro. La sua principale funzione è quella di fornire supporto, forma e garantire il movimento fisiologico del corpo. Per questa ragione, il sistema muscolo scheletrico e continuamente sollecitato e di conseguenza molto soggetto a traumi o infortuni. Un’alternativa all’approccio chirurgico tradizionale è l’ingegneria tissutale che permette di creare scaffold in grado di promuovere la rigenerazione dei tessuti naturali. Negli ultimi decenni si è riscontrato un forte incremento dell’utilizzo della stampa 3D e dell’elettrofilatura come tecniche di fabbricazione di questi scaffold grazie ai loro diversi vantaggi. La stampa 3D presenta diversi benefici, tra cui la possibilità di creare costrutti personalizzati in grado di riprodurre similmente la geometria del tessuto nativo con efficienza dei costi e tempi di produzione ridotti rispetto alle tecniche tradizionali. Tuttavia, questa tecnica presenta ancora una limitata risoluzione sufficiente, ad esempio, per riprodurre la struttura e le proprietà del tessuto osseo, ma non idonea al raggiungimento della scala nanometrica, tipica dei tessuti fibrosi muscolo scheletrici. Al contrario, l’elettrofilatura è in grado di produrre fibre nanometriche che riescono a mimare la matrice extracellulare di questi tessuti. Tuttavia, si riscontrano ancora alcune difficoltà nel controllare la struttura tridimensionale e le proprietà meccaniche di questi scaffold nella scala micro e macrometrica. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di analizzare gli studi che utilizzano un approccio combinato tra stampa 3D ed elettrofilatura per la produzione di scaffold per la rigenerazione del tessuto muscolo scheletrico, definendo lo stato dell’arte dei vari processi di produzione e le possibili prospettive future.

Analisi dello stato dell’arte di scaffold biomimetici mediante l'utilizzo di tecnologie additive per la rigenerazione del tessuto osseo

Ogni giorno, nel mondo, si verificano migliaia di fratture ossee e la maggior parte di esse, con il passare del tempo, riescono a rimarginarsi in modo autonomo. In casi più importanti, le fratture ossee necessitano di interventi chirurgici. Per queste motivazioni, affianco ad autoinnesti, alloinnesti e xenoinnesti, negli ultimi anni si è iniziato a parlare in modo sempre più frequente di ingegneria tissutale. In questo tipo di ingegneria, vengono sviluppate delle impalcature in grado di emulare il tessuto osseo naturale. Lo scopo di questa tesi è analizzare le varie tipologie di produzione di scaffold ossei che si ottengono attraverso la tecnologia della stampa 3D. Nella parte introduttiva dell’elaborato, viene inserita una descrizione del tessuto osseo visto sia dal punto di vista cellulare e della composizione, sia dal punto di vista delle proprietà meccaniche. Successivamente, parlando di medicina rigenerativa, vengono descritti i mezzi di osteosintesi, gli innesti e le impalcature, o scaffold, da impiantare nel sito di interesse. Per quanto riguarda gli scaffold, devono soddisfare diversi requisiti, tra cui la biomimetica, la compatibilità con l’attività cellulare, requisiti di progettazione e proprietà meccaniche adeguate. Tali scaffold possono essere realizzati attraverso diverse geometrie interne. Nella seconda parte dell’elaborato, vengono analizzate le geometrie a cubo semplice, a cubo a faccia centrata/a diamante, a cubo a corpo centrato, a dodecaedro rombico, a traliccio di ottetto, a cubo troncato, modellate attraverso il metodo delle superfici minime triplamente periodiche e con tassellatura di Voronoi. Per i vari articoli analizzati sono stati investigati i metodi di produzione e i risultati ottenuti confrontando vantaggi e svantaggi fra le differenti geometrie.

Studio di fabbricabilità per strutture porose interconnesse con macchina PolyJet

Il presente caso di studio prende forma da una problematica su una metodologia di stampa 3D relativamente nuova, la tecnologia PolyJet. Nella tesi, si verificano ed osservano i limiti di fabbricazione dei modelli ottenuti da questo processo di stampa, dovuti al particolare materiale di supporto che utilizza la tecnologia medesima a differenza di altre tecnologie esistenti. Nei dettagli, si è deciso di stampare dei particolari provini costituiti da strutture porose interconnesse, ottenute tramite superfici TPMS (Triply Periodical Minimal Surfaces), caratterizzate da fori molto piccoli e profondi ed osservare la facilità o la difficoltà nel rimuovere il materiale di supporto da ognuno di essi attraverso le attrezzature disponibili in laboratorio. I risultati ottenuti dall’esperimento hanno mostrato che, riducendo sempre di più i fori delle strutture dei provini, si va a complicare l’azione di rimozione del materiale di supporto, rendendo il processo difficile da compiere come nell’ultimo provino realizzato. Si evince che, nei tre casi osservati, è possibile rimuovere tutto il materiale di supporto dalle strutture, anche nell’ultimo manufatto, con fori di dimensione di un millimetro.

Development of advanced cell/tissue culture systems, based on enhanced polymeric scaffolds and sophisticated bioreactors, for tissue engineering applications

Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Biomédica