Adubação orgânica e cobertura do solo no crescimento e produção de camapu

Foi implantado um experimento na UEG, em Ipameri-GO, visando estudar os efeitos da adubação orgânica residual e cobertura do solo no desenvolvimento e produção de camapu. A semeadura foi feita em bandejas de poliestireno expandido em 01/10/2007 e as mudas foram mantidas em telado com 50% de sombreamento, até a data de plantio no campo, em 27/11/2007, em sucessão ao plantio de tomate. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, com parcelas subdivididas, tendo na parcela duas doses de esterco de curral curtido (30 e 60 t ha-1) e nas sub-parcelas três tipos de cobertura do solo (plástico preto, capim braquiária e sem cobertura). Cada sub-parcela foi constituída por 20 plantas, dispostas no espaçamento de 1,00 x 0,30 m. A cobertura plástica favoreceu tanto o crescimento das plantas, quanto a produtividade. O efeito do esterco de curral foi pouco evidenciado. As curvas de crescimento em altura seguiram modelos cúbicos de regressão.

Aspectos Ecológicos da Helmintofauna de Pinguins-de-Magalhães, Spheniscus magellanicus (Aves: Spheniscidae), procedentes do Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo

Com o intuito de investigar se estudos parasitológicos podem ser utilizados como ferramenta para a conservação de espécies, principalmente migratórias, este trabalho analisa a helmintofauna de Spheniscus magellanicus através de parâmetros ecológicos populacionais e da comunidade parasitária, relacionando-os com diversos aspectos de vida da espécie hospedeira. O estudo foi realizado com 237 espécimes de S. magellanicus procedentes das praias do litoral Norte de São Paulo (23°46’S, 45°57’O) ao Sul do Rio de Janeiro (23°02’S, 44°13’O). A helmintofauna desta ave incluiu o nematódeo Contracaecum pelagicum (espécie core), encontrado em estômago, o digenético Cardiocephaloides physalis e o cestódeo Tetrabothrius lutzi, ambos (espécies satélites) coletados na porção inicial do intestino delgado. Comparações utilizando o índice de diversidade de Shannon mostraram que a comunidade de parasitas em filhotes durante o período migratório é menos diversa que na estação reprodutiva. Os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que estudos parasitológicos em pingüins, assim como em outros animais migratórios, podem fornecer informações importantes a respeito da espécie durante a época em que permanecem pelágicas, tornando-se uma ferramenta útil na aquisição de informações dificilmente obtidas por outros meios, favorecendo a conservação da espécie

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages of the South Brazil: Relationship to water masses and nutrient distributions

Using distributions of benthic Foraminifera and bottom-water variables (depth, salinity, temperature, oxygen, suspended matter, organic matter, phosphate, silicate, nitrite, and nitrate), we investigated movements of water masses on the South Brazilian Shelf (27-30 degrees S) and assessed the seasonality of continental runoff on the distribution of shelf water masses. The data were obtained from water and sediment samples collected in the austral winter of 2003 and austral summer of 2004 in three transects. The terrestrial nutrient input was significantly reduced at stations away from the coast, but high values of nutrients were maintained in subsurface waters due the presence of South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) at greater depths. At shallow sampling stations the influence of freshwater runoff was related to (1) the dominance of calcareous benthic Foraminifera, such as lagoon-related Pseudononion atlanticum, Hanzawaia boueana, Bulimina marginata, Bolivina striatula, Elphidium poeyanum, together with several agglutinated species, including Arenoparrella mexicana, Gaudryina exilis, and Trochammina spp., common in coastal environments subject to wide salinity fluctuations. In contrast, smaller forms and higher species diversity characterized the assemblage at offshore stations. In winter, the presence of Buccella peruviana and Uvigerina peregrina at Santa Marta Cape suggest the possible transport of those species of Subantarctic Shelf Waters (SASW) origin. Foraminifera associated to Subtropical Shelf Water (STSW) were dominated by Globocassidulina subglobosa in both seasons. In summer, the occurrence of U. peregrina in the shallower stations suggested the influence of SACW nutrients brought up by upwelling of deeper waters. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tracing latitudinal gradient, river discharge and water masses along the Subtropical South American Coast using benthic Foraminifera assemblages

More than 30% of Buccella peruviana (D'Orbigny), Globocassidulina crassa porrecta (Earland & Heron-Allen), Cibicides mackannai (Galloway & Wissler) and C. refulgens (Montfort) indicate the presence of cold Sub Antarctic Shelf Water in winter, from 33.5 to 38.3 degrees S, deeper than 100 m, in the southern part of the study area. In summer, the abundance of this association decreases to less than 15% around 37.5-38.9 degrees S where two species (Globocassidulina subglobosa (Brady), Uvigerina peregrina (Cushman) take over. G. subglobosa, U. peregrina, and Hanzawaia boueana (D'Orbigny) are found at 27-33 degrees S in both seasons in less than 55 m deep in the northern part, and are linked with warm Subtropical Shelf Water and Tropical Water. Freshwater influence was signalized by high silicate concentration and by the presence of Pseudononion atlanticum (Cushman), Bolivina striatula (Cushman), Buliminella elegantissima (D'Orbigny), Bulimina elongata (D'Orbigny), Elphidium excavatum (Terquem), E. poeyanum (D'Orbigny), Ammobaculites exiguus (Cushman & Bronnimann), Arenoparrella mexicana (Kornfeld), Gaudryina exillis (Cushman & Bronnimann), Textularia earlandi (Parker) and thecamoebians in four sectors of the shelf. The presence of Bulimina marginata (D'Orbigny) between 34.1-32.8 degrees S in the winter and 34.2-32.7 degrees S in the summer indicates that the influence of the Subtropical Shelf Front on the sediment does not change seasonally, otherwise, the presence of Angulogerina angulosa (Williamson) in the winter, only in Mar del Plata (38.9 degrees S), show that Malvinas currents are not influencing the sediment in the summer.

Tracing latitudinal gradient, river discharge and water masses along the subtropical South American coast using benthic Foraminifera assemblages

More than 30% of Buccella peruviana (D'Orbigny), Globocassidulina crassa porrecta (Earland & Heron-Allen), Cibicides mackannai (Galloway & Wissler) and C. refulgens (Montfort) indicate the presence of cold Sub Antarctic Shelf Water in winter, from 33.5 to 38.3º S, deeper than 100 m, in the southern part of the study area. In summer, the abundance of this association decreases to less than 15% around 37.5-38.9º S where two species (Globocassidulina subglobosa (Brady), Uvigerina peregrina (Cushman) take over. G. subglobosa, U. peregrina, and Hanzawaia boueana (D'Orbigny) are found at 27-33º S in both seasons in less than 55 m deep in the northern part, and are linked with warm Subtropical Shelf Water and Tropical Water. Freshwater influence was signalized by high silicate concentration and by the presence of Pseudononion atlanticum (Cushman), Bolivina striatula (Cushman), Buliminella elegantissima (D'Orbigny), Bulimina elongata (D'Orbigny), Elphidium excavatum (Terquem), E. poeyanum (D'Orbigny), Ammobaculites exiguus (Cushman & Brönnimann), Arenoparrella mexicana (Kornfeld), Gaudryina exillis (Cushman & Brönnimann), Textularia earlandi (Parker) and thecamoebians in four sectors of the shelf. The presence of Bulimina marginata (D'Orbigny) between 34.1-32.8º S in the winter and 34.2-32.7º S in the summer indicates that the influence of the Subtropical Shelf Front on the sediment does not change seasonally, otherwise, the presence of Angulogerina angulosa (Williamson) in the winter, only in Mar del Plata (38.9º S), show that Malvinas currents are not influencing the sediment in the summer.

Modelización de la distribución espacial de Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. (Hemiptera: Triozidae) en Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae)

La producción de Solanum tuberosum L., Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. y Physalis ixocarpa Brot. (Solanales: Solanaceae) ha sufrido fuertes pérdidas económicas por la presencia de Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. (Hemiptera: Triozidae) al asociarse con las enfermedades punta morada o “zebra chip", además de ser el transmisor de Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum. Las alternativas de control utilizadas han carecido de eficacia por desconocer la distribución espacial del insecto dentro de la parcela. Conocer dicho comportamiento permitiría focalizar las alternativas de control, haciéndolas más eficaces. Este trabajo tuvo por objetivo modelizar la distribución espacial de los estadíos de huevo, ninfa y adulto de B. cockerelli obtenidos en muestreos por transectos en un cultivo de papa, utilizando herramientas geoestadísticas. Los resultados indican que la distribución espacial de las poblaciones de huevos, ninfas y adultos de B. cockerelli fue de tipo agregada en cada fecha de muestreo. La validación cruzada de los semivariogramas obtenidos corrobora la distribución agregada en las poblaciones de B. cockerelli. Por su parte, los mapas elaborados permiten observar la estructura agregada de las poblaciones del insecto, permitiendo identificar áreas infestadas y áreas libres. Se encontró estabilidad espacio temporal para los tres estadios del insecto.

Modelización espacial de huevos de Thrips (Thysanoptera: Frankliniella occidentalis) en tomate de cáscara por medio de técnicas geoestadísticas

El tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) es un cultivo alimenticio de gran importancia económica en México. Sin embargo, es afectado por diversas plagas y enfermedades tales como los Thrips (Thysanoptera: Frankliniella occidentalis) y el virus de la marchitez manchada del tomate (TSWV) que llegan a causar hasta un 80% de pérdidas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue modelizar la distribución espacial de huevos de Thrips mediante técnicas geoestadísticas y obtener, en consecuencia, mapas de incidencia por medio del Kriging. Se georreferenciaron 121 puntos de muestreo en cada una de las parcelas comerciales de los municipios de Luvianos, Jocotitlán e Ixtlahuaca, a través del método de transectos en tres etapas fenológicas del cultivo. Se contabilizó el número de huevos de Thrips en cada punto de muestreo. Los resultados mostraron que las poblaciones de huevos deThrips presentan una distribución agregada, identificándose varios centros de conglomeración a través de los mapas obtenidos. Los semivariogramas obtenidos de la distribución espacial se ajustaron principalmente a los modelos gaussianos y esféricos. La distribución de huevos de Thrips se presentó en centros de agregación dentro de las parcelas estudiadas, lo cual permitirá establecer estrategias y medidas de control o mitigación en términos de sitios específicos de infestación de huevos de Thrips.

Micropropagación de Glandularia, género nativo con potencial ornamental

En este trabajo se estableció un protocolo de propagación in vitro de tres especies nativas del género Glandularia: G. peruviana, G. sp. y G. laciniata. Para el establecimiento in vitro se evaluó el medio de Murashige Skoog (MS) con macro y micronutrientes diluidos a la mitad adicionado con 0,05 μM de bencilaminopurina (BAP) sola o en combinación con 0,1 μM thiadiazuron (TDZ) y un testigo sin reguladores del crecimiento. En la etapa de multiplicación se evaluó el medio de cultivo MS diluido a la ½ ó ¼ y adicionado de 20 ó 40 gr.L-1 de sacarosa. Es posible establecer y micropropagar estas especies en medios de cultivo sencillos. El medio más eficiente para el establecimiento fue aquel sin reguladores, mientras que el más adecuado para la multiplicación fue MS ½ adicionado de 20 gr.L-1 de sacarosa, en el cual la tasa de multiplicación cada 30 días fue de 6 en G. sp. y G. peruviana y 4 para G. laciniata.

Quaternary through early Eocene benthic foraminifera off Peru

Stratigraphic assemblages of Quaternary through early Eocene benthic foraminifers were recovered among 10 Peru margin drill sites. Various hiatuses and intervals barren in foraminifers characterize the sections, but numerous samples contain abundant, well-preserved benthic foraminifers. Bathymetry of the extant species and California-based estimates of the paleobathymetry of the extinct species permit recognition of Quaternary sea-level fluctuations between shelf and upper bathyal depths that produced vertical migrations of oxygenated and low-oxygen habitats at the six shallow sites. Assemblages from lower-slope sites at about 9° and 11°S indicate a general subsidence of the continental margin from shelf or upper bathyal depths in Eocene time to the present lower bathyal depths. Data from 11°S suggest a major part of this subsidence occurred in late Oligocene to early Miocene time. Downslope-transported shelf specimens, particularly the small biserial species, Bolivina costata and B. vaughani, are major contributors to these lower bathyal assemblages from the middle Miocene through Quaternary time.

Pollen and macrofossils profiles and age determination from the Pittsburg Basin in the lowlands of south-central Illinois

Pollen and macrofossil evidence for the nature of the vegetation during glacial and interglacial periods in the regions south of the Wisconsinan ice margin is still very scarce. Modern opinions concerning these problems are therefore predominantly derived from geological evidence only or are extrapolated from pollen studies of late Wisconsinan deposits. Now for the first time pollen and macrofossil analyses are available from south-central Illinois covering the Holocene, the entire Wisconsinan, and most probably also Sangamonian and late Illinoian time. The cores studied came from three lakes, which originated as kettle holes in glacial drift of Illinoian age near Vandalia, Fayette County. The Wisconsinan ice sheet approached the sites from the the north to within about 60 km distance only. One of the profiles (Pittsburg Basin) probably reaches back to the late Illinoian (zone 1), which was characterized by forests with much Picea. Zone 2, most likely of Sangamonian age, represents a period of species-rich deciduous forests, which must have been similar to the ones that thrive today south and southeast of the prairie peninsula. During the entire Wisconsinan (14C dates ranging from 38,000 to 21,000 BP) thermophilous deciduous trees like Quercus, Carya, and Ulmus occurred in the region, although temporarily accompanied by tree genera with a more northerly modern distribution, such as Picea, which entered and then left south-central Illinois during the Woodfordian. Thus it is evident that arctic climatic conditions did not prevail in the lowlands of south-central Illinois (about 38°30' lat) during the Wisconsinan, even at the time of the maximum glaciation, the Woodfordian. The Wisconsinan was, however, not a period of continuous forest. The pollen assemblages of zone 3 (Altonian) indicate prairie with stands of trees, and in zone 4 the relatively abundant Artemisia pollen indicates the existence of open vegetation and stands of deciduous trees, Picea, and Pinus. True tundra may have existed north of the sites, but if so its pollen rain apparently is marked by pollen from nearby stands of trees. After the disappearance of Pinus and Picea at about 14,000 BP (estimated!), there developed a mosaic of prairies and stands of Quercus, Carya, and other deciduous tree genera (zone 5). This type of vegetation persisted until it was destroyed by cultivation during the 19th and 20th century. Major vegetational changes are not indicated in the pollen diagram for the late Wisconsinan and the Holocene. The dating of zones 1 and 2 is problematical because the sediments are beyond the14C range and because of the lack of stratigraphic evidence. The zones dated as Illinoian and Sangamonian could also represent just a Wisconsinan stadial and interstadial. This possibility, however, seems to be contradicted by the late glacial and interglacial character of the forest vegetation of that time.