History of contact and change in the Goroka Valley, Central Highlands of New Guinea, 1934-1949

The thesis traces the interaction of the Goroka Valley people with European and coastal New Guinean intruders during the pacification stage of contact and change. In this 15 year period the people moved from a traditional subsistence culture to the threshold of a modern, European-influenced technological society. The contact experiences of the inhabitants of the Valley and the outsiders who influenced them are examined, using both oral and documentary sources. A central theme of this study is the attempts by Europeans and their coastal New Guinean collaborators to achieve the pacification of a people for whom warfare has been described as 'the dominant orientation'. The newcomers saw pacification as being inextricably linked with social, economic and religious transformation, and consequently it was pursued by patrol officers, missionaries and soldiers alike. Following an introductory chapter outlining the pre-contact and early-contact history of the Goroka Valley people, there is a discussion of the causes of tribal fighting in Highlands communities and two case studies of violent events which, although occurring beyond the Goroka Valley, had important consequences for those who lived within its bounds. The focus then shifts to the first permanent settlement of the agents of change -initially these were coastal New Guinean evangelists and policemen - and their impact on the local people. A period of consolidation is then described, as both government and missions established a permanent 'European presence in the Valley'. This period was characterised by vigorous pacification coupled with the introduction of innovations in health and education, agriculture, technology, law and religion. The gradual transformation of Goroka Valley society as a result of the people's interaction with the newcomers was abruptly accelerated in 1943, when many hundreds of Allied soldiers occupied the Valley in anticipation of a threatened Japanese invasion. Village life was disrupted as men were conscripted as carriers and labourers and whole communities were obliged to grow food to assist the Allied war effort. Those living close to military airfields-and camps were subject to Japanese aerial attacks and the entire population was exposed to an epidemic of bacillary dysentery introduced by the combatants. However the War also brought some positive effects, including paradoxically, the almost total cessation of tribal fighting, the construction of an ail-weather airstrip at Goroka which ensured its future as a town and administrative and commercial centre, and the compulsory growing of vegetables, coffee, etc, which laid the foundations for a cash economy and material prosperity. The final chapter examines the aftermath of military occupation, the return of civil administration and the implementation of social and economic policies which brought the Goroka Valley people into the rapid-development phase of contact. By 1949 Gorokans were ready to channel their aggressive energies into commercial competitiveness and adopt a cash-crop economy, to accept the European rule of law, to take advantage of Western innovations in medicine, education, transport and communications, to seek employment opportunities at home and in other parts of the country and to modify their primal world view with European religious and secular values. A Stone Age people was in process of being transformed into a modern society.

Spaces of empire : culture, discourse, and urban formation with particular reference to British Hong Kong, 1842-1914

Traces the ideological formations of British colonialism using the techniques of modern European cartography to examine the practices of spatial production in Hong Kong's capital city, Victoria. This examination demonstrates how notions of British cultural identity and self-representation were inscribed throughout the colonial urban environment by considering the ways in which the British colonial authorities sought to condition, control, and maintain the organisation of space.

Em defesa da categoria de voz média no português

A voz média representa uma categoria flexional das línguas clássicas indo-européias com a função de expressar estados de coisas que afetam o sujeito do verbo ou seus interesses. O português dispõe de um conjunto de predicados, formalmente identificados pelo uso anafórico e não-correferencial do pronome 'se', em que se sustenta a noção de diátese medial. Este trabalho pretende fornecer evidências formais, semânticas e tipológicas para postular uma distinção entre construções médias e reflexivo-recíprocas.

Aspectos semânticos, morfológicos e morfossintáticos das palavras descritivas Apurinã

Apresenta aspectos semânticos, morfossintáticos e morfológicos das palavras descritivas da língua Apurinã (Aruák), isto é, palavras que comumente são traduzidas como adjetivos nas línguas européias. Algumas dessas palavras recebem a marca de sujeito pronominal (ex. unatxitapeka 'ela está com fome'); outras recebem a marca de objeto (ex. ere-ru 'ela é bonita'); e outras podem receber tanto uma como a outra (ex. ny-pĩkareta eu estou com medo vs. papĩkare-nu eu sou medroso). A primeira questão aqui tratada foi quanto ao lugar das palavras descritivas nas partes do discurso Apurinã (são nomes, são verbos ou formam uma classe independente?). Utilizando evidências internas da língua, inicialmente estabelecemos uma classificação gramatical para essas palavras a partir de suas propriedades morfológicas em comparação aos nomes e verbos na língua, de modo a nos permitir responder a essa questão. A segunda questão foi sobre os correlatos semânticos das palavras descritivas. Considerando a divisão interna das palavras descritivas em Apurinã (subjetivas vs. objetivas), apresentamos as propriedades semânticas associadas a cada grupo e, a partir disso, apresentamos uma tentativa de motivar o subagrupamento de conceitos descritivos na língua com base nas noções aspectuais de transitoriedade e permanência. Finalmente, o fenômeno gramatical descrito é contextualizado dentro da tipologia de sistemas de intransitividade cindida descrito para outras línguas (PAYNE: 1997), e a descrição de suas propriedades semânticas é situada em relação à tipologia de aspectos lexicais ou aktionsarten (COMRIE: 1976, FRAWLEY: 1992).

Populationsgenetik kupfer- und bronzezeitlicher Bevölkerungen der osteuropäischen Steppe

Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden erstmals prähistorische Bevölkerungsstrukturen in der osteuropäischen Steppe von der Oberthrakischen Tiefebene bis zur Wolga populationsgenetisch untersucht. Mit Multiplex-PCR und 454-Sequencing wurden von 65 kupfer- und bronzezeitlichen Individuen die Hypervariable Region I und 30 Abschnitte der coding region der mitochondrialen DNA analysiert. Außerdem wurden bis zu 20 putativ selektierte autosomale SNPs und ein geschlechtsspezifischer Locus genotypsiert. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurden veröffentlichte prähistorische DNA-Daten aus Westeurasien und moderne DNA-Sequenzen herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse stützen die Annahme, dass frühneolithische Bauern aus Südosteuropa durch demische Diffusion an der Etablierung der Viehwirtschaft in der Steppe beteiligt waren. Die durchweg niedrigen FST-Werte zwischen der frühbronzezeitlichen Jamnaja-Kultur in der Steppe und den aufeinanderfolgenden neolithischen Kulturen Mitteleuropas sprechen für regelmäßige Kontakte. Die der Jamnaja-Kultur nachfolgende Katakombengrabkultur ist von einem hohen Anteil der in nord- und osteuropäischen Jäger/Sammler-Populationen verbreiteten Haplogruppe U4 geprägt. Niedrige FST-Werte zwischen den prähistorischen Steppenpopulationen und der heutigen Bevölkerung Mittel- und Osteuropas weisen auf genetische Kontinuität hin. Die nukleären Genotypenfrequenzen bestätigt dies. Der moderne europäische Genpool lässt sich nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand auf drei Wurzeln zurückführen: indigene Mesolithiker, frühe Bauern aus dem Nahen Osten und eine nordeurasische Komponente jungpalaeolithischen Ursprungs. Letztere könnte vielleicht über die nordpontische Population in das Erbgut spätneolithischer Europäer gelangt sein.

Eine Million Algerier lernen im 20. Jahrhundert zu leben. Umsiedlungslager und Zwangsmodernisierung im Algerienkrieg 1954–1962

Als eines der erstaunlichsten Merkmale des algerisch-französischen Unabhängigkeitskriegs 1954-1962 darf die Kombination von militärischer Aufstandsbekämpfung und zivilen Reformprojekten gelten. Diese Verschränkung lässt sich an keinem Aspekt dieses Krieges so deutlich beobachten wie an der französischen Umsiedlungspolitik. Bis zu drei Millionen Menschen wurden während des Krieges von der französischen Armee gewaltsam aus ihren Dörfern vertreiben und in eigens angelegte Sammellager, die «camps de regroupement», umgesiedelt. Was als rein militärische Maßnahme begann, entwickelte sich schnell zu einem gewaltigen ländlichen Entwicklungsprogramm. Durch das Versprechen einer umfassenden Modernisierung aller Lebensbereiche im Schnellverfahren sollten die Insassen der Lager zu loyalen Anhängern des Projekts eines französischen Algeriens gemacht werden. Die «camps de regroupement» lassen sich als Modernisierungslaboratorien beschreiben, in denen sich scheinbar widersprüchliche Elemente wie Entwicklungshilfe mit äußerst rigider Bevölkerungskontrolle und totalitär anmutenden Maßnahmen des social engineering zu einem einzigartigen Ensemble verbanden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Flirts and Other "Voluptuous Tyrants":Wollstonecraft, Rousseau and the Politics of Desire"

For the 18th and 19th centuries, flirtation was largely understood to be the symptom of a woman’s uncontrollable (and innate) sexual appetite. Any woman who questioned its cultural operations, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, was accused of being simultaneously sexually inappropriate in her interests, as well as prudish in her denial of feminine desire as a legitimate expression of a woman’s character. What this talk will argue, however, is that, for Wollstonecraft, the flirt is a fundamentally masculine figure who engages not in a struggle over desire, but rather in a struggle for power based on monarchical politics of the Ancien Regime.

The Semantics and Typology of Yes/No Particles (A Cross-Linguistic Study)

Taking the three basic systems of Yes/No particles the group looked at the relative deep and surface structures, and asked what types of systems are present in the Georgian, Polish and Armenian languages. The choice of languages was of particular interest as the Caucasian and Indo-European languages usually have different question-answering systems, but Georgian (Caucasian) and Polish (Indo-European) in fact share the same system. The Armenian language is Indo-European, but the country is situated in the southern Caucasus, on Georgia's southern border, making it worth analysing Armenian in comparison with Georgian (from the point of view of language interference) and with Polish (as two relative languages). The group identified two different deep structures, tracing the occurrence of these in different languages, and showed that one is more natural in the majority of languages. They found no correspondence between relative languages and their question-answer systems and demonstrated that languages in the same typological class may show different systems, as with Georgian and the North Caucasian languages. It became clear that Georgian, Armenian and Polish all have an agree/disagree question-answering system defined by the same deep structure. From this they conclude that the lingual mentalities of Georgians, Armenians and Poles are more oriented to the communicative act. At the same time the Yes/No system, in which a positive particle stands for a positive answer and a negative particle for a negative answer, also functions in these languages, indicating that the second deep structure identified also functions alongside the first.