Modelado dinámico y control de maniobras de dispositivos submarinos

Es bien conocido por todos que la Primera Revolución Industrial, que tuvo su inicio en la segunda mitad del Siglo XVIII, conllevó un aumento del uso de los recursos energéticos que no se ha detenido para llegar a los niveles de desarrollo tecnológico, industrial y de calidad de vida, de los que se dispone en la actualidad. A simple vista podría intuirse que para disponer de un mayor nivel tecnológico, industrial, de confort, etc. sea necesario un mayor consumo de energía primaria. La actual generación de energía está principalmente basada en el procesamiento de los diversos compuestos del carbono (hidrocarburos, gases y productos derivados del petróleo), que son contaminantes y además, se agotan. Desde hace unas pocas décadas, la humanidad ha sido consciente que es necesario generar energía a partir de fuentes de origen renovable, y que además resulten menos contaminantes. Así, en la actualidad, se ha llegado a un estado de desarrollo avanzado para la explotación de diversas fuentes de energías como la eólica, a la vez que se comienza a mirar con realismo la posibilidad de explotación de diversas energías de origen marino. Se considera que las energías renovables procedentes de los océanos que se encuentran más desarrolladas tecnológicamente hablando, sin tener en cuenta la energía eólica fuera costa (offshore), son la denominada energía undimotriz o de las olas y la energía de las corrientes marinas, no necesariamente en este orden. El trabajo propuesto en esta Tesis se centra en este último recurso energético y, aunque no se dispone todavía de ningún dispositivo en fase de explotación comercial, la concepción, diseño y desarrollo de dispositivos para la extracción de energía de las corrientes, y su evolución, han sido relativamente rápidos e importantes en estos últimos años. Existen ya diferentes dispositivos en fase de pruebas con resultados muy prometedores. Aunque los dispositivos actuales se encuentran limitados a la explotación energética en zonas de poca profundidad, los diferentes estudios del recurso indican la necesidad de explotar corrientes marinas a mayores profundidades, para lo que se están desarrollando actualmente dispositivos, cuya evolución en lo que a sistemas de fondeo se refiere, está siendo muy parecida a la que se ha producido en los parques eólicos fuera costa, similar a su vez, a la evolución llevada a cabo en las plataformas oceánicas para la explotación de recursos petrolíferos (denominados oil & gas) que se extraen de profundidades cada vez mayores. Las soluciones tecnológicas que resulten válidas han de ser también económicamente viables, y en la actualidad se requiere todavía reducir costos en todas las fases de instalación, explotación y mantenimiento de estos dispositivos, sea cual sea su profundidad de operación. Uno de los focos de estudio para abaratar los costes de explotación en general, pasa por abaratar y reducir los costes en las maniobras necesarias de inmersión (de la superficie del mar a la profundidad de operación) y emersión (de la profundidad de operación a la superficie del mar) de estos dispositivos, para llevar a cabo tareas de mantenimiento in situ, en el mar, y sin necesidad de buques especializados ni de su transporte a tierra. En esta Tesis se propone, en primer lugar, un método para evaluar el ciclo de vida de diversos dispositivos de aprovechamiento de las corrientes marinas. Se evidencia que el coste de la energía así generada sigue siendo no plenamente competitivo, por lo que se requiere avanzar en el abaratamiento de costes, principalmente en la instalación y en su mantenimiento. Para ello se propone como novedad principal, introducir sistemas de control en lazo cerrado para realizar maniobras de instalación y mantenimiento de forma automática. También se aporta un modelo dinámico original y muy sencillo para dispositivos bajo estos movimientos de emersión/inmersión, a partir del cual se han desarrollado los algoritmos de control para el propósito mencionado, que no es otro sino automatizar en todo lo posible las maniobras completas. Los algoritmos de control propuestos han sido validados mediante simulación. Se proponen trayectorias de referencia de movimiento suaves (smooth) similares a las utilizadas en robótica. Estos movimientos de cambios de profundidad en lazo cerrado, combinados con secuencias de movimientos en bucle abierto para cuando el dispositivo interacciona en la superficie libre, han dado lugar a nuevas maniobras completas de instalación y mantenimiento que se presentan en esta Tesis, diferentes a las actuales. Finalmente, y como justificación de la viabilidad económica del método novedoso aportado, se ha realizado un estudio comparativo de los costes de la tecnología propuesta, frente a la tecnología actual. Este nuevo sistema de maniobras automáticas implica un ciclo de vida diferente para los dispositivos de aprovechamiento de la energía de las corrientes, ciclo que se cuantifica a partir de un dispositivo base que ha sido modificado y adaptado para la nueva tecnología propuesta, demostrando su viabilidad tanto técnica como económica. ABSTRACT It’s well known that the First Industrial Revolution started in the second half of the eighteenth century, carried the increasing of the use of energy resource which have not been stopped until reach the present technology, industrial evolution and daily life quality. On the surface, it can be known intuitively that a higher consumption of primary energy resource is demanded for benefiting from a higher technological industrial and daily life level. Today, the generation of energy is mainly based in the processing of carbon products (hydrocarbons, gases and petroleum products) which are pollutants, and additionally, are depleted. From a few decades ago, the humanity is aware the energy should be obtained from renewable resources, which besides, should be cleaner. So, at the present, a technical develop has been gained to exploit several energy source, as wind energy, and, at the same time, the extraction of the marine energy starts to seem as a reality. The renewable marine energies considered more advanced and technically developed, without keeping in mind, the offshore wind energy, are the wave energy and the tidal current energy, not necessarily in that order. This Thesis is focused in this last energy resource, and, although, any device is under commercial operation, the concept, design and develop of this type of devices to extract the tidal current energy and their evolution has been comparatively fast and important the last years. There are several devices under test with promising results. Even through the current devices are limited to lower depth areas, the several studies of the tidal energy resource suggest the need to exploit the marine current at greater depths to what is being developed devices, where their evolution in the anchoring system is being very similar to the evolution performed in the offshore wind farms, which is at the same time, similar to the evolution in the oil and gas exploitation which are extracted to greatest depths. Viable technical solutions should be also viable economically and nowadays the cost in all phases of the project (installation, maintenance and operation) should be decreased whatever the operation depth is. One focus of study to lower the operation cost is the cost decreasing of immersion manoeuvring operations (from sea surface to the operation depth) and immersion manoeuvring operations (from operation depth to the sea surface), therefore the maintenance operations can be performed on – site, in the sea, and no specialized vessels are required to transport the devices from the sea to shore. In this dissertation, firstly is proposed a method to evaluate the life cycle of the tidal energy current devices. It is proved the energy generated by these devices is not fully competitive; therefore, the cost falling is mainly an objective in the installation and the maintenance operations. For that, it is proposed as main novelty, the using of closed loop control systems to perform the automatic installation and manoeuvring operations. It is also contributed with an original and simple dynamic model and for controlling the immersion/emersion movements of these devices, from which the control algorithms are developed in order to automate as much as possible the complete manoeuvring. The control algorithms proposed has been validated by simulations. Reference paths with smooth movements, similar which are used in robotics, are suggested. These movements to change the depth using closed loop control, combined with the sequences in open loop movements when the device is in free surface, have been development for a new complete manoeuvring to installation and maintenance operations which are advanced in this Thesis and they are different to the present manoeuvrings. Finally and as justification of the economic viability of this original method, a comparative cost study between the technology proposed and the current technology is performed. This new automatic manoeuvring system involves a different life cycle for the tidal energy current devices, cycle that is quantified from a base device which has been modified and adapted for the new proposed technology, showing the technical and economic viability.

Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation: Bidirectional Neuroprosthetics for Tremor and BCI

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Systematic changes in the duration and precision of interception in response to variation of amplitude and effector size

The results of two experiments are reported that examined how performance in a simple interceptive action (hitting a moving target) was influenced by the speed of the target, the size of the intercepting effector and the distance moved to make the interception. In Experiment 1, target speed and the width of the intercepting manipulandum (bat) were varied. The hypothesis that people make briefer movements, when the temporal accuracy and precision demands of the task are high, predicts that bat width and target speed will divisively interact in their effect on movement time (MT) and that shorter MTs will be associated with a smaller temporal variable error (VE). An alternative hypothesis that people initiate movement when the rate of expansion (ROE) of the target's image reaches a specific, fixed criterion value predicts that bat width will have no effect on MT. The results supported the first hypothesis: a statistically reliable interaction of the predicted form was obtained and the temporal VE was smaller for briefer movements. In Experiment 2, distance to move and target speed were varied. MT increased in direct proportion to distance and there was a divisive interaction between distance and speed; as in Experiment 1, temporal VE was smaller for briefer movements. The pattern of results could not be explained by the strategy of initiating movement at a fixed value of the ROE or at a fixed value of any other perceptual variable potentially available for initiating movement. It is argued that the results support pre-programming of MT with movement initiated when the target's time to arrival at the interception location reaches a criterion value that is matched to the pre-programmed MT. The data supported completely open-loop control when MT was less than between 200 and 240 ms with corrective sub-movements increasingly frequent for movements of longer duration.

Effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on autonomic control of ciliary smooth muscle

Purpose: Pharmacological intervention with peripheral sympathetic transmission at ciliary smooth muscle neuro-receptor junctions has been used against a background of controlled parasympathetic activity to investigate the characteristics of autonomic control of ocular accommodation. Methods: A continuously recording infrared optometer was used to measure accommodation on a group of five visually normal emmetropic subjects under open- and closed-loop conditions. A double-blind protocol between saline, timolol and betaxolol was used to differentiate between the localised action on ciliary smooth muscle and effects induced by changes in stimulus conditions. Data were collected before and 45 min following the instillation of saline, timolol or betaxolol. Open-loop post-task decay was investigated following 3 min sustained near fixation of a stimulus placed 3 D above the subject's pre-task tonic accommodation level. Closed-loop dynamic responses were recorded for each treatment condition while subjects viewed sinusoidally (0.05-0.6 Hz) or stepwise vergence-modulated targets over a 2 D range (2-4 D). Results: Open-loop data demonstrate a rapid post-task regression to pre-task tonic accommodation levels for saline and betaxolol control conditions. A slow positive post-task shift was induced by timolol indicating that sympathetic inhibition contributes to accommodative adaptation during sustained near vision. Closed-loop accommodation responses to temporally modulated sinusoidal stimuli showed characteristic features for both saline and betaxolol control conditions. Timolol induced a reduced gain for low- and mid-temporal frequencies (< 0.3 Hz) but did not affect the response at higher temporal frequencies. Response times to stepwise stimuli increased following the instillation of timolol for the near-to-far fixation condition compared with the controls and was related to the period of sustained prior fixation. Conclusions: Modulation of accommodation under open- and closed-loop conditions by a non-selective β-blocker is consistent with the temporal and inhibitory features of sympathetic innervation to ciliary smooth muscle. Although parasympathetic innervation predominates there is evidence to support a role for sympathetic innervation in the control of ocular accommodation. © 2002 The College of Optometrists.

Modelling and control of a hybrid stepping motor

The integration of a microprocessor and a medium power stepper motor in one control system brings together two quite different disciplines. Various methods of interfacing are examined and the problems involved in both hardware and software manipulation are investigated. Microprocessor open-loop control of the stepper motor is considered. The possible advantages of microprocessor closed-loop control are examined and the development of a system is detailed. The system uses position feedback to initiate each motor step. Results of the dynamic response of the system are presented and its performance discussed. Applications of the static torque characteristic of the stepper motor are considered followed by a review of methods of predicting the characteristic. This shows that accurate results are possible only when the effects of magnetic saturation are avoided or when the machine is available for magnetic circuit tests to be carried out. A new method of predicting the static torque characteristic is explained in detail. The method described uses the machine geometry and the magnetic characteristics of the iron types used in the machine. From this information the permeance of each iron component of the machine is calculated and by using the equivalent magnetic circuit of the machine, the total torque produced is predicted. It is shown how this new method is implemented on a digital computer and how the model may be used to investigate further aspects of the stepper motor in addition to the static torque.

Automatic control of attenuation in a digital communication network

This thesis describes the investigation of an adaptive method of attenuation control for digital speech signals in an analogue-digital environment and its effects on the transmission performance of a national telecommunication network. The first part gives the design of a digital automatic gain control, able to operate upon a P.C.M. signal in its companded form and whose operation is based upon the counting of peaks of the digital speech signal above certain threshold levels. A study was ma.de of a digital automatic gain control (d.a.g.c.) in open-loop configuration and closed-loop configuration. The former was adopted as the means for carrying out the automatic control of attenuation. It was simulated and tested, both objectively and subjectively. The final part is the assessment of the effects on telephone connections of a d.a.g.c. that introduces gains of 6 dB or 12 dB. This work used a Telephone Connection Assessment Model developed at The University of Aston in Birmingham. The subjective tests showed that the d.a.g.c. gives advantage for listeners when the speech level is very low. The benefit is not great when speech is only a little quieter than preferred. The assessment showed that, when a standard British Telecom earphone is used, insertion of gain is desirable if speech voltage across the earphone terminals is below an upper limit of -38 dBV. People commented upon the presence of an adaptive-like effect during the tests. This could be the reason why they voted against the insertion of gain at level only little quieter than preferred, when they may otherwise have judged it to be desirable. A telephone connection with a d.a.g.c. in has a degree of difficulty less than half of that without it. The score Excellent plus Good is 10-30% greater.

Simulation and control of a stepping motor

Open-loop operatlon of the stepping motor exploits the inherent advantages of the machine. For near optimum operation: in this mode, however, an accurate system model is required to facilitate controller design. Such a model must be comprehensive and take account of the non-linearities inherent in the system. The result is a complex formulation which can be made manageable with a computational aid. A digital simulation of a hybrid type stepping motor and its associated drive circuit is proposed. The simulation is based upon a block diagram model which includes reasonable approximations to the major non-linearities. The simulation is shown to yield accurate performance predictions. The determination of the transfer functions is based upon the consideration of the physical processes involved rather than upon direct input-outout measurements. The effects of eddy currents, saturation, hysteresis, drive circuit characteristics and non-linear torque displacement characteristics are considered and methods of determining transfer functions, which take account of these effects, are offered. The static torque displacement characteristic is considered in detail and a model is proposed which predicts static torque for any combination of phase currents and shaft position. Methods of predicting the characteristic directly from machine geometry are investigated. Drive circuit design for high efficiency operation is considered and a model of a bipolar, bilevel circuit is proposed. The transfers between stator voltage and stator current and between stator current and air gap flux are complicated by the effects of eddy currents, saturation and hysteresis. Frequency response methods, combined with average inductance measurements, are shown to yield reasonable transfer functions. The modelling procedure and subsequent digital simulation is concluded to be a powerful method of non-linear analysis.

Sympathetic control of accommodation:evidence for inter-subject variation

Autonomic innervation of ciliary smooth muscle is mediated principally by the parasympathetic nervous system and is supplemented by the sympathetic nervous system. Previous drug and nerve stimulation experiments on humans and animals have demonstrated that sympathetic innervation is inhibitory (via β-2 adrenoceptors), relatively small, slow and augmented by concurrent levels of background parasympathetic activity. These characteristics are pertinent to the sympathetic system having a specific role in our ability to adapt successfully to sustained near vision tasks and, given the clear association between near vision and the onset and development of myopia, to a putative aetiological role in myopia development in pre-disposed individuals. A fifth characteristic, namely the variation between individuals in access to an inhibitory sympathetic facility is therefore of particular interest. A novel method for continuous recording of accommodation, currently employed in a large sample longitudinal study of myopia in young adults, was used following topical instillation of non-selective (timolol) and selective (betaxolol) sympathetic β-adrenoceptor antagonists. Measures of post-task accommodative hysteresis were taken with reference to the time-course of regression of accommodation when open-loop (Difference of Gaussian) conditions were immediately imposed following short (10 s) and long (3 min) duration far (0D) and near (3D above tonic level) tasks viewed through a Badal system. Data confirm earlier informal experimental observations that only one in three individuals are likely to have access to a sympathetic inhibitory facility during sustained near vision. © 2002 The College of Optometrists.

Spoken term detection using fast phonetic decoding

While spoken term detection (STD) systems based on word indices provide good accuracy, there are several practical applications where it is infeasible or too costly to employ an LVCSR engine. An STD system is presented, which is designed to incorporate a fast phonetic decoding front-end and be robust to decoding errors whilst still allowing for rapid search speeds. This goal is achieved through mono-phone open-loop decoding coupled with fast hierarchical phone lattice search. Results demonstrate that an STD system that is designed with the constraint of a fast and simple phonetic decoding front-end requires a compromise to be made between search speed and search accuracy.

Dragline automation

This paper examines the feasibility of automation of dragline bucket excavators used to strip over-burden from open cut mines. In particular the automatic control of bucket carry angle and bucket trajectory are addressed. Open-loop dynamics of a 1:20 scale model dragline bucket are identified, through measurement of frequency response between carry angle and drag motor input voltage. A strategy for automatic control of carry angle is devised and implemented using bucket angle and rate feedback. System compensation and tuning are explained and closed loop frequency and time responses are measured.

Dynamic Image-based visual servo control using centroid and optic flow features

This paper considers the question of designing a fully image-based visual servo control for a class of dynamic systems. The work is motivated by the ongoing development of image-based visual servo control of small aerial robotic vehicles. The kinematics and dynamics of a rigid-body dynamical system (such as a vehicle airframe) maneuvering over a flat target plane with observable features are expressed in terms of an unnormalized spherical centroid and an optic flow measurement. The image-plane dynamics with respect to force input are dependent on the height of the camera above the target plane. This dependence is compensated by introducing virtual height dynamics and adaptive estimation in the proposed control. A fully nonlinear adaptive control design is provided that ensures asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system for all feasible initial conditions. The choice of control gains is based on an analysis of the asymptotic dynamics of the system. Results from a realistic simulation are presented that demonstrate the performance of the closed-loop system. To the author's knowledge, this paper documents the first time that an image-based visual servo control has been proposed for a dynamic system using vision measurement for both position and velocity.

Submarine dynamic modelling

This paper discusses the development of a dynamic model for a torpedo shaped sub- marine. Expressions for hydrostatic, added mass, hydrodynamic, control surface and pro- peller forces and moments are derived from first principles. Experimental data obtained from flume tests of the submarine are inserted into the model in order to provide computer simulations of the open loop behavior of the system.

Identification and control of induction machines using artificial neural networks

The use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to identify and control induction machines is proposed. Two systems are presented: a system to adaptively control the stator currents via identification of the electrical dynamics, and a system to adaptively control the rotor speed via identification of the mechanical and current-fed system dynamics. Both systems are inherently adaptive as well as self-commissioning. The current controller is a completely general nonlinear controller which can be used together with any drive algorithm. Various advantages of these control schemes over conventional schemes are cited, and the combined speed and current control scheme is compared with the standard vector control scheme

Remediation strategies of shaft and common mode voltages in adjustable speed drive systems

AC motors are largely used in a wide range of modern systems, from household appliances to automated industry applications such as: ventilations systems, fans, pumps, conveyors and machine tool drives. Inverters are widely used in industrial and commercial applications due to the growing need for speed control in ASD systems. Fast switching transients and the common mode voltage, in interaction with parasitic capacitive couplings, may cause many unwanted problems in the ASD applications. These include shaft voltage and leakage currents. One of the inherent characteristics of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques is the generation of the common mode voltage, which is defined as the voltage between the electrical neutral of the inverter output and the ground. Shaft voltage can cause bearing currents when it exceeds the amount of breakdown voltage level of the thin lubricant film between the inner and outer rings of the bearing. This phenomenon is the main reason for early bearing failures. A rapid development in power switches technology has lead to a drastic decrement of switching rise and fall times. Because there is considerable capacitance between the stator windings and the frame, there can be a significant capacitive current (ground current escaping to earth through stray capacitors inside a motor) if the common mode voltage has high frequency components. This current leads to noises and Electromagnetic Interferences (EMI) issues in motor drive systems. These problems have been dealt with using a variety of methods which have been reported in the literature. However, cost and maintenance issues have prevented these methods from being widely accepted. Extra cost or rating of the inverter switches is usually the price to pay for such approaches. Thus, the determination of cost-effective techniques for shaft and common mode voltage reduction in ASD systems, with the focus on the first step of the design process, is the targeted scope of this thesis. An introduction to this research – including a description of the research problem, the literature review and an account of the research progress linking the research papers – is presented in Chapter 1. Electrical power generation from renewable energy sources, such as wind energy systems, has become a crucial issue because of environmental problems and a predicted future shortage of traditional energy sources. Thus, Chapter 2 focuses on the shaft voltage analysis of stator-fed induction generators (IG) and Doubly Fed Induction Generators DFIGs in wind turbine applications. This shaft voltage analysis includes: topologies, high frequency modelling, calculation and mitigation techniques. A back-to-back AC-DC-AC converter is investigated in terms of shaft voltage generation in a DFIG. Different topologies of LC filter placement are analysed in an effort to eliminate the shaft voltage. Different capacitive couplings exist in the motor/generator structure and any change in design parameters affects the capacitive couplings. Thus, an appropriate design for AC motors should lead to the smallest possible shaft voltage. Calculation of the shaft voltage based on different capacitive couplings, and an investigation of the effects of different design parameters are discussed in Chapter 3. This is achieved through 2-D and 3-D finite element simulation and experimental analysis. End-winding parameters of the motor are also effective factors in the calculation of the shaft voltage and have not been taken into account in previous reported studies. Calculation of the end-winding capacitances is rather complex because of the diversity of end winding shapes and the complexity of their geometry. A comprehensive analysis of these capacitances has been carried out with 3-D finite element simulations and experimental studies to determine their effective design parameters. These are documented in Chapter 4. Results of this analysis show that, by choosing appropriate design parameters, it is possible to decrease the shaft voltage and resultant bearing current in the primary stage of generator/motor design without using any additional active and passive filter-based techniques. The common mode voltage is defined by a switching pattern and, by using the appropriate pattern; the common mode voltage level can be controlled. Therefore, any PWM pattern which eliminates or minimizes the common mode voltage will be an effective shaft voltage reduction technique. Thus, common mode voltage reduction of a three-phase AC motor supplied with a single-phase diode rectifier is the focus of Chapter 5. The proposed strategy is mainly based on proper utilization of the zero vectors. Multilevel inverters are also used in ASD systems which have more voltage levels and switching states, and can provide more possibilities to reduce common mode voltage. A description of common mode voltage of multilevel inverters is investigated in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 investigates the elimination techniques of the shaft voltage in a DFIG based on the methods presented in the literature by the use of simulation results. However, it could be shown that every solution to reduce the shaft voltage in DFIG systems has its own characteristics, and these have to be taken into account in determining the most effective strategy. Calculation of the capacitive coupling and electric fields between the outer and inner races and the balls at different motor speeds in symmetrical and asymmetrical shaft and balls positions is discussed in Chapter 8. The analysis is carried out using finite element simulations to determine the conditions which will increase the probability of high rates of bearing failure due to current discharges through the balls and races.

Machine vision toolbox for MATLAB, release 3 [Software]

The Toolbox, combined with MATLAB ® and a modern workstation computer, is a useful and convenient environment for investigation of machine vision algorithms. For modest image sizes the processing rate can be sufficiently ``real-time'' to allow for closed-loop control. Focus of attention methods such as dynamic windowing (not provided) can be used to increase the processing rate. With input from a firewire or web camera (support provided) and output to a robot (not provided) it would be possible to implement a visual servo system entirely in MATLAB. Provides many functions that are useful in machine vision and vision-based control. Useful for photometry, photogrammetry, colorimetry. It includes over 100 functions spanning operations such as image file reading and writing, acquisition, display, filtering, blob, point and line feature extraction, mathematical morphology, homographies, visual Jacobians, camera calibration and color space conversion.