Análisis, modelado e igualación no lineal de arrays paramétricos acústicos

La presente Tesis analiza y desarrolla metodología específica que permite la caracterización de sistemas de transmisión acústicos basados en el fenómeno del array paramétrico. Este tipo de estructuras es considerado como uno de los sistemas más representativos de la acústica no lineal con amplias posibilidades tecnológicas. Los arrays paramétricos aprovechan la no linealidad del medio aéreo para obtener en recepción señales en el margen sónico a partir de señales ultrasónicas en emisión. Por desgracia, este procedimiento implica que la señal transmitida y la recibida guardan una relación compleja, que incluye una fuerte ecualización así como una distorsión apreciable por el oyente. Este hecho reduce claramente la posibilidad de obtener sistemas acústicos de gran fidelidad. Hasta ahora, los esfuerzos tecnológicos dirigidos al diseño de sistemas comerciales han tratado de paliar esta falta de fidelidad mediante técnicas de preprocesado fuertemente dependientes de los modelos físicos teóricos. Estos están basados en la ecuación de propagación de onda no lineal. En esta Tesis se propone un nuevo enfoque: la obtención de una representación completa del sistema mediante series de Volterra que permita inferir un sistema de compensación computacionalmente ligero y fiable. La dificultad que entraña la correcta extracción de esta representación obliga a desarrollar una metodología completa de identificación adaptada a este tipo de estructuras. Así, a la hora de aplicar métodos de identificación se hace indispensable la determinación de ciertas características iniciales que favorezcan la parametrización del sistema. En esta Tesis se propone una metodología propia que extrae estas condiciones iniciales. Con estos datos, nos encontramos en disposición de plantear un sistema completo de identificación no lineal basado en señales pseudoaleatorias, que aumenta la fiabilidad de la descripción del sistema, posibilitando tanto la inferencia de la estructura basada en bloques subyacente, como el diseño de mecanismos de compensación adecuados. A su vez, en este escenario concreto en el que intervienen procesos de modulación, factores como el punto de trabajo o las características físicas del transductor, hacen inviables los algoritmos de caracterización habituales. Incluyendo el método de identificación propuesto. Con el fin de eliminar esta problemática se propone una serie de nuevos algoritmos de corrección que permiten la aplicación de la caracterización. Las capacidades de estos nuevos algoritmos se pondrán a prueba sobre un prototipo físico, diseñado a tal efecto. Para ello, se propondrán la metodología y los mecanismos de instrumentación necesarios para llevar a cabo el diseño, la identificación del sistema y su posible corrección, todo ello mediante técnicas de procesado digital previas al sistema de transducción. Los algoritmos se evaluarán en términos de error de modelado a partir de la señal de salida del sistema real frente a la salida sintetizada a partir del modelo estimado. Esta estrategia asegura la posibilidad de aplicar técnicas de compensación ya que éstas son sensibles a errores de estima en módulo y fase. La calidad del sistema final se evaluará en términos de fase, coloración y distorsión no lineal mediante un test propuesto a lo largo de este discurso, como paso previo a una futura evaluación subjetiva. ABSTRACT This Thesis presents a specific methodology for the characterization of acoustic transmission systems based on the parametric array phenomenon. These structures are well-known representatives of the nonlinear acoustics field and display large technological opportunities. Parametric arrays exploit the nonlinear behavior of air to obtain sonic signals at the receptors’side, which were generated within the ultrasonic range. The underlying physical process redunds in a complex relationship between the transmitted and received signals. This includes both a strong equalization and an appreciable distortion for a human listener. High fidelity, acoustic equipment based on this phenomenon is therefore difficult to design. Until recently, efforts devoted to this enterprise have focused in fidelity enhancement based on physically-informed, pre-processing schemes. These derive directly from the nonlinear form of the wave equation. However, online limited enhancement has been achieved. In this Thesis we propose a novel approach: the evaluation of a complete representation of the system through its projection onto the Volterra series, which allows the posterior inference of a computationally light and reliable compensation scheme. The main difficulty in the derivation of such representation strives from the need of a complete identification methodology, suitable for this particular type of structures. As an example, whenever identification techniques are involved, we require preliminary estimates on certain parameters that contribute to the correct parameterization of the system. In this Thesis we propose a methodology to derive such initial values from simple measures. Once these information is made available, a complete identification scheme is required for nonlinear systems based on pseudorandom signals. These contribute to the robustness and fidelity of the resulting model, and facilitate both the inference of the underlying structure, which we subdivide into a simple block-oriented construction, and the design of the corresponding compensation structure. In a scenario such as this where frequency modulations occur, one must control exogenous factors such as devices’ operation point and the physical properties of the transducer. These may conflict with the principia behind the standard identification procedures, as it is the case. With this idea in mind, the Thesis includes a series of novel correction algorithms that facilitate the application of the characterization results onto the system compensation. The proposed algorithms are tested on a prototype that was designed and built for this purpose. The methodology and instrumentation required for its design, the identification of the overall acoustic system and its correction are all based on signal processing techniques, focusing on the system front-end, i.e. prior to transduction. Results are evaluated in terms of input-output modelling error, considering a synthetic construction of the system. This criterion ensures that compensation techniques may actually be introduced, since these are highly sensible to estimation errors both on the envelope and the phase of the signals involved. Finally, the quality of the overall system will be evaluated in terms of phase, spectral color and nonlinear distortion; by means of a test protocol specifically devised for this Thesis, as a prior step for a future, subjective quality evaluation.

Análisis paramétrico determinista y aleatorio de problemas dinámicos en estructuras aeroespaciales

Los fenómenos dinámicos pueden poner en peligro la integridad de estructuras aeroespaciales y los ingenieros han desarrollado diferentes estrategias para analizarlos. Uno de los grandes problemas que se plantean en la ingeniería es cómo atacar un problema dinámico estructural. En la presente tesis se plantean distintos fenómenos dinámicos y se proponen métodos para estimar o simular sus comportamientos mediante un análisis paramétrico determinista y aleatorio del problema. Se han propuesto desde problemas sencillos con pocos grados de libertad que sirven para analizar las diferentes estrategias y herramientas a utilizar, hasta fenómenos muy dinámicos que contienen comportamientos no lineales, daños y fallos. Los primeros ejemplos de investigación planteados cubren una amplia gama de los fenómenos dinámicos, como el análisis de vibraciones de elementos másicos, incluyendo impactos y contactos, y el análisis de una viga con carga armónica aplicada a la que también se le añaden parámetros aleatorios que pueden responder a un desconocimiento o incertidumbre de los mismos. Durante el desarrollo de la tesis se introducen conceptos y se aplican distintos métodos, como el método de elementos finitos (FEM) en el que se analiza su resolución tanto por esquemas implícitos como explícitos, y métodos de análisis paramétricos y estadísticos mediante la técnica de Monte Carlo. Más adelante, una vez ya planteadas las herramientas y estrategias de análisis, se estudian fenómenos más complejos, como el impacto a baja velocidad en materiales compuestos, en el que se busca evaluar la resistencia residual y, por lo tanto, la tolerancia al daño de la estructura. Se trata de un suceso que puede producirse por la caída de herramienta, granizo o restos en la pista de aterrizaje. Otro de los fenómenos analizados también se da en un aeropuerto y se trata de la colisión con un dispositivo frangible, el cual tiene que romperse bajo ciertas cargas y, sin embargo, soportar otras. Finalmente, se aplica toda la metodología planteada en simular y analizar un posible incidente en vuelo, el fenómeno de la pérdida de pala de un turbohélice. Se trata de un suceso muy particular en el que la estructura tiene que soportar unas cargas complejas y excepcionales con las que la aeronave debe ser capaz de completar con éxito el vuelo. El análisis incluye comportamientos no lineales, daños, y varios tipos de fallos, y en el que se trata de identificar los parámetros clave en la secuencia del fallo. El suceso se analiza mediante análisis estructurales deterministas más habituales y también mediante otras técnicas como el método de Monte Carlo con el que se logran estudiar distintas incertidumbres en los parámetros con variables aleatorias. Se estudian, entre otros, el tamaño de pala perdida, la velocidad y el momento en el que se produce la rotura, y la rigidez y resistencia de los apoyos del motor. Se tiene en cuenta incluso el amortiguamiento estructural del sistema. Las distintas estrategias de análisis permiten obtener unos resultados valiosos e interesantes que han sido objeto de distintas publicaciones. ABSTRACT Dynamic phenomena can endanger the integrity of aerospace structures and, consequently, engineers have developed different strategies to analyze them. One of the major engineering problems is how to deal with the structural dynamics. In this thesis, different dynamic phenomena are introduced and several methods are proposed to estimate or simulate their behaviors. The analysis is considered through parametric, deterministic and statistical methods. The suggested issues are from simple problems with few degrees of freedom, in order to develop different strategies and tools to solve them, to very dynamic phenomena containing nonlinear behaviors failures, damages. The first examples cover a wide variety of dynamic phenomena such as vibration analysis of mass elements, including impacts and contacts, and beam analysis with harmonic load applied, in which random parameters are included. These parameters can represent the unawareness or uncertainty of certain variables. During the development of the thesis several concepts are introduced and different methods are applied, such as the finite element method (FEM), which is solved through implicit and explicit schemes, and parametrical and statistical methods using the Monte Carlo analysis technique. Next, once the tools and strategies of analysis are set out more complex phenomena are studied. This is the case of a low-speed impact in composite materials, the residual strength of the structure is evaluated, and therefore, its damage tolerance. This incident may occur from a tool dropped, hail or debris throw on the runway. At an airport may also occur, and it is also analyzed, a collision between an airplane and a frangible device. The devise must brake under these loads, however, it must withstand others. Finally, all the considered methodology is applied to simulate and analyze a flight incident, the blade loss phenomenon of a turboprop. In this particular event the structure must support complex and exceptional loads and the aircraft must be able to successfully complete the flight. Nonlinear behavior, damage, and different types of failures are included in the analysis, in which the key parameters in the failure sequence are identified. The incident is analyzed by deterministic structural analysis and also by other techniques such as Monte Carlo method, in which it is possible to include different parametric uncertainties through random variables. Some of the evaluated parameters are, among others, the blade loss size, propeller rotational frequency, speed and angular position where the blade is lost, and the stiffness and strength of the engine mounts. The study does also research on the structural damping of the system. The different strategies of analysis obtain valuable and interesting results that have been already published.

Absence of stable intermediates on the folding pathway of barnase

Barnase is one of the few protein models that has been studied extensively for protein folding. Previous studies led to the conclusion that barnase folds through a very stable submillisecond intermediate (≈3 kcal/mol). The structure of this intermediate was characterized intensively by using a protein engineering approach. This intermediate has now been reexamined with three direct and independent methods. (i) Hydrogen exchange experiments show very small protection factors (≈2) for the putative intermediate, indicating a stability of ≈0.0 kcal/mol. (ii) Denaturant-dependent unfolding of the putative intermediate is noncooperative and indicates a stability less than 0.0 kcal/mol. (iii) The logarithm of the unfolding rate constant of native barnase vs. denaturant concentrations is not linear. Together with the measured rate (“I” to N), this nonlinear behavior accounts for almost all of the protein stability, leaving only about 0.3 kcal/mol that could be attributed to the rapidly formed intermediate. Other observations previously interpreted to support the presence of an intermediate are now known to have alternative explanations. These results cast doubts on the previous conclusions on the nature of the early folding state in barnase and therefore should have important implications in understanding the early folding events of barnase and other proteins in general.

QSAR e dinâmica molecular no estudo de sistemas biomoleculares: predição da atividade biológica de antagonistas do receptor sigma-1 e simulações de bicamadas lipídicas

Diferentes abordagens teóricas têm sido utilizadas em estudos de sistemas biomoleculares com o objetivo de contribuir com o tratamento de diversas doenças. Para a dor neuropática, por exemplo, o estudo de compostos que interagem com o receptor sigma-1 (Sig-1R) pode elucidar os principais fatores associados à atividade biológica dos mesmos. Nesse propósito, estudos de Relações Quantitativas Estrutura-Atividade (QSAR) utilizando os métodos de regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais (PLS) e Rede Neural Artificial (ANN) foram aplicados a 64 antagonistas do Sig-1R pertencentes à classe de 1-arilpirazóis. Modelos PLS e ANN foram utilizados com o objetivo de descrever comportamentos lineares e não lineares, respectivamente, entre um conjunto de descritores e a atividade biológica dos compostos selecionados. O modelo PLS foi obtido com 51 compostos no conjunto treinamento e 13 compostos no conjunto teste (r² = 0,768, q² = 0,684 e r²teste = 0,785). Testes de leave-N-out, randomização da atividade biológica e detecção de outliers confirmaram a robustez e estabilidade dos modelos e mostraram que os mesmos não foram obtidos por correlações ao acaso. Modelos também foram gerados a partir da Rede Neural Artificial Perceptron de Multicamadas (MLP-ANN), sendo que a arquitetura 6-12-1, treinada com as funções de transferência tansig-tansig, apresentou a melhor resposta para a predição da atividade biológica dos compostos (r²treinamento = 0,891, r²validação = 0,852 e r²teste = 0,793). Outra abordagem foi utilizada para simular o ambiente de membranas sinápticas utilizando bicamadas lipídicas compostas por POPC, DOPE, POPS e colesterol. Os estudos de dinâmica molecular desenvolvidos mostraram que altas concentrações de colesterol induzem redução da área por lipídeo e difusão lateral e aumento na espessura da membrana e nos valores de parâmetro de ordem causados pelo ordenamento das cadeias acil dos fosfolipídeos. As bicamadas lipídicas obtidas podem ser usadas para simular interações entre lipídeos e pequenas moléculas ou proteínas contribuindo para as pesquisas associadas a doenças como Alzheimer e Parkinson. As abordagens usadas nessa tese são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas em Química Medicinal Computacional.

Surface wind-stress threshold for glacial Atlantic overturning

Using a coupled model of intermediate complexity the sensitivity of the last glacial maximum (LGM) Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to the strength of surface wind-stress is investigated. A threshold is found below which North Atlantic deep water formation (DWF) takes place south of Greenland and the AMOC is relatively weak. Above this threshold, DWF occurs north of the Greenland-Scotland ridge, leading to a vigorous AMOC. This nonlinear behavior is explained through enhanced salt transport by the wind-driven gyre circulation and the overturning itself. Both pattern and magnitude of the Nordic Sea's temperature difference between strong and weak AMOC states are consistent with those reconstructed for abrupt climate changes of the last glacial period. Our results thus point to a potentially relevant role of surface winds in these phenomena.

Um modelo multiescala concorrente para representar o processo de fissuração do concreto.

Este trabalho propõe uma técnica de modelagem multiescala concorrente do concreto considerando duas escalas distintas: a mesoescala, onde o concreto é modelado como um material heterogêneo, e a macroescala, na qual o concreto é tratado como um material homogêneo. A heterogeneidade da estrutura mesoscópica do concreto é idealizada considerando três fases distintas, compostas pelos agregados graúdos e argamassa (matriz), estes considerados materiais homogêneos, e zona de transição interfacial (ZTI), tratada como a parte mais fraca entre as três fases. O agregado graúdo é gerado a partir de uma curva granulométrica e posicionado na matriz de forma aleatória. Seu comportamento mecânico é descrito por um modelo constitutivo elástico-linear, devido a sua maior resistência quando comparado com as outras duas fases do concreto. Elementos finitos contínuos com alta relação de aspecto em conjunto com um modelo constitutivo de dano são usados para representar o comportamento não linear do concreto, decorrente da iniciação de fissuras na ZTI e posterior propagação para a matriz, dando lugar à formação de macrofissuras. Os elementos finitos de interface com alta relação de aspecto são inseridos entre todos os elementos regulares da matriz e entre os da matriz e agregados, representando a ZTI, tornando-se potenciais caminhos de propagação de fissuras. No estado limite, quando a espessura do elemento de interface tende a zero (h ?0) e, consequentemente, a relação de aspecto tende a infinito, estes elementos apresentam a mesma cinemática da aproximação contínua de descontinuidades fortes (ACDF), sendo apropriados para representar a formação de descontinuidades associados a fissuras, similar aos modelos coesivos. Um modelo de dano à tração é proposto para representar o comportamento mecânico não linear das interfaces, associado à formação de fissuras, ou até mesmo ao eventual fechamento destas. A fim de contornar os problemas causados pela malha de elementos finitos de transição entre as malhas da macro e da mesoescala, que, em geral, apresentam diferenças expressivas 5 de refinamento, utiliza-se uma técnica recente de acoplamento de malhas não conformes. Esta técnica é baseada na definição de elementos finitos de acoplamento (EFAs), os quais são capazes de estabelecer a continuidade de deslocamento entre malhas geradas de forma completamente independentes, sem aumentar a quantidade total de graus de liberdade do problema, podendo ser utilizados tanto para acoplar malhas não sobrepostas quanto sobrepostas. Para tornar possível a análise em multiescala em casos nos quais a região de localização de deformações não pode ser definida a priori, propõe-se uma técnica multiescala adaptativa. Nesta abordagem, usa-se a distribuição de tensões da escala macroscópica como um indicador para alterar a modelagem das regiões críticas, substituindo-se a macroescala pela mesoescala durante a análise. Consequentemente, a malha macroscópica é automaticamente substituída por uma malha mesoscópica, onde o comportamento não linear está na iminência de ocorrer. Testes numéricos são desenvolvidos para mostrar a capacidade do modelo proposto de representar o processo de iniciação e propagação de fissuras na região tracionada do concreto. Os resultados numéricos são comparados com os resultados experimentais ou com aqueles obtidos através da simulação direta em mesoescala (SDM).

Strength analysis of steel-concrete composite beams in combined bending and shear

Despite experimental evidences, the contributions of the concrete slab and composite action to the vertical shear strength of simply supported steel-concrete composite beams are not considered in current design codes, which lead to conservative designs. In this paper, the finite element method is used to investigate the flexural and shear strengths of simply supported composite beams under combined bending and shear. A three-dimensional finite element model has been developed to account for geometric and material nonlinear behavior of composite beams, and verified by experimental results. The verified finite element model is than employed to quantify the contributions of the concrete slab and composite action to the moment and shear capacities of composite beams. The effect of the degree of shear connection on the vertical shear strength of deep composite beams loaded in shear is studied. Design models for vertical shear strength including contributions from the concrete slab and composite action and for the ultimate moment-shear interaction ate proposed for the design of simply supported composite beams in combined bending and shear. The proposed design models provide a consistent and economical design procedure for simply supported composite beams.

Analysis of chaotic instabilities in a rotating body with internal energy dissipation

Melnikov's method is used to analytically predict the onset of chaotic instability in a rotating body with internal energy dissipation. The model has been found to exhibit chaotic instability when a harmonic disturbance torque is applied to the system for a range of forcing amplitude and frequency. Such a model may be considered to be representative of the dynamical behavior of a number of physical systems such as a spinning spacecraft. In spacecraft, disturbance torques may arise under malfunction of the control system, from an unbalanced rotor, from vibrations in appendages or from orbital variations. Chaotic instabilities arising from such disturbances could introduce uncertainties and irregularities into the motion of the multibody system and consequently could have disastrous effects on its intended operation. A comprehensive stability analysis is performed and regions of nonlinear behavior are identified. Subsequently, the closed form analytical solution for the unperturbed system is obtained in order to identify homoclinic orbits. Melnikov's method is then applied on the system once transformed into Hamiltonian form. The resulting analytical criterion for the onset of chaotic instability is obtained in terms of critical system parameters. The sufficient criterion is shown to be a useful predictor of the phenomenon via comparisons with numerical results. Finally, for the purposes of providing a complete, self-contained investigation of this fundamental system, the control of chaotic instability is demonstated using Lyapunov's method.

Contribuição ao estudo de treliças não lineares considerando efeitos térmicos

This work presents the numerical analysis of nonlinear trusses summited to thermomechanical actions with Finite Element Method (FEM). The proposed formulation is so-called positional FEM and it is based on the minimum potential energy theorem written according to nodal positions, instead of displacements. The study herein presented considers the effects of geometric and material nonlinearities. Related to dynamic problems, a comparison between different time integration algorithms is performed. The formulation is extended to impact problems between trusses and rigid wall, where the nodal positions are constrained considering nullpenetration condition. In addition, it is presented a thermodynamically consistent formulation, based on the first and second law of thermodynamics and the Helmholtz free-energy for analyzing dynamic problems of truss structures with thermoelastic and thermoplastic behavior. The numerical results of the proposed formulation are compared with examples found in the literature.

Use of active power filter to reduce the effects of harmonics in solid oxide fuel cells

The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is a class of fuel cells that is capable of generating very high levels of power at high temperatures. SOFCs are used for stationary power generation and as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems. In spite of all the beneficial features of the SOFC, the propagation of ripple currents, due to nonlinear loads, is a challenging problem, as it interferes with the physical operation of the fuel cell. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the cause of ripples and attempt to eliminate or reduce the ripple propagation through the use of Active Power Filters (APF). To this end, a systematic approach to modeling the fuel cell to account for its nonlinear behavior in the presence of current ripples is presented. A model of a small fuel cell power system which consists of a fuel cell, a DC-DC converter, a single-phase inverter and a nonlinear load is developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The extent of ripple propagation, due to variations in load magnitude and frequency, are identified using frequency spectrum analysis. In order to reduce the effects of ripple propagation, an APF is modeled to remove ripples from the DC fuel cell current. The emphasis of this thesis is based on the idea that small fuel cell systems cannot implement large passive filters to cancel the effects of ripple propagation and hence, the compact APF topology effectively protects the fuel cell from propagating ripples and improves its electrical performance.

Vibrational characteristics of brain magnetic resonance elastography

This thesis aims to investigate vibrational characteristics of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) of the brain. MRE is a promising, non-invasive methodology for the mapping of shear stiffness of the brain. A mechanical actuator shakes the brain and generates shear waves, which are then imaged with a special MRI sequence sensitive to sub-millimeter displacements. This research focuses on exploring the profile of vibrations utilized in brain elastography from the standpoint of ultimately investigating nonlinear behavior of the tissue. The first objective seeks to demonstrate the effects of encoding off-frequency vibrations using standard MRE methodologies. Vibrations of this nature can arise from nonlinearities in the system and contaminate the results of the measurement. The second objective is to probe nonlinearity in the dynamic brain system using MRE. A non-parametric decomposition technique, novel to the MRE field, is introduced and investigated.

Relaxation behavior of twin nonlinear optical chromophores: Effect of the spacer length

A new series of twin nonlinear optical (NLO) molecules, having two 4-nitrophenol chromophores that are linked via a flexible polymethylene spacer of varying length [(CH2)(n), n = 1-12], were synthesized. Powder second harmonic generation measurements of these twin samples indicated a pronounced odd-even oscillation, with the odd twins exhibiting a high SHG value while the even ones gave no measurable SH signal. This behavior reflects the crystal packing preferences in such twin NLO systems that have odd and even numbers of atoms linking them - the even ones appear to prefer a centrosymmetric packing arrangement. The orientational/disordering dynamics of these twin NLO molecules, doped in a polymer (poly(methyl methacrylate)) matrix, has also been studied using SHG in electric field poled samples. Interestingly, the maximum attainable SH signal, chi((2)), in, the poled samples also showed an odd-even oscillation; the odd ones again having a higher value of chi((2)) This unprecedented odd-even oscillation in such molecularly doped systems is rationalized as being due to the intrinsically greater ease of a parallel alignment of the two chromophores in the twins with an odd spacer than in those with an even one. Further, the temporal stability of the SHG intensity at 70 degrees C, after the removal of the applied corona, was also studied. The relaxation of all the twin chromophores followed a biexponential decay; the characteristic relaxation time (tau(2)) for the slow decay component suggests that while the twin with a single methylene unit relaxes relatively slowly, the relaxation is significantly faster in cases where n = 2 and 3. In the twins with even longer spacer segments, the relaxation again becomes slower and reaches a saturation value. The observed minimum appears to reflect the interplay of two competing factors that affect the chromophore alignment in such twin systems, namely, the electrostatic repulsion between neighboring oriented dipoles and the intrinsic flexibility of the spacer.

Nonlinear dielectric behavior in three-component ferroelectric superlattices

Three-component ferroelectric superlattices consisting of alternating layers of SrTiO3, BaTiO3, and CaTiO3 (SBC) with variable interlayer thickness were fabricated on Pt(111)/TiO2/SiO2/Si (100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The presence of satellite reflections in x-ray-diffraction analysis and a periodic concentration of Sr, Ba, and Ca throughout the film in depth profile of secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis confirm the fabrication of superlattice structures. The Pr (remnant polarization) and Ps (saturation polarization) of SBC superlattice with 16.4-nm individual layer thickness (SBC16.4) were found to be around 4.96 and 34 μC/cm2, respectively. The dependence of polarization on individual layer thickness and lattice strain were studied in order to investigate the size dependence of the dielectric properties. The dielectric constant of these superlattices was found to be much higher than the individual component layers present in the superlattice configuration. The relatively higher tunability ( ∼ 55%) obtained around 300 K indicates that the superlattice is a potential electrically tunable material for microwave applications at room temperature. The enhanced dielectric properties were thus discussed in terms of the interfacial strain driven polar region due to high lattice mismatch and electrostatic coupling due to polarization mismatch between individual layers.

Dynamical behavior in the nonlinear rheology of surfactant solutions

Several surfactant molecules self-assemble in solution to form long, flexible wormlike micelles which get entangled with each other, leading to viscoelastic gel phases. We discuss our recent work on the rheology of such a gel formed in the dilute aqueous solutions of a surfactant CTAT. In the linear rheology regime, the storage modulus G′(ω) and loss modulus G″(ω) have been measured over a wide frequency range. In the nonlinear regime, the shear stress σ shows a plateau as a function of the shear rate math above a certain cutoff shear rate mathc. Under controlled shear rate conditions in the plateau regime, the shear stress and the first normal stress difference show oscillatory time-dependence. The analysis of the measured time series of shear stress and normal stress has been done using several methods incorporating state space reconstruction by embedding of time delay vectors. The analysis shows the existence of a finite correlation dimension and a positive Lyapunov exponent, unambiguously implying that the dynamics of the observed mechanical instability can be described by that of a dynamical system with a strange attractor of dimension varying from 2.4 to 2.9.