Paepalanthus spp: antimycobacterial activity of extracts, methoxylated flavonoids and naphthopyranone fractions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Prairie Dog Empire: A Saga of the Shortgrass Prairie

For hundreds of years black-tailed prairie dogs inhabited the Great Plains by the millions, improving the grazing for bison and pronghorn antelope, digging escape holes and homes for burrowing owls and rodents, and serving as prey for badgers, coyotes, hawks, and bobcats. This book by the renowned naturalist and writer Paul A. Johnsgard tells the complex biological and environmental story of the western Great Plains under the prairie dog’s reign—and then under a brief but devastating century of human dominion. An indispensable and highly readable introduction to the ecosystem of the shortgrass prairie, Prairie Dog Empire describes in clear and detailed terms the habitat and habits of black-tailed prairie dogs; their subsistence, seasonal behavior, and the makeup of their vast colonies; and the ways in which their “towns” transform the surrounding terrain—for better or worse. Johnsgard recounts how this terrain was in turn transformed over the past century by the destruction of prairie dogs and their grassland habitats, together with the removal of the bison and their replacement with domestic livestock. A disturbing look at profound ecological alterations in the environment, this book also offers a rare and invaluable close-up view of the rich history and threatened future of the creature once considered the “keystone” species of the western plains. Included are maps, drawings, and listings of more than two hundred natural grassland preserves where many of the region’s native plants and animals may still be seen and studied. This excerpt includes the Preface and Chapter 1, "The Western Shortgrass Prairie: A Brief History."

Techniques for the In Vitro Production of Queens in Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)

Considering the ecological importance of stingless bees as caretakers and pollinators of a variety of native plants makes it necessary to improve techniques which increase of colonies' number in order to preserve these species and the biodiversity associated with them. Thus, our aim was to develop a methodology of in vitro production of stingless bee queens by offering a large quantity of food to the larvae. Our methodology consisted of determining the amount of larval food needed for the development of the queens, collecting and storing the larval food, and feeding the food to the larvae in acrylic plates. We found that the total average amount of larval food in a worker bee cell of E varia is approximately 26.70 +/- 3.55 mu L. We observed that after the consumption of extra amounts of food (25, 30, 35 and 40 mu L) the larvae differentiate into queens (n = 98). Therefore, the average total volume of food needed for the differentiation of a young larva of F. varia queen is approximately 61.70 +/- 5.00 mu L. In other words; the larvae destined to become queens eat 2.31 times more food than the ones destined to become workers. We used the species Frieseomelitta varia as a model, however the methodology can be reproduced for all species of stingless bees whose mechanism of caste differentiation depends on the amount of food ingested by the larvae. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the in vitro technique developed herein, pointing to the possibility of its use as a tool to assist the production of queens on a large scale. This would allow for the artificial splitting of colonies and contribute to conservation efforts in native bees.

Help from under ground: soil biota facilitate knotweed invasion

Soil biota can be important drivers of plant community structure. Depending on the balance between antagonistic and mutualistic interactions, they can limit or promote the success of plant species. This is particularly important in the context of exotic plant invasions where soil biota can either increase the biotic resistance of habitats, or they can shift the balance between exotic and native plants towards the exotics and thereby greatly contribute to their dominance. Here, we explored the role of soil biota in the invasion success of exotic knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica), one of the world's most noxious invasive plants. We created artificial native plant communities that were experimentally invaded by knotweed, using a range of substrates where we manipulated different fractions of soil biota. We found that invasive knotweed benefited more from the overall presence of soil biota than any of the six native species. In particular the presence of the full natural soil biota strongly shifted the competitive balance in favor of knotweed. Soil biota promoted both regeneration and growth of the invader, which suggests that soil organisms may be important both in the early establishment of knotweed and possibly its later dominance of native communities. Addition of activated carbon to the soil made the advantage of knotweed disappear, which suggests that the mechanisms underlying the positive soil biota effects are chemically mediated. Our study demonstrates that soil organisms play a key role in the invasion success of exotic knotweed.

Hybridization increases invasive knotweed success

Hybridization is one of the fundamental mechanisms by which rapid evolution can occur in exotic species. If hybrids show increased vigour, this could significantly contribute to invasion success. Here, we compared the success of the two invasive knotweeds, Fallopia japonica and F.sachalinensis, and their hybrid, F.x bohemica, in competing against experimental communities of native plants. Using plant material from multiple clones of each taxon collected across a latitudinal gradient in Central Europe, we found that knotweed hybrids performed significantly better in competition with a native community and that they more strongly reduced the growth of the native plants. One of the parental species, F.sachalinensis, regenerated significantly less well from rhizomes, and this difference disappeared if activated carbon was added to the substrate, which suggests allelopathic inhibition of F.sachalinensis regeneration by native plants. We found substantial within-taxon variation in competitive success in all knotweed taxa, but variation was generally greatest in the hybrid. Interestingly, there was also significant variation within the genetically uniform F.japonica, possibly reflecting epigenetic differences. Our study shows that invasive knotweed hybrids are indeed more competitive than their parents and that hybridization increased the invasiveness of the exotic knotweed complex.

Effects of Seed Treatments and a Soil-applied Nematicide on Corn Yields and Nematode Population Densities

Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic worms that feed on plants. Almost every nematode that feeds on corn is capable of feeding on many other plants. These nematode parasites are thought to be native to most Iowa soils and to have fed upon native plants before corn was grown as a cultivated crop. Population densities (numbers) of most species of plant-parasitic nematodes that feed on corn have to increase to damaging levels (called damage thresholds) before yield loss occurs.

Effects of Seed Treatments and a Soil-applied Nematicide on Corn Yields and Nematode Population Densities

Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic worms that feed on plants. Almost every nematode that feeds on corn is capable of feeding on many other plants. These nematode parasites are thought to be native to most Iowa soils and to have fed upon native plants before corn was grown as a cultivated crop. Population densities (numbers) of most species of plant-parasitic nematodes that feed on corn have to increase to damaging levels (called damage thresholds) before yield loss occurs.

Effects of Seed Treatments and a Soil-applied Nematicide on Corn Yields and Nematode Population Densities

Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic worms that feed on plants. Almost every nematode that feeds on corn is capable of feeding on many other plants. These nematode parasites are thought to be native to most Iowa soils and to have fed upon native plants before corn was grown as a cultivated crop. Population densities (numbers) of most species of plant-parasitic nematodes that feed on corn have to increase to damaging levels (called damage thresholds) before yield loss occurs. Products that are currently available to manage plant-parasitic nematodes on corn in the state include the soil-applied insecticide/nematicide Counter® and two relatively new protectant seed treatments, Avicta® and Votivo®. Counter® is a contact and systematic nematicide with the active ingredient terbufos. Avicta® is a contact nematicide (active ingredient abamectin) that moves on the surface of the root, and Votivo® is a special strain of the natural soil bacterium Bacillus firmus that grows on the root. Counter® is available from AMVAC, Avicta® from Syngenta Seedcare, and Votivo® from Bayer CropScience. The objective of this experiment was to assess and compare the nematode population densities and yields of corn growing in plots with and without the seed-treatment nematode protectants and the soil-applied nematicide Counter®.

Effects of Seed Treatments and a Soil-applied Nematicide on Corn Yields and Nematode Population Densities

Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic worms that feed on plants. Almost every nematode that feeds on corn is capable of feeding on many other plants. These nematode parasites are thought to be native to most Iowa soils and to have fed on native plants before corn was grown as a cultivated crop. Population densities (numbers) of most species of plant-parasitic nematodes that feed on corn have to increase to damaging levels (called damage thresholds) before yield loss occurs.

Clave para la identificación del segundo estadío larval de algunos trips comunes (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) : Mendoza, Argentina

Existen pocas publicaciones sobre claves de identificación de larvas de trips. Sin embargo, el tema es de interés básico para detectar el rango de hospedantes de los trips. Algunas especies son capaces de transmitir Tospovirus, agentes causales de la peste negra y otras enfermedades. El insecto adquiere el virus sólo como larva. Una clave de larvas será una herramienta útil para estudios epidemiológicos. La identificación de larvas es difícil porque tienen menos caracteres distintivos que los adultos; además, los individuos crecen constantemente. Las larvas obtenidas para este trabajo se recolectaron del campo sobre varias malezas y algunas plantas nativas y cultivadas. También se criaron en chauchas de poroto o polen y miel diluida a partir de adultos identificados. En este trabajo se presenta una descripción breve del segundo estadío larval de Frankliniella australis Morgan, F. gemina Bagnall, F. occidentalis Pergande, F. schultzei Trybom, F. valdiviana Sakimura et O'Neil y Thrips tabaci Lindeman y una clave para separar estas especies. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Mendoza.

Micropropagación de la enredadera nativa Mutisia subspinosa Cav.

La especie nativa Mutisia subspinosa es una enredadera perenne, resistente a heladas, con hermosas flores anaranjadas que presenta gran interés como ornamental. En trabajos previos de propagación a través de semillas o estacas se obtuvieron escasos resultados, lo que justificó el uso de la micropropagación. Para el establecimiento in vitro se utilizó el medio de Murashige Skoog (MS) diluido a la mitad. Se evaluó la adición de 6-bencilaminopurina (BAP) sola o en combinación con thidiazurón (TDZ) y un testigo sin hormonas. En la etapa de multiplicación se utilizó el mismo medio basal y se probaron dos auxinas: los ácidos indol butírico (AIB) y naftalén acético (ANA), además del uso de carbón activado. La composición del medio de cultivo más adecuada para el establecimiento fue la del testigo, mientras que para la multiplicación los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con la adición de 4 μmoles.L-1 de ANA. El agregado de 1 g.L-1 de carbón activado al medio de cultivo con 2,7 μmoles.L-1 mejoró la tasa de multiplicación y el enraizamiento.

Antioxidantes y porfirinas de Adesmia boronioides, Larrea divaricata y Atriplex lampa cultivadas in vitro

Los polifenoles están involucrados en la defensa contra la radiación ultravioleta, en la actividad antioxidante, con un significado evolutivo. En la región patagónica existen plantas nativas de interés medicinal muy valoradas por la herbolaria tradicional de la zona. Se estudió actividad antioxidante y pigmentos en Adesmia boronioides, Larrea divaricata y Atriplex lampa (plántulas enteras, 60 días) micropropagados a partir de semillas estériles, cultivadas en MS suplementado con 6-bencil-amino-purina (2219 μM), ácido naftalén-acético (0,053 μM), 45 μmoles fotón.m-2 .s-1, 16h/8h luz/:oscuridad, 22-24°C, subcultivo: 20 días. A.boronioides presentó entre 1,7 y 3,7 veces mayor contenido de porfirinas respecto de los otros cultivos. Se observó una baja cantidad de clorofila total con disminución de clorofila a a expensas de la b (clorofila a/b:2,98). La actividad de catalasa (EC1.11.1.6) fue la menor de los tres cultivos. El mayor contenido de clorofilas fue encontrado en L. divaricata con un alto contenido de clorofila a (clorofila a/b:21,04) y tuvo 2 a 13 veces más antocianinas que los otros cultivos. A. lampa presentó baja cantidad de clorofila (clorofila a/b:8,53); 4 a 6 veces más polifenoles y 5 a 20 veces mayor actividad de catalasa, respecto de los otros cultivos. Los resultados indican la posibilidad de aplicar estos cultivos in vitro como fuente de metabolitos bioactivos.

Ameaças à vegetação dunar

As paisagens dunares são sistemas de elevado dinamismo, devido à proximidade do mar e à extrema mobilidade do substrato arenoso e prevê-se que venham a ser severamente afetadas pelas alterações ambientais globais. As dunas são depósitos de areia criados por processos eólicos e apresentam uma vegetação muito característica. Estes depósitos de areia em conjunto com a vegetação formam uma barreira essencial ao avanço do mar durante as marés altas de águas vivas e tempestades. Em Portugal, a degradação dos ecossistemas costeiros é muito preocupante. O problema das espécies exóticas invasoras agravou-se, aumentando a pressão sobre as plantas nativas. Embora este problema não seja o único motivo da degradação dos ecossistemas costeiros, este trabalho pretende divulgar as plantas dunares da zona costeira de Matosinhos, sensibilizar para a proteção e conservação das dunas e alertar para o facto de diversas plantas invasoras rapidamente colonizarem espaços abertos, pondo em causa e estabilidade dos ecossistemas costeiros. O conhecimento detalhado destes ecossistemas permitirá a aplicação de processos de vigilância e monitorização bem como o restauro ecológico de áreas dunares degradadas.

Welsh botanology ...

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