National conventions of the Democratic & Republican parties. From 1832 & 1856, respectively.

Mode of access: Internet.

National survey of the prevalence, incidence, primary care burden, and treatment of heart failure in Scotland

Objective: To examine the epidemiology, primary care burden, and treatment of heart failure in Scotland, UK. Design: Cross sectional data from primary care practices participating in the Scottish continuous morbidity recording scheme between 1 April 1999 and 31 March 2000. Setting: 53 primary care practices ( 307 741 patients). Subjects: 2186 adult patients with heart failure. Results: The prevalence of heart failure in Scotland was 7.1 in 1000, increasing with age to 90.1 in 1000 among patients greater than or equal to 85 years. The incidence of heart failure was 2.0 in 1000, increasing with age to 22.4 in 1000 among patients greater than or equal to 85 years. For older patients, consultation rates for heart failure equalled or exceeded those for angina and hypertension. Respiratory tract infection was the most common comorbidity leading to consultation. Among men, 23% were prescribed a beta blocker, 11% spironolactone, and 46% an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. The corresponding figures for women were 20% (p = 0.29 versus men), 7% (p = 0.02), and 34% (p < 0.001). Among patients, 75 years 26% were prescribed a β blocker, 11% spironolactone, and 50% an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. The corresponding figures for patients &GE; 75 years were 19% (p = 0.04 versus patients < 75), 7% (p = 0.04), and 33% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Heart failure is a common condition, especially with advancing age. In the elderly, the community burden of heart failure is at least as great as that of angina or hypertension. The high rate of concomitant respiratory tract infection emphasises the need for strategies to immunise patients with heart failure against influenza and pneumococcal infection. Drugs proven to improve survival in heart failure are used less frequently for elderly patients and women.

The role of SHRM in turning tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge:a cross-national study of the UK and Malta

We propose that strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices nurture a context of knowledge sharing where tacit knowledge can be turned into explicit knowledge and that this type of knowledge sharing promotes innovative behaviours. We draw on the fields of knowledge management and international human resource management to show why organisations need to turn tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge to gain most from their workforce skills and creativity. Findings from a couple of cross-national case studies show how SHRM promotes employees to interact and share knowledge so that there is a conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge that informs innovative behaviour. In Case Study 1, the focus is on a UK local authority that implemented a bundle of SHRM practices through a people management programme, which resulted in a flattened management structure. In Case Study 2, the focus is on a geriatric hospital in Malta that introduced a management presence to an interdisciplinary team working to improve patient care. The analysis also highlights the methodological contribution of qualitative research for enabling inductive enquiry that yields emergent themes - an approach not typically seen in SHRM innovation studies. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

National survey of the Portuguese elderly nutritional status : study protocol

Acknowledgements We acknowledge the IAN-AF team (in particular to Duarte Torres, Milton Severo and Andreia Oliveira) for the community sampling and their support on dietary assessment methodology and critical discussion along the elaboration of the present protocol. Funding This project (136SI5) was granted by the Public Health Initiatives Programme (PT06), financed by EEA Grants Financial Mechanism 2009-2014.

National survey of the portuguese elderly nutritional status : study protocol

© 2016 The Author(s). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Cultivar al agricultor en la pampa seca : Generación y difusión de conocimientos agrícolas en las primeras décadas del siglo XX

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el complejo proceso de producción y divulgación de saberes entre los agricultores de la franja este del Territorio Nacional de la Pampa durante el período comprendido entre 1910 y 1940. La generación de un "corpus" de conocimientos agrícolas, pasible de ser utilizado por los productores en sus actividades cotidianas, pudo concretarse mediante el accionar de una serie de instituciones y expertos, en algunos casos estatales y en otros no, dedicados a examinar las condiciones agroecológicas de la región, experimentar con diferentes variedades cerealeras, estudiar la aplicabilidad de técnicas agronómicas e instruir a los agricultores pampeanos sobre los resultados de dichas investigaciones. Con este fin abordaremos el rol de las estaciones experimentales y las agronomías regionales del Ministerio de Agricultura Nacional, como así también el de los ingenieros agrónomos de las empresas ferroviarias y el de los propios agricultores. Estos últimos, lejos de ser receptores pasivos, en algunos casos se constituyeron en entusiastas experimentadores y en prolíficos divulgadores aficionados, cuyos saberes circulaban incluso en las revistas de agricultura de difusión nacional.

Cultivar al agricultor en la pampa seca : Generación y difusión de conocimientos agrícolas en las primeras décadas del siglo XX

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el complejo proceso de producción y divulgación de saberes entre los agricultores de la franja este del Territorio Nacional de la Pampa durante el período comprendido entre 1910 y 1940. La generación de un "corpus" de conocimientos agrícolas, pasible de ser utilizado por los productores en sus actividades cotidianas, pudo concretarse mediante el accionar de una serie de instituciones y expertos, en algunos casos estatales y en otros no, dedicados a examinar las condiciones agroecológicas de la región, experimentar con diferentes variedades cerealeras, estudiar la aplicabilidad de técnicas agronómicas e instruir a los agricultores pampeanos sobre los resultados de dichas investigaciones. Con este fin abordaremos el rol de las estaciones experimentales y las agronomías regionales del Ministerio de Agricultura Nacional, como así también el de los ingenieros agrónomos de las empresas ferroviarias y el de los propios agricultores. Estos últimos, lejos de ser receptores pasivos, en algunos casos se constituyeron en entusiastas experimentadores y en prolíficos divulgadores aficionados, cuyos saberes circulaban incluso en las revistas de agricultura de difusión nacional.

Cultivar al agricultor en la pampa seca : Generación y difusión de conocimientos agrícolas en las primeras décadas del siglo XX

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el complejo proceso de producción y divulgación de saberes entre los agricultores de la franja este del Territorio Nacional de la Pampa durante el período comprendido entre 1910 y 1940. La generación de un "corpus" de conocimientos agrícolas, pasible de ser utilizado por los productores en sus actividades cotidianas, pudo concretarse mediante el accionar de una serie de instituciones y expertos, en algunos casos estatales y en otros no, dedicados a examinar las condiciones agroecológicas de la región, experimentar con diferentes variedades cerealeras, estudiar la aplicabilidad de técnicas agronómicas e instruir a los agricultores pampeanos sobre los resultados de dichas investigaciones. Con este fin abordaremos el rol de las estaciones experimentales y las agronomías regionales del Ministerio de Agricultura Nacional, como así también el de los ingenieros agrónomos de las empresas ferroviarias y el de los propios agricultores. Estos últimos, lejos de ser receptores pasivos, en algunos casos se constituyeron en entusiastas experimentadores y en prolíficos divulgadores aficionados, cuyos saberes circulaban incluso en las revistas de agricultura de difusión nacional.

Didiman: Australian agricultural extension officers in the territory of Papua and New Guinea, 1945-1975

Historically, the development philosophy for the two Territories of Papua and New Guinea (known as TPNG, formerly two territories, Papua and New Guinea) was equated with economic development, with a focus on agricultural development. To achieve the modification or complete change in indigenous farming systems the Australian Government’s Department of External Territories adopted and utilised a programme based on agricultural extension. Prior to World War II, under Australian administration, the economic development of these two territories, as in many colonies of the time, was based on the institution of the plantation. Little was initiated in agriculture development for indigenous people. This changed after World War II to a rationale based on the promotion and advancement of primary industry, but also came to include indigenous farmers. To develop agriculture within a colony it was thought that a modification to, or in some cases the complete transformation of, existing farming systems was necessary to improve the material welfare of the population. It was also seen to be a guarantee for the future national interest of the sovereign state after independence was granted. The Didiman and Didimisis became the frontline, field operatives of this theoretical model of development. This thesis examines the Didiman’s field operations, the structural organisation of agricultural administration and the application of policy in the two territories.

State of the arts and innovation : before and after the review of the national innovation system

This article examines the relationship between the arts and national innovation policy in Australia, pivoting around the Venturous Australia report released in September 2008 as part of the Review of the National Innovation System (RNIS). This came at a time of optimism that the arts sector would be included in Australia’s federal innovation policy. However, despite the report’s broad vision for innovation and specific commentary on the arts, the more ambitious hopes of arts sector advocates remained unfulfilled. This article examines the entwining discourses of creativity and innovation which emerged globally and in Australia prior to the RNIS, before analysing Venturous Australia in terms of the arts and the ongoing science-and-technology bias to innovation policy. It ends by considering why sector-led policy research and lobbying has to date proved unsuccessful and then suggests what public policy development is now needed.

Conservation genetics of the endangered Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus)

The Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus L. 1758) is the most endangered neotropical cervid, and in the past occupied a wide range of open habitats including grassland, pampas, savanna, and cerrado (Brazil) from 5 degrees to 41 degrees S. To better understand the effect of habitat fragmentation on gene flow and genetic variation, and to uncover genetic units for conservation, we examined DNA sequences from the mitochondrial control region of 54 individuals from six localities distributed throughout the present geographical range of the Pampas deer. Our results suggest that the control region of the Pampas deer is one of the most polymorphic of any mammal. This remarkably high variability probably reflects large historic population sizes of millions of individuals in contrast to numbers of fewer than 80 000 today. Gene flow between populations is generally close to one migrant per generation and, with the exception of two populations from Argentina, all populations are significantly differentiated. The degree of gene flow was correlated with geographical distance between populations, a result consistent with limited dispersal being the primary determinant of genetic differentiation between populations. The molecular genetic results provide a mandate for habitat restoration and reintroduction of Pampas deer so that levels of genetic variation can be preserved and historic patterns of abundance can be reconstructed. However, the source of individuals for reintroduction generally should be from populations geographically closest to those now in danger of extinction.

Cultural Heritage Online? Settle It in the Country of Origin of the Work

This article examines the conditions under which a system of extended collective licensing (ECL) for the use of works contained in the collections of cultural heritage institutions (CHIs) participating in Europeana could function within a cross-border basis. ECL is understood as a form of collective rights management whereby the application of freely negotiated copyright licensing agreements between a user and a collective management organisation (“CMO”), is extended by law to non-members of the organisation. ECL regimes have already been put in place in a few Member States and so far, all have the ability to apply only on a national basis. This article proposes a mechanism that would allow works licensed under an ECL system in one territory of the European Union to be made available in all the territories of the Union. The proposal rests on the statutory recognition of the “country of origin” principle, as necessary and sufficient territory for the negotiation and application of an ECL solution for the rights clearance of works contained in the collection of a cultural heritage institution, including orphan works.

Source records of the great war : a comprehensive and readable source record of the world's great war, emphasizing the more important events, and presenting these as complete narratives in the actual words of the chief officials and most eminent leaders ... presenting documents from government archives and other authoritative sources, with outline narratives, indices, chronologies, and courses of reading on sociological movements and individual national activities /

"The war with Germany, a statistical summary by Leonard P. Ayres ... chief of the Statistics branch of the General staff": v. 7, 153 p. at end.