Reconciling custom, citizenship and colonial legacies: Ni-Vanuatu tertiary student attitudes to national identity

Nation-building remains a key challenge in Vanuatu. From the origins of this new nation in 1980, it was clear that creating a unifying sense of national identity and political community from multiple languages and diverse traditional cultures would be difficult. This paper presents new survey and focus group data on attitudes to national identity among tertiary students in Vanuatu. The survey identifies areas of common attitudes towards nationalism and national identity, shared by both Anglophone and Francophone Ni-Vanuatu. However, despite the weakening ties between language of education and political affiliation over recent years, the findings suggest that there remain some key areas of strong association between socio-linguistic background, and attitudes to the nation, and national identity. These findings cast new light on the attitudes of likely future elites towards regional, ethnic, intergenerational and linguistic fault lines in Vanuatu and the challenges of building a cohesive sense of political community and national identity.

An un-inherited past: preserving the Khami world heritage site, Zimbabwe

 National narratives are not collective memory. They are socially engineered processes that requires forgetting. The thesis analyses the social dynamics of heritage in postcolonial Africa using Khami World Heritage Site, Zimbabwe. It traces how Khami was uninherited through changing identities, population movement, processes of remembering and forgetting in nation-building processes.

Imagining Kyrgyzstan's nationhood and statehood: reactions to the 2010 Osh violence

This article explores the tensions inherent in how Kyrgyzstan's nationhood and statehood have been imagined and practised via an analysis of local reactions to the findings of the Kyrgyzstan Inquiry Commission's (KIC) investigation into the 2010 Osh violence and in particular the threat narrative that developed in opposition to the investigation. In the wake of the clashes that erupted in Osh in June 2010, a recurrent theme was calls from the international community for an independent investigation. Within Kyrgyzstan, however, some politicians argued that investigations violated the republic's sovereignty. Despite local reluctance, a number of investigations did subsequently take place. Yet the reports of the respective investigations did little to quell controversy, with the KIC report being strongly criticized and declared a threat to national security. The strength of feeling demonstrated by this reaction was indicative of long-standing and unresolved tensions in Kyrgyzstan between international and local imaginings of nationhood and statehood. The article concludes by arguing that nationhood and statehood need to be reimagined to focus on re-establishing state–society relations by both local and international actors in order for Kyrgyzstan to begin repairing the already fragile sociopolitical relationships that were grievously damaged by the violence and the subsequent investigations.

Bushfire catastrophe in Victoria, Australia : public record, accountability, commemoration, memorialization and heritage protection

In Australia, 7 February 2009 has become known as ‘Black Saturday’ because of the bushfire catastrophe that took 173 lives and devastated communities in the central parts of the State of Victoria. The paper considers how the 2009 fires have been recorded, how the issue of accountability has been dealt with, particularly in relation to the State and its agencies but also individual residents in the fire-devastated areas, and how bushfire deaths and other losses have been commemorated through remembrance events and museum collection projects and memorialized through the creation of new monuments and the protection of remaining physical structures as official heritage. Despite the major impact of bushfires on the State, to date few bushfire-related places have been protected. The former Cockatoo Kindergarten, which acted as a community refuge during an earlier catastrophic Victorian bushfire on Ash Wednesday, 16 February 1983, is an exception. Inscribed in 2012, the former kindergarten is the only bushfire-related place inscribed on the Victorian Heritage Register, in this case for its historical and social value as a place resonating with other communities affected by other bushfires and helping the broader Victorian public to come to terms with bushfire catastrophe. But, while bushfire commemoration activities and physical memorials, like those relating to war, help many societies remember individual and community pain and suffering, they can divert attention from the more fundamental questions of why they were there in the first place and what must be done to ensure the same catastrophe does not recur in the future. In this regard, the paper questions the oft-cited claim that bushfires are embedded in the Australian psyche, seeing links between the rhetoric around bushfire survival and Australian myth-making and nation-building.

Thermal modernity and architecture

This paper develops the concept of thermal modernity in order to offer a more detailed understanding of air conditioning and the historical role it has played in transforming urban and built space. An analysis oriented by the insights of Science and Technology Studies stresses how the international ascendancy of air conditioning has been contingent upon certain socio-political forces and cultural changes that occur at the local level. The productive example of Singapore - often referred to as the air-conditioned nation - is given to reveal the entanglements between indoor comfort provision, economic development and post-colonial nation-building. At a broader level, the paper points towards the importance of understanding air conditioning's impact on the spread of international modernism in analytically expansive ways, such that we can more fully appreciate how it has acted to remodel the built environment at different scales and reconfigure indoor and outdoor relationships.

Pasta secca e identità nazionale. Note di storia dell'alimentazione

In the wide range of data that the nutrition subject offers to the historical observation, this investigation focuses on one of the functions that food serves in the social context: that is, to signify cultural identity. In this context, we will analyse the ways in which industrially produced pasta has come to its status as one of the symbolic forms of twentieth-century Italian food, contributing to a sense of social identity that forms part of the process of nation-building developed during the XX century. The nature of the relationship between pasta and Italian food is analysed for a period of almost a century (1886-1984) through a variety of different sources: government enquiries, cookery books, gastronomic guides and menus of official dinners. The assemblage of such documents in one study allows investigation of certain themes throughout a wide range of gastronomical cultures active within the national borders. In this way, links are made between the production, adoption, reception and dissemination of the ingredients and Italian Unification.This method has made it possible to restore one possible form of historical knowledge of twentieth-century gastronomy and of the experiences by which it was influenced.

Brasilien als "vorgestellte Gemeinschaft"?

Die Formation Brasiliens über ein dynastisches Reich vollzog sich auf einem historischen Sonderweg, der innerhalb des neuweltlichen Kontextes als Abhängigkeit von der Metropole und «Dephasierung» interpretiert wird. In Andersons viel beachteter These von der Nation als imagined community, die es ermöglichte, die neuweltlichen Republiken als Avantgarde der Idealisierung und diskursiven Konstruktion der Nation zu betrachten (creole pioneers), bleibt Brasilien aus diesem Grund als «interessante Ausnahme» ausgeklammert. Die hier unternommene Untersuchung Brasiliens als vorgestellte Gemeinschaft zeigt, dass seit der Kolonialzeit eine auf den brasilianischen Raum bezogene Makronarrative existierte, welche positive Elemente des europäischen Neuweltdiskurses binden und zur Vision eines idealisierten neuen Imperiums formieren konnte. Diese «Brasilienerzählung» orientierte die politische Emanzipation von Europa (als inversão brasileira statt Bruch mit der Metropole) und konstituierte sich als monarchischer Legitimitätsdiskurs in einer Alteritätsbeziehung zu Hispanoamerika. Die Tradition ersetzte in der Gründungsliteratur weitgehend eine nationale Neuschreibung Brasiliens und zeigte sich später sogar mit dem modernisierenden Nationalismusdiskurs der Republik vereinbar. Demnach existierte parallel zu den kreolisch-republikanischen Konstruktionen in Form der traditionellen, kontinuierlichen und integrativen Makronarrative «Brasilien» eine weitere neuweltliche Erzählung mit Pioniercharakter, die ebenfalls gemeinschaftliche Sinnstiftung befördern und die offizielle Legitimitätsgrundlage gleichermaßen von Reich und Nation bilden konnte.

Decolonising the Mind: Nationalismus im Rundfunk in Namibia und Zambia

In diesem Aufsatz wird die Rolle des Radios im Dekolonisierungsprozess analysiert. Anhand zweier Beispiele – Namibia und Zambia – wird die Vermittlung eines afrikanischen Nationalismus untersucht, der sich nach der Unabhängigkeit in Bemühungen zum nation building niederschlug. Das Radio nahm (und nimmt) als wichtigstes Massenmedium in afrikanischen Staaten dabei insofern eine zentrale Rolle ein, als die jeweiligen Ideologien über dieses Medium an eine Bevölkerung übermittelt werden sollten. Im Beitrag werden nicht nur die jeweiligen Politiken analysiert, sondern auch die Rolle und Eigenwahrnehmung der Journalisten / innen und die Programme selbst. Die Widersprüche zwischen gewünschter Politik, vorhandener Infrastruktur, Vorstellungen der Journalist/innen und den Hörerwünschen machten die Vermittlung nationalistischer Politik sowie die Herstellung eines virtuellen nationalen Raumes im Radio zu komplexen Prozessen, die nicht immer gelingen konnten.

“Crye Fredome”? Medievalism and Twenty-First-Century Scottish National Identity

It is a well-documented fact that the Middle Ages have had a long history of instrumentalisation by nationalisms. 19th-century Eu¬rope in particular witnessed an origins craze during the process of nation-building. In the post-Shoah, post-modern West, on the other hand, we might expect this kind of medievalist master nar¬rative to have been consigned to the dustbin of history. And yet, as nationalism surges again in Europe, negotiations of national identi¬ties in medieval dress seem to have become fashionable once more. In order to come to terms with the fragmented and often contradictory presence of the Middle Ages in these discourses of national identity, I propose we consider medievalism a utilitarian product of the cultural memory. Rather than representing any ‘real’ Middle Ages, then, medievalism tailors available knowledge of the medieval past to the diverse social needs and ideologies of the present. This paper looks at a selection of Scottish examples of present-day medievalism in an attempt to investigate, in particular, the place of the medieval Wars of Scottish Independence in contemporary negotiations of ‘Scottishness’. Both the relationships envisioned between self and other and the role played by ‘the land’ in these cultural, social and political instances of national introspection offer starting points for critical inquiry. Moreover, the analysis of a scholarly intervention in the run-up to the 2014 Scottish independence referendum indicates an intriguing dialogue of academic and non-academic voices in the context of Scottish medievalist cultural memory. We thus find a wide array of uses of the Scottish Middle Ages, some of which feed into the burgeoning nationalism of recent years, while others offer more pensive and ambivalent answers to the question of what it means to be Scottish in the 21st century.

"De celebración perpetua" : Fechas, héroes y fiestas para la Nación

Concluida la guerra de independencia y disuelta la unidad colombiana, desde el incipiente estado venezolano se pone especial empeño en fijar un conjunto de referentes históricos que contribuyan a afianzar el proceso de construcción de la Nación. El establecimiento de las fechas patrias, el culto al héroe y la celebración de fiestas cívicas, son parte fundamental de este esfuerzo de integración territorial y de cohesión política cuya finalidad es crear un ideario nacional único para todos los venezolanos. El propósito del artículo es identificar los mecanismos mediante los cuales se establecen estas referencias simbólicas, analizar sus contenidos y estudiar de qué manera se sostienen y se formalizan hasta constituirse en motivo "de celebración perpetua" para el conjunto de la sociedad venezolana.

La consolidación y difusión de un mito fundacional : La Revolución de Mayo en los textos escolares, 1880-1905

El proceso de construcción de la Nación argentina tuvo entre sus basamentos dos proyectos fuertemente vinculados, uno historiográfico y otro educativo. Ambos conformaron una nueva memoria histórica que tuvo en los textos escolares un importante difusor. Estos libros actuaron como inventarios de lo que era necesario saber de la Argentina. Historia y memoria otorgaron a la Revolución de Mayo un valor nodal y los textos de historia de la enseñanza oficial contribuyeron a la construcción y transmisión de la Revolución de Mayo como mito fundacional integrado y funcional al modelo de ciudadanía implementado a partir de 1880.

"De celebración perpetua" : Fechas, héroes y fiestas para la Nación

Concluida la guerra de independencia y disuelta la unidad colombiana, desde el incipiente estado venezolano se pone especial empeño en fijar un conjunto de referentes históricos que contribuyan a afianzar el proceso de construcción de la Nación. El establecimiento de las fechas patrias, el culto al héroe y la celebración de fiestas cívicas, son parte fundamental de este esfuerzo de integración territorial y de cohesión política cuya finalidad es crear un ideario nacional único para todos los venezolanos. El propósito del artículo es identificar los mecanismos mediante los cuales se establecen estas referencias simbólicas, analizar sus contenidos y estudiar de qué manera se sostienen y se formalizan hasta constituirse en motivo "de celebración perpetua" para el conjunto de la sociedad venezolana.

La consolidación y difusión de un mito fundacional : La Revolución de Mayo en los textos escolares, 1880-1905

El proceso de construcción de la Nación argentina tuvo entre sus basamentos dos proyectos fuertemente vinculados, uno historiográfico y otro educativo. Ambos conformaron una nueva memoria histórica que tuvo en los textos escolares un importante difusor. Estos libros actuaron como inventarios de lo que era necesario saber de la Argentina. Historia y memoria otorgaron a la Revolución de Mayo un valor nodal y los textos de historia de la enseñanza oficial contribuyeron a la construcción y transmisión de la Revolución de Mayo como mito fundacional integrado y funcional al modelo de ciudadanía implementado a partir de 1880.

La consolidación y difusión de un mito fundacional : La Revolución de Mayo en los textos escolares, 1880-1905

El proceso de construcción de la Nación argentina tuvo entre sus basamentos dos proyectos fuertemente vinculados, uno historiográfico y otro educativo. Ambos conformaron una nueva memoria histórica que tuvo en los textos escolares un importante difusor. Estos libros actuaron como inventarios de lo que era necesario saber de la Argentina. Historia y memoria otorgaron a la Revolución de Mayo un valor nodal y los textos de historia de la enseñanza oficial contribuyeron a la construcción y transmisión de la Revolución de Mayo como mito fundacional integrado y funcional al modelo de ciudadanía implementado a partir de 1880.