Simultaneous grouping in cochlear implant listeners:can abrupt changes in level be used to segregate components from a complex tone?

A sudden increase in the amplitude of a component often causes its segregation from a complex tone, and shorter rise times enhance this effect. We explored whether this also occurs in implant listeners (n?=?8). Condition 1 used a 3.5-s “complex tone” comprising concurrent stimulation on five electrodes distributed across the array of the Nucleus CI24 implant. For each listener, the baseline stimulus level on each electrode was set at 50% of the dynamic range (DR). Two 1-s increments of 12.5%, 25%, or 50% DR were introduced in succession on adjacent electrodes within the “inner” three of those activated. Both increments had rise and fall times of 30 and 970 ms or vice versa. Listeners reported which increment was higher in pitch. Some listeners performed above chance for all increment sizes, but only for 50% increments did all listeners perform above chance. No significant effect of rise time was found. Condition 2 replaced amplitude increments with decrements. Only three listeners performed above chance even for 50% decrements. One exceptional listener performed well for 50% decrements with fall and rise times of 970 and 30 ms but around chance for fall and rise times of 30 and 970 ms, indicating successful discrimination based on a sudden rise back to baseline stimulation. Overall, the results suggest that implant listeners can use amplitude changes against a constant background to pick out components from a complex, but generally these must be large compared with those required in normal hearing. For increments, performance depended mainly on above-baseline stimulation of the target electrodes, not rise time. With one exception, performance for decrements was typically very poor.

Auditory grouping in cochlear implant listeners

This thesis describes a series of experiments investigating both sequential and concurrent auditory grouping in implant listeners. Some grouping cues used by normal-hearing listeners should also be available to implant listeners, while others (e.g. fundamental frequency) are unlikely to be useful. As poor spectral resolution may also limit implant listeners’ performance, the spread of excitation in the cochlea was assessed using Neural Response Telemetry (NRT) and the results were related to those of the perceptual tasks. Experiment 1 evaluated sequential segregation of alternating tone sequences; no effect of rate or evidence of perceptual ambiguity was found, suggesting that automatic stream segregation had not occurred. Experiment 2 was an electrode pitch-ranking task; some relationship was found between pitch-ranking judgements (especially confidence scores) and reported segregation. Experiment 3 used a temporal discrimination task; this also failed to provide evidence of automatic stream segregation, because no interaction was found between the effects of sequence length and electrode separation. Experiment 4 explored schema-based grouping using interleaved melody discrimination; listeners were not able to segregate targets and distractors based on pitch differences, unless accompanied by substantial level differences. Experiment 5 evaluated concurrent segregation in a task requiring the detection of level changes in individual components of a complex tone. Generally, large changes were needed and abrupt changes were no easier to detect than gradual ones. In experiment 6, NRT testing confirmed substantially overlapping simulation by intracochlear electrodes. Overall, little or no evidence of auditory grouping by implant listeners was found.

Stochastic beamforming for cochlear implant coding

Cochlear implants are prosthetic devices used to provide hearing to people who would otherwise be profoundly deaf. The deliberate addition of noise to the electrode signals could increase the amount of information transmitted, but standard cochlear implants do not replicate the noise characteristic of normal hearing because if noise is added in an uncontrolled manner with a limited number of electrodes then it will almost certainly lead to worse performance. Only if partially independent stochastic activity can be achieved in each nerve fibre can mechanisms like suprathreshold stochastic resonance be effective. We are investigating the use of stochastic beamforming to achieve greater independence. The strategy involves presenting each electrode with a linear combination of independent Gaussian noise sources. Because the cochlea is filled with conductive salt solutions, the noise currents from the electrodes interact and the effective stimulus for each nerve fibre will therefore be a different weighted sum of the noise sources. To some extent therefore, the effective stimulus for a nerve fibre will be independent of the effective stimulus of neighbouring fibres. For a particular patient, the electrode position and the amount of current spread are fixed. The objective is therefore to find the linear combination of noise sources that leads to the greatest independence between nerve discharges. In this theoretical study we show that it is possible to get one independent point of excitation (one null) for each electrode and that stochastic beamforming can greatly decrease the correlation between the noise exciting different regions of the cochlea. © 2007 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

Causal attributions in King-Kopetzky syndrome

At least 10% of people who present for help with hearing difficulties will be found to have normal hearing thresholds. These cases are clinically categorized as King-Kopetzky syndrome (KKS), obscure auditory dysfunction (OAD), or auditory processing disorder (APD). While recent research has focussed on the possible mechanistic basis for these difficulties, the perceptions of the hearing difficulties that lead people to seek help have not hitherto been identified. This study presents findings from an observational survey of causal attributions of hearing difficulties from 100 people with KKS. The findings suggest that participants regard immunity and risk related causes of hearing difficulties as pre-dominant. Psychological factors were not considered to be causal for hearing difficulties. These factors were not affected by diagnostic classification. These findings inform audiologists about their patient beliefs for the first time. The authors suggest that clinicians take care to ensure that their counselling is responsive to these beliefs. © 2010 British Society of Audiology, International Society of Audiology, and Nordic Audiological Society.

Deconvolution of magnetic acoustic change complex (mACC)

Objective: The aim of this study was to design a novel experimental approach to investigate the morphological characteristics of auditory cortical responses elicited by rapidly changing synthesized speech sounds. Methods: Six sound-evoked magnetoencephalographic (MEG) responses were measured to a synthesized train of speech sounds using the vowels /e/ and /u/ in 17 normal hearing young adults. Responses were measured to: (i) the onset of the speech train, (ii) an F0 increment; (iii) an F0 decrement; (iv) an F2 decrement; (v) an F2 increment; and (vi) the offset of the speech train using short (jittered around 135. ms) and long (1500. ms) stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). The least squares (LS) deconvolution technique was used to disentangle the overlapping MEG responses in the short SOA condition only. Results: Comparison between the morphology of the recovered cortical responses in the short and long SOAs conditions showed high similarity, suggesting that the LS deconvolution technique was successful in disentangling the MEG waveforms. Waveform latencies and amplitudes were different for the two SOAs conditions and were influenced by the spectro-temporal properties of the sound sequence. The magnetic acoustic change complex (mACC) for the short SOA condition showed significantly lower amplitudes and shorter latencies compared to the long SOA condition. The F0 transition showed a larger reduction in amplitude from long to short SOA compared to the F2 transition. Lateralization of the cortical responses were observed under some stimulus conditions and appeared to be associated with the spectro-temporal properties of the acoustic stimulus. Conclusions: The LS deconvolution technique provides a new tool to study the properties of the auditory cortical response to rapidly changing sound stimuli. The presence of the cortical auditory evoked responses for rapid transition of synthesized speech stimuli suggests that the temporal code is preserved at the level of the auditory cortex. Further, the reduced amplitudes and shorter latencies might reflect intrinsic properties of the cortical neurons to rapidly presented sounds. Significance: This is the first demonstration of the separation of overlapping cortical responses to rapidly changing speech sounds and offers a potential new biomarker of discrimination of rapid transition of sound.

Características sociodemográficas del adulto mayor con deterioro auditivo en el centro de atención del IESS. Cuenca 2015

OBJETIVO GENERAL: Establecer las características sociodemográficas del adulto mayor con deterioro auditivo en el centro de atención del IESS. Cuenca 2015. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal. El universo compuesto por 1800 personas que se encontraron inscritos en el centro de atención del adulto mayor, en la ciudad de Cuenca, 2015. Se trabajó con una muestra de 317 adultos mayores. Este proyecto se realizó mediante: encuestas y audiometrías. Los datos que se obtuvieron fueron analizados en SPSS 20.00 y Excel 2010; para el análisis se utilizó la estadística descriptiva; además personal capacitado realizó la audiometría de tipo tonal, en el Centro de diagnóstico de la Universidad de Cuenca. RESULTADOS: Los resultados obtenidos de las encuestas y de las audiometrías realizadas son los siguientes. De los 317 encuestados (248 (78%) femeninos, 69 (22%) masculinos), las audiometrías realizadas a 160 adultos mayores, presentan algún tipo de deterioro auditivo destacando el grado de audición normal 11% (34), hipoacusia conductiva leve 7% (22), hipoacusia conductiva moderada 3% (11), hipoacusia mixta leve 8% (25), hipoacusia mixta moderada 3% (8), hipoacusia sensorioneural leve 9% (29), hipoacusia sensorioneural moderada 9% (27), hipoacusia sensorioneural severa 1% (3). La información obtenida de la investigación permite establecer una evaluación general del estado actual del grado de audición de los adultos mayores, permite evidenciar la importancia de una atención adecuada a partir de los 60 o más años, para evitar la pérdida de audición por envejecimiento

Inter-comparisons of articulation tests on normal and hard-of-hearing listeners

This paper discusses a study undertaken to test various speech discrimination tests.

Tone burst sensitivity in normal and sensorineural hearing impaired listeners

This paper discusses a study to predict the pure tone audiogram from the results of electric response audiometry utilizing frequency-selective tone burst stimuli.

Identification of normal and abnormal acoustic speech patterns by profoundly hearing-impaired children

This paper discusses a study to determine if profoundly hearing impaired children could identify acoustically normal speech patterns from abnormal speech patterns.

Loudness judgments in normal and hearing impaired listeners

This paper studies the use of a rank order scale to achieve a goal of normal loudness perception for a hearing-impaired person. The study compares loudness judgments in normal and hearing-impaired listeners.

Low cost calibrated mechanical noisemaker for hearing screening of neonates in resource constrained settings

Background & objectives: There is a need to develop an affordable and reliable tool for hearing screening of neonates in resource constrained, medically underserved areas of developing nations. This study valuates a strategy of health worker based screening of neonates using a low cost mechanical calibrated noisemaker followed up with parental monitoring of age appropriate auditory milestones for detecting severe-profound hearing impairment in infants by 6 months of age. Methods: A trained health worker under the supervision of a qualified audiologist screened 425 neonates of whom 20 had confirmed severe-profound hearing impairment. Mechanical calibrated noisemakers of 50, 60, 70 and 80 dB (A) were used to elicit the behavioural responses. The parents of screened neonates were instructed to monitor the normal language and auditory milestones till 6 months of age. This strategy was validated against the reference standard consisting of a battery of tests - namely, auditory brain stem response (ABR), otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and behavioural assessment at 2 years of age. Bayesian prevalence weighted measures of screening were calculated. Results: The sensitivity and specificity was high with least false positive referrals for. 70 and 80 dB (A) noisemakers. All the noisemakers had 100 per cent negative predictive value. 70 and 80 dB (A) noisemakers had high positive likelihood ratios of 19 and 34, respectively. The probability differences for pre- and post- test positive was 43 and 58 for 70 and 80 dB (A) noisemakers, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: In a controlled setting, health workers with primary education can be trained to use a mechanical calibrated noisemaker made of locally available material to reliably screen for severe-profound hearing loss in neonates. The monitoring of auditory responses could be done by informed parents. Multi-centre field trials of this strategy need to be carried out to examine the feasibility of community health care workers using it in resource constrained settings of developing nations to implement an effective national neonatal hearing screening programme.

Traitement vocal et vieillissement normal : apports comportementaux et neurofonctionnels

La voix est tout sauf un stimulus auditif ordinaire. Pour cause, elle prend son importance de manière très précoce chez l’Homme lorsque, dans l’environnement amniotique, le fœtus entend pour la toute première fois la voix de sa mère. C’est en quelque sorte par l’intermédiaire de cette voix que les premiers contacts avec le monde extérieur, mais également avec l’Autre, s’effectuent. Le statut particulier de la voix humaine perdure au fil du développement, devenant plus tard le principal médium véhiculant le langage oral, si significatif pour l’Homme. En parallèle, et de manière tout aussi adaptative, elle permet la transmission d’informations non langagières renseignant sur l’identité, l’état émotionnel mais également le statut social de chaque individu. C’est ainsi que simplement en entendant la voix d’une personne inconnue, il est généralement possible d’en extrapoler son âge, son genre, mais également d’avoir une idée assez précise de l’état émotionnel dans lequel elle se trouve. Les capacités permettant d’extraire de la voix les divers éléments informationnels qu’elle contient ne seraient toutefois pas stables au fil du temps. Ainsi, le vieillissement normal semble associé à des difficultés de traitement des informations vocales de nature langagière, mais également non langagière. De nombreuses études se sont intéressées au déclin des capacités de traitement du discours avec l’âge. Beaucoup moins de travaux ont cependant considéré les conséquences du vieillissement sur le domaine paralinguistique et, lorsque des travaux s’y sont attardés, c’est essentiellement la sphère affective qui a été investiguée. En raison de ce peu d’études, mais également de leur focus portant spécifiquement sur la sphère émotionnelle, il est extrêmement ardu de généraliser les résultats obtenus au traitement vocal général. La présente thèse s’est donc intéressée aux capacités de traitement de la voix dans le vieillissement normal. La première étude de cette thèse (Article 1) avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact du vieillissement normal sur les capacités comportementales de traitement paralinguistique vocal non émotionnel. Pour ce faire, une batterie informatisée composée de quatre tâches a été élaborée : la batterie d’évaluation de la perception vocale (Batterie EPV; tâches de catégorisation de genre, de discrimination de sources sonores, adaptative de discrimination et de mémorisation). Cette batterie permettait de comparer les performances d’adultes jeunes et âgés lors du traitement de stimuli vocaux et non vocaux, mais également lors du traitement de divers stimuli vocaux. Cette première étude met en évidence, pour trois des quatre tâches comportementales, des performances inférieures chez les adultes âgés et ce, malgré le contrôle statistique des contributions du déclin auditif et cognitif. Pour les aînés, le traitement de stimuli vocaux, en comparaison au traitement de stimuli non vocaux, n’était toutefois pas systématiquement inférieur à celui des jeunes adultes. Sans que les performances ne puissent être prédites par la mesure cognitive utilisée comme covariable (performances au MoCA), il appert que les demandes cognitives inhérentes aux tâches participent à ces différences intergroupes. Le second article de ce travail visait quant à lui à explorer à l’aide de l’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf), l’influence du vieillissement normal sur les réseaux neuronaux sous-tendant le traitement de l’information vocale, une telle investigation n’ayant jamais été effectuée auparavant. Pour ce faire, une tâche d’écoute passive (permettant le contraste de blocs de sons vocaux et non vocaux) ainsi qu’une tâche adaptative de discrimination ont été utilisées. La tâche adaptative, basée sur une type de protocole psycoacoustique « up-down », assurait l’obtention de niveau de performance équivalent entre les deux groupes, une condition nécessaire pour la comparaison de groupe au niveau neurofonctionnel. La comparaison des adultes jeunes et âgés n’a mis en évidence aucune disparité quant au recrutement des aires répondant préférentiellement à la voix : les aires vocales temporales (AVT). Ce résultat suggère que l’âge n’affecte pas la mobilisation des aires spécialisées dans le traitement de la voix. Néanmoins, à l’extérieur des AVT et chez les aînés, le sous recrutement d’une portion du cortex auditif a été observé, en parallèle au recrutement additionnel de régions pariétale, temporale et frontale (Article 2 – Étude 1). Lors de la réalisation d’une tâche adaptative de discrimination, contrairement à ce qui était attendu, les seuils de discrimination des deux groupes d’âges étaient comparables. Pour effectuer la tâche, les participants âgés ont cependant recruté un réseau neuronal plus étendu que celui des jeunes adultes, et pour les aînés, l’activation additionnelle de régions frontale et temporale sous-tendaient la réalisation de la tâche (Article 2 - Étude 2). Les données comportementales présentées dans cette thèse suggèrent que l’effet délétère que semble avoir le vieillissement normal sur les capacités de traitement paralinguistique vocal affectif est également retrouvé lors du traitement d’informations vocales émotionnellement neutres. En parallèle, la mise en place de phénomènes de plasticité cérébrale est objectivée. Ces derniers ne toucheraient cependant pas les réseaux spécialisés dans le traitement de la voix, qui seraient recrutés de manière comparable par les adultes jeunes et âgés. Néanmoins, la tâche d’écoute passive a mis en évidence la présence, chez les aînés, du recrutement sous-optimal d’une portion du cortex auditif (gyrus temporal transverse). En parallèle, et ce pour les deux tâches, des réseaux neuronaux surnuméraires étaient sollicitées par les adultes âgés, permettant potentiellement d’assurer, chez les ainés, le maintien de performances adéquates.

Canonical syllable reduplication in infants with sensorineural hearing loss. 'Reduplicación y mezcla de sílabas balbuceadas en niños con hipoacusia'.

Resumen en español. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

The development of syntax in the written language of hearing-impaired children

This paper is a review of language development in normal and hearing impaired children.

The phase relations of normal ears compared with the phase relations of otosclerotic ears before and after the fenestration operation

This paper discusses the fenestration operation and its effect on hearing.