Transport-determined early growth and development of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus juveniles immigrating into Sagami Bay, Japan

Oceanographic conditions and transport processes are often critical factors that affect the early growth, survival and recruitment of marine fishes. Sagittal otoliths were analysed to determine age and early growth for 381 jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) juveniles from Sagami Bay on the Pacific coast of Japan. Two separate hatching periods ( December and February-March) were identified. They originated from the spawning grounds in the East China Sea. Early growth and developmental rates of December-hatching fish were lower than those for February-March-hatching fish. It is likely that these differences were determined in the Kuroshio Current during transport from the spawning grounds to Sagami Bay, and the lower December water temperatures in the bay. Origin and hatch dates of juveniles in Sagami Bay were in contrast to previous research on Fukawa Bay, where April-or-later-hatching fish from spawning grounds in the coastal waters of southern Japan constituted about half of the juvenile population. Management of these two jack mackerel stocks needs to consider these differences in hatch date composition and spawning origins, as these differences could affect early growth and subsequent mortality.

Changes in RNA, DNA, protein contents and growth of turbot Scophthalmus maximus larvae and juveniles

The growth potential of turbot Scophthalmus maximus larvae and juveniles was studied using nucleic acid-based indices and protein variables. The experiment was carried out from 4 to 60 days post hatching (dph). A significant increase in instantaneous growth rate during metamorphosis and retarded growth rate during post-metamorphic phase were observed. Ontogenetic patterns of DNA, RNA and protein all showed developmental stage-specific traits. The RNA:DNA ratio decreased up to 12 dph, then increased rapidly till 19 dph and fluctuated until 35 dph followed by a decline to the end. The RNA:DNA ratio was positively correlated with growth rate of juveniles during the post-metamorphic phase, whereas this ratio was not a sensitive indicator of growth during the pre-metamorphic phase and metamorphosis. The protein:DNA ratio showed a similar tendency to the RNA:DNA ratio. Changes of DNA content and protein:DNA ratio revealed that growth of S. maximus performed mainly by hyperplasia from 4 to 12 dph and hypertrophy until 21 dph during the pre-metamorphic larval phase. Growth was dominantly hypertrophical from the early- to mid-metamorphosing phase and hyperplastic thereafter. The results show that the DNA content and protein:DNA ratio can evaluate growth rates of larval and juvenile S. maximus on a cellular level.

Cannibalism in Japanese flounder juveniles, Paralichthys olivaceus, reared under controlled conditions

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sand substratum, light, starvation, fish density and size variation on cannibalism among Japanese flounder juveniles, Paralichthys olivaceus. Cannibalistic behavior (biting and swallowing) increased significantly with starvation except in darkness, where juveniles could not find and attack their prey. Cannibalism occurred more frequently in heterogeneous than in the homogeneous size groups. Cannibalism was more frequent in light than in darkness at each starvation level. With sufficient food present, sand had no significant effect on cannibalism among homogeneous size juveniles, but played an important role in discouraging predation among members of the heterogeneous size groups. With sufficient food present, the rate of cannibalism was generally low and there were no significant differences in cannibalism among fish density levels of the homogeneous juveniles, With starvation, the cannibalism rate was significantly higher in high density groups than in the lower ones. Our results indicate that size variation, starvation and Light are the major factors affecting cannibalism in flounder juveniles, while sand and fish density only have a limited effect on cannibalism, depending on the nature of other factors. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of photoperiod on growth, mortality and digestive enzymes in miiuy croaker larvae and juveniles

The growth, mortality and digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase and lipase) in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae and juveniles (2-53 dph) were investigated at four photoperiods: 24L:OD), 18L:6D, 12L:12D and OL:24D. Larvae could not feed at OL:24D and did not survive up to 7 dph. In the 24L:OD, 18L:6D, 12L:12D groups, photoperiod had not significant effects on the growth of the rniiuy croaker younger than 20 dph. However, their total length and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly larger at 18L:6D and 24L:OD than 12L:12D after 20 dph. Photoperiod also affected the mortality of the first feeding larvae (5 dph). being apparently higher in 5 dph larvae at OL:24D (60%) than at other photopenods (20-27%), but no significant differences in mortality were found among other photoperiods. High mortality of the miiuy croaker in 12L:12D, 18L:6D and 24 L:OD groups mainly occurred from 5 (20-27%) to 11 dph (11-16%) and tended to decrease gradually from 15 dph onwards. Digestive enzymes activities in the rniiuy croaker larvae and juveniles had a similar change trend with age at all photoperiods. They underwent drastic changes with age. The specific activity of lipase was significantly higher at 18L:6D and 24L:0D than 12L:12D, but there were no significant differences in specific activities of either trypsin or amylase among photoperiods. With regard to the total length, SGR, survival and digestive enzyme activities, our findings suggested that the optimal light regime for the culture of miiuy croaker during the early life stage was 18L:6D. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Crecimiento compensatorio en juveniles de la langosta de agua dulce pinzas rojas Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Parastacidae) y sus aplicaciones al cultivo

Un adecuado manejo alimenticio es determinante en el éxito en la acuicultura, dado que el consumo de alimentos influye directamente en el crecimiento y en la conversión alimenticia de los organismos. En una producción semi-intensiva e intensiva, los costos de alimentación representan hasta el 80 por ciento del total y por esta razón un manejo alimenticio alternativo al habitualmente empleado (alimentación diaria) puede ser una estrategia viable para reducir dichos costos. Explorar el crecimiento compensatorio en los organismos después de una reducción en la cantidad de alimento suministrado es una herramienta que puede ser utilizada para dicho fin. Los juveniles tempranos de la langosta de agua dulce Cherax quadricarinatus presentaron la capacidad de compensar tanto un moderado como prolongado periodo de restricción alimenticia (alimentación intermitente)y los mecanismos involucrados fueron la hiperfagia y la mayor conversión alimenticia. La recuperación del crecimiento fue total o parcial, dependiendo de la extensión del periodo de alimentación diaria post-restricción (periodo de recuperación). La aplicación de un período de recuperación fue imprescindible para inducir la capacidad compensatoria en esta especie. De los factores que modulan el crecimiento compensatorio, se observó que las dietas altamente proteicas no afectan dicha capacidad, así como las tres temperaturas ensayadas (inferior a la óptima, óptima y superior a la óptima, para el crecimiento de la especie). La talla tampoco afectó dicha capacidad, pero, influye en la severidad de la respuesta del periodo restricción y consecuentemente en el tiempo de recuperación. La restricción no causó severas alteraciones en la estructura, composición bioquímica y actividad de las enzimas digestivas de la glándula digestiva, lo que refleja que estos juveniles no presentarían deficiencias nutricionales. La alta supervivencia observada en los juveniles que compensan es otro indicador de que tanto la restricción alimenticia como la propia compensación no causan posteriores daños en el organismos.

Parametros biológicos y morfología de estados juveniles de Adurgoa gonagra (Klug) (Hym.., Argidae)

p.189-192

Crecimiento compensatorio en juveniles de la langosta de agua dulce pinzas rojas Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Parastacidae) y sus aplicaciones al cultivo

Un adecuado manejo alimenticio es determinante en el éxito en la acuicultura, dado que el consumo de alimentos influye directamente en el crecimiento y en la conversión alimenticia de los organismos. En una producción semi-intensiva e intensiva, los costos de alimentación representan hasta el 80 por ciento del total y por esta razón un manejo alimenticio alternativo al habitualmente empleado (alimentación diaria) puede ser una estrategia viable para reducir dichos costos. Explorar el crecimiento compensatorio en los organismos después de una reducción en la cantidad de alimento suministrado es una herramienta que puede ser utilizada para dicho fin. Los juveniles tempranos de la langosta de agua dulce Cherax quadricarinatus presentaron la capacidad de compensar tanto un moderado como prolongado periodo de restricción alimenticia (alimentación intermitente)y los mecanismos involucrados fueron la hiperfagia y la mayor conversión alimenticia. La recuperación del crecimiento fue total o parcial, dependiendo de la extensión del periodo de alimentación diaria post-restricción (periodo de recuperación). La aplicación de un período de recuperación fue imprescindible para inducir la capacidad compensatoria en esta especie. De los factores que modulan el crecimiento compensatorio, se observó que las dietas altamente proteicas no afectan dicha capacidad, así como las tres temperaturas ensayadas (inferior a la óptima, óptima y superior a la óptima, para el crecimiento de la especie). La talla tampoco afectó dicha capacidad, pero, influye en la severidad de la respuesta del periodo restricción y consecuentemente en el tiempo de recuperación. La restricción no causó severas alteraciones en la estructura, composición bioquímica y actividad de las enzimas digestivas de la glándula digestiva, lo que refleja que estos juveniles no presentarían deficiencias nutricionales. La alta supervivencia observada en los juveniles que compensan es otro indicador de que tanto la restricción alimenticia como la propia compensación no causan posteriores daños en el organismos.

Estudio de los movimientos en matemáticas (y 2)

Si en la primera parte de este trabajo presentamos la aplicación «movimientos en el plano» para el tratamiento de la simetria axial en esta segunda parte, aunque no cambiemos de temática, vamos a centrarnos en una perspectiva más interactiva.

Non-nematode-derived double-stranded RNAs induce profound phenotypic changes in Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera pallida infective juveniles

Nine non-nematode-derived double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), designed for use as controls in RNA interference (RNAi) screens of neuropeptide targets, were found to induce aberrant phenotypes and an unexpected inhibitory effect on motility of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita J2s following 24 h soaks in 0.1 mg/ml dsRNA; a simple soaking procedure which we have found to elicit profound knockdown of neuronal targets in Globodera pallida J2s. We have established that this inhibitory phenomenon is both time- and concentration-dependent, as shorter 4 h soaks in 0.1 mg/ml dsRNA had no negative impact on M. incognita J2 stage worms, yet a 10-fold increase in concentration to 1 mg/ml for the same 4 h time period had an even greater qualitative and quantitative impact on worm phenotype and motility. Further, a 10-fold increase of J2s soaked in 0.1 mg/ml dsRNA did not significantly alter the observed phenotypic aberration, which suggests that dsRNA uptake of the soaked J2s is not saturated under these conditions. This phenomenon was not initially observed in potato cyst nematode G. pallida J2s, which displayed no aberrant phenotype, or diminution of migratory activity in response to the same 0.1 mg/ml dsRNA 24 h soaks. However, a 10-fold increase in dsRNA to 1 mg/ml was found to elicit comparable irregularity of phenotype and inhibition of motility in G. pallida, to that initially observed in M. incognita following a 24 h soak in 0.1 mg/ml dsRNA. Again, a 10-fold increase in the number of G. pallida J2s soaked in the same volume of 1 mg/ml dsRNA preparation did not significantly affect the observed phenotypic deviation. We do not observe any global impact on transcript abundance in either M. incognita or G. pallida J2s following 0.1 mg/ml dsRNA soaks, as revealed by reverse transcriptase-PCR and quantitative PCR data. This study aims to raise awareness of a phenomenon which we observe consistently and which we believe signifies a more expansive deficiency in our knowledge and understanding of the variables inherent to RNAi-based investigation.

Short interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing in Globodera pallida and Meloidogyne incognita infective stage juveniles

The analysis of gene function through RNA interference (RNAi)-based reverse genetics in plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) remains inexplicably reliant on the use of long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) silencing triggers; a practice inherently disadvantageous due to the introduction of superfluous dsRNA sequence. increasing chances of aberrant or off-target gene silencing through interactions between nascent short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and non-cognate mRNA targets. Recently, we have shown that non-nematode, long dsRNAs have a propensity to elicit profound impacts on the phenotype and migrational abilities of both root knot and cyst nematodes. This study presents, to our knowledge for the first time, gene-specific knockdown of FMRFamide-like peptide (flp) transcripts, using discrete 21 bp siRNAs in potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida, and root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infective (J2) stage juveniles. Both knockdown at the transcript level through quantitative (q)PCR analysis and functional data derived from migration assay, indicate that siRNAs targeting certain areas of the FMRFamide-like peptide (FLP) transcripts are potent and specific in the silencing of gene function. In addition, we present a method of manipulating siRNA activity through the management of strand thermodynamics. Initial evaluation of strand thermodynamics as a determinant of RNA-induced Silencing Complex (RISC) strand selection (inferred from knockdown efficacy) in the siRNAs presented here suggested that the purported influence of 5' stand stability on guide incorporation may be somewhat promiscuous. However, we have found that on strategically incorporating base mismatches in the sense strand of a G. pallida-specific siRNA we could specifically increase or decrease the knockdown of its target (specific to the antisense strand), presumably through creating more favourable thermodynamic profiles for incorporation of either the sense (non-target-specific) or antisense (target-specific) strand into a cleavage-competent RISC. Whilst the efficacy of similar approaches to siRNA modification has been demonstrated in the context of Drosophila whole-cell lysate preparations and in mammalian cell cultures, it remained to be seen how these sense strand mismatches may impact on gene silencing in vivo, in relation to different targets and in different sequence contexts. This work presents the first application of such an approach in a whole organism; initial results show promise. (C) 2009 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.