Relação entre as características químicas e o valor dos pêssegos comercializados pelo sistema veiling frutas Holambra em Paranapanema-SP

O valor de comercialização do pêssego é reflexo da demanda e de sua apreciação pelo consumidor. A compreensão da diferença de valor entre os frutos das diferentes cultivares e da sua relação com as características que determinam o gosto do fruto, torna possível o estabelecimento de uma estratégia de comercialização visando ao aumento no consumo e na receita do produtor, além de dar subsídios aos programas de melhoramento genético. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as características de gosto de duas cultivares, 'Douradão' e 'Tropic Beauty', e de duas séries de cultivares, 'Aurora' e 'Dourado', que são as cultivares de pêssego mais produzidas no município de Paranapanema, maior produtor do Estado de São Paulo. Trabalhou-se com os valores de comercialização do leilão reverso, ou veiling, da Cooperativa Agroindustrial Holambra, no período de maior oferta do produto, entre 15 de outubro a 15 de novembro de 2004. A caracterização do gosto dos frutos foi feita através da determinação dos conteúdos de sólidos solúveis (SS) e de acidez titulável (AT), e da relação SS/AT dos frutos comercializados no Entreposto Terminal de São Paulo da CEAGESP. As médias dos conteúdos de sólidos solúveis (SS) não se mostraram significativamente diferentes. A acidez titulável (AT) e a relação SS/AT apresentaram valores médios significativamente diferentes. A cultivar 'Douradão' apresentou a maior relação SS/AT, seguida das séries varietais 'Dourado' e 'Aurora' e da cultivar Tropic Beauty. As diferenças na relação SS/AT não determinaram diferenças significativas no valor dos frutos do mesmo calibre, nos quatro materiais estudados. O valor de comercialização dos produtos mostrou-se significativamente afetado pelos calibres.

Obtenção e caracterização de farinha de frutas e vegetais através do uso de um sistema de secagem solar de baixo custo

In this work a solar drying system for food dehydration was developed. It is a direct exposition drying apparatus that uses solar energy to heat the circulating air. First, the construction and assembly of this apparatus was described, in which was used scrap wraps of used tires for thermal insulation, allowing the reuse of solid waste, being an ecologically correct recycling option. After, the results obtained in experiments for cashew drying showed the thermal and economical feasibility of the proposed solar drying system, focusing on the process of flour production and in its chemical characterization. It was also demonstrated the social importance of this production for socially excluded people, since the value added to this fruit, in relation to its in nature form, may represent an option for job and income generation. The main features of the proposed dryer are its low cost and its easy fabrication and assembly process. After cashew drying, the obtained product was processed into flour by using a knife mill and it was added crushed rapadura to reduce the rancid taste caused by tannin

Desidratação de polpas de frutas pelo método foam-mat

This study aimed to investigate the foam mat drying process of pineapple and mango pulp, as well as to evaluate the final product quality. Initially, the selection of fruit and additives was conducted based on density and stability determinations of mango, seriguela, umbu and pineapple foams. After selecting pineapple and mango for further studies, the fruit pulps and fruit foams were characterized in regard to their physicochemical composition. The temperature (60oC or 70oC) and the foam thickness (4 and 11 mm) were evaluated in accordance to the obtained drying curves and after model adjustment. Mango and pineapple powders obtained at the best process conditions were characterized in regard to their physicochemical composition, solubility, reconstitution time. Yoghurts were prepared with the addition of pineapple and mango powders and they were evaluated for their sensory acceptance. Results show that the best drying rates were achieved by using 70o C and layers 4mm thick for both fruits. The Page model successfully fitted the drying experimental data and it can be used as a predictive model. Pineapple and mango powders showed acid pH, high soluble solids content, low water activity (approx. 0.25), lipids between 1.46% and 2.03%, protein around 2.00%, and ascorbic acid content of 17,73 mg/100g and 14.32 mg/100g, for mango and pineapple, respectively. It was observed higher ascorbic acid retention for pineapple and mango powders processed at 70o C, which would be explained by the lower drying time applied. The fruit powders exhibited high solubility and fast reconstitution in water. The sensory acceptance indexes for yoghurts with the addition of both fruit powders were higher than 70%, which reflect the satisfactory product acceptance

Estudo das características físico-químicas e funcionalidade de bagaços de frutas tropicais desidratados em leito de jorro

Fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds. Tropical fruit cultivation is an important productive segment in Brazilian Northeast. Its industrialization generates solid wastes as co-products, with potential environmental impact. Considering the recognized bioactive content of fruit and its derivatives, this research has the objective of investigating acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), cajá-umbu (Spondia ssp), jambolan (Syzygium cumini) and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) dried wastes obtained by spouted bed drier. It was analyzed the physical-chemical composition, solubility and microphotographic aspect of these dried wastes. Besides this, it was also evaluated the bioactive content, antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity against aamylase and a-glycosidase enzymes of water and ethanol (70%, 80% e 100% v/v) extracts prepared from fruit dried wastes, as well as their possible correlations. The dried fruit wastes showed high phenolic (606.04 to 3074.6 mg GAE eq/100 g sample), anthocyanin (478.7 mg/100 g for jambolan) and ascorbic acid (2748.03 mg/100 g for acerola) contents, as well as high antioxidant DPPH activity (14.27 a 36.30 mg Trolox eq/g sample). The extracts exhibited moderate to high a-amylase inhibition (23.97% a 76.58%) and high α-glycosidase inhibition, which 99.32% peak was reached for ethanol 70% pitanga extracts. It was also observed great positive correlation between phenolic content and DPPH activity (0.97 for acerola), anthocyanin (0.95 for jambolan) and α- glycosidase inhibition (0.98 for acerola). The α-glycosidase inhibition also correlated well with the antioxidant activity for all fruit extracts. The results show that these dried fruit wastes are valuable material for further applications as functional ingredients

Avaliacao de dados de secagem de suspensoes de polpas de frutas em leito de jorro com alimentacao intermitente

The objective of this work was the development and improvement of the mathematical models based on mass and heat balances, representing the drying transient process fruit pulp in spouted bed dryer with intermittent feeding. Mass and energy balance for drying, represented by a system of differential equations, were developed in Fortran language and adapted to the condition of intermittent feeding and mass accumulation. Were used the DASSL routine (Differential Algebraic System Solver) for solving the differential equation system and used a heuristic optimization algorithm in parameter estimation, the Particle Swarm algorithm. From the experimental data food drying, the differential models were used to determine the quantity of water and the drying air temperature at the exit of a spouted bed and accumulated mass of powder in the dryer. The models were validated using the experimental data of drying whose operating conditions, air temperature, flow rate and time intermittency, varied within the limits studied. In reviewing the results predicted, it was found that these models represent the experimental data of the kinetics of production and accumulation of powder and humidity and air temperature at the outlet of the dryer

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

Análises físico-químicas de polpas de frutas e avaliação dos seus padrões de identidade e qualidade

The pulps are products that add economic value enjoy the fruits of the surplus productions of the same. Have good market acceptance because of its practicality and diversity of flavors available year round. In order to assess the quality of the fruit pulp through the physical and chemical parameters and the characteristics of manufacturing industry, we analyzed 36 samples of frozen fruit pulp of three brands marketed in RIO Grande do Norte, 14 brand A, 12 of 10 brand B and brand C, which corresponded to 14 different flavors, of which 10 have identity Standards and Quality (ISQ S) established by the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), totaling 27 samples with ISQ s. We conducted the following physicalchemical analyzes on samples of fruit pulp: Total solids, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, total sugars and the determination of ascorbic acid. The percentage of failure for each parameter evaluated was 37, 04% in total soluble solids, 22,22% for total solids and titratable acidity, 7,40% in relation to pH. The total sugars were within the requirements demanded by the MAPA and ascorbic acid content, determined only in the pulp of acerola and cashew, presented a non compliance in the pulp of brand B. The percentage of failures of the pulps with ISQ S was 59% with brand A, B and C accounted for 3,70%, 33,33% and 22,22% respectively. The pulps which have no established atandards such as pineapple pulp, showed similar values between brands and literature data unlike the pulp of plum, jackfruit and tamarind which diverged greatly in parameters such as total solids and total soluble solids. The study demonstrates the need for greater quality control by the producers with respect to raw materials, processing, packing, stored and the importance of ISQ S to establish the flavors have not yet covered by existing legislation, but already highly commercialized

Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) em morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em área de Floresta com Araucária no Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização dos óleos de algumas sementes de frutas como aproveitamento de resíduos industriais

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ocorrência de moscas brancas (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) e do predador Delphastus pusillus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) em mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) sob cultivo em ambiente protegido

Em fevereiro e outubro de 1998, na área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da UNESP no município de Selvíria-MS (latitude 20° 22' S, longitude 51° 22' W, altitude 335 m), foi constatada a presença de mosca branca em mamoeiro cultivar Baixinho de Santa Amália, plantado no interior de um telado com malha de 2 x 2 mm. Essa área fazia parte de um experimento visando determinar o efeito do cultivo em ambiente protegido sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas, a produção de frutos e a ocorrência do mosaico do mamoeiro. Nas duas ocasiões os insetos foram enviados ao Centro de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (CENARGEN) da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) para identificação. Na primeira infestação o material foi identificado como Trialeurodes sp. e na infestação de outubro como Bemisia tabaci biótipo B . Nos dois casos havia grande quantidade de ninfas nas folhas maduras e de adultos nas folhas novas. Para Trialeurodes sp. foi realizada uma contagem de ninfas em dezoito folhas, em cinco áreas de 1 cm² por folha, distribuídas ao acaso, encontrando-se a média de 7,6 ninfas por cm². Como conseqüência da presença das duas espécies, o único dano observado foi um intenso desenvolvimento de fumagina recobrindo completamente a superfície das folhas, que acabaram por secar e cair. A infestação de B. tabaci biótipo B foi controlada pela presença de larvas e adultos do coccinelídeo Delphastus pusillus (LeConte) que alimentavam-se vorazmente das ninfas presentes.

Efeito comparativo do calor, S0(2) e ácido ascórbico na atividade da polifenol oxidase e peroxidase de algumas frutas e hortaliças

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeito do cultivo do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) em ambiente protegido sobre a ocorrência de ácaros fitófagos e moscas-brancas

O efeito do cultivo do mamoeiro em ambiente protegido foi estudado em três condições: sem cobertura e em dois telados construídos com tela de propileno branca, com malhas de 2 x 2 mm e 2 x 1 mm. Nessa área foram feitas avaliações na cultivar Baixinho de Santa Amália, contando-se o número de plantas com sintomas de ataque recente, para o ácaro branco Polyphagotarsonemus latus, com sintomas e presença de ácaros, para o ácaro rajado Tetranychus urticae e com presença de adultos ou ninfas nas folhas, no caso das moscas-brancas Trialeurodes sp., Bemisia tabaci biótipo B e uma terceira espécie não identificada. Para moscas-brancas, também foram realizadas contagens de ninfas e exúvias em laboratório. O cultivo em ambiente protegido favoreceu a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento populacional das espécies estudadas, sendo que algumas possíveis causas são discutidas no texto. Considerando-se que o cultivo protegido pode ser uma boa alternativa para o controle de viroses, como o mosaico do mamoeiro, problema limitante para a cultura, estratégias de manejo de pragas nesses ambientes devem ser desenvolvidas, para viabilizar o seu uso.

Perfil do consumidor de frutas em cidades do interior do estado de São Paulo - SP

Estudos relacionados ao perfil do consumidor colocam-se como importante subsídio à participação competitiva dos diferentes segmentos nas cadeias agroalimentares e para a própria organização da mesma. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de identificar o perfil dos consumidores de frutas em cidades do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída de 404 consumidores em pontos de venda previamente selecionados nas cidades de Botucatu, Avaré, Jaboticabal, Ilha Solteira e Tupã. Os resultados sobre o perfil do consumidor de frutas nas cidades pesquisadas sinalizam uma preocupação com as características do produto (saudáveis e saborosos), com o preço e com facilidades de acesso na compra. Os resultados apontam também para a necessidade de maiores estudos sobre a importância da informação relacionada aos aspectos mais valorizados (características do produto e preço) na estrutura de consumo.

Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae) de morcegos filostomídeos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) na Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus, São Paulo, Brasil

Levantamento das espécies de moscas ectoparasitas de morcego da família Streblidae sobre morcegos da família Phyllostomidae foi realizado na Estação Ecológica de Caetetus, São Paulo. Foram capturados 400 indivíduos de 15 espécies de morcegos filostomídeos, mas somente seis espécies abrigavam 93 indivíduos de nove espécies de Streblidae. A prevalência e intensidade média são apresentadas para cada espécie de Streblidae. Strebla chrotopteri Wenzel, 1976 é registrada pela primeira vez no Estado de São Paulo.