997 resultados para Modelo de von Bertalanffy


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Scopo di questo studio è la determinazione delle strutture di età delle specie Mullus barbatus e Mullus surmuletus, pescate in Alto-Medio Adriatico durante le campagne di ricerca MEDITS e GRUND mediante la lettura degli anelli stagionali degli otoliti e delle frequenze di taglia. I campioni di otoliti sono stati prima estratti e poi lavati con sonicatore e acquisiti al computer. Sono state successivamente prese le misure dei radius ed è stata fatta una prima lettura degli anelli. Un subcampione è stato poi scelto per applicare altri due metodi di lettura degli anelli: la bruciatura e la colorazione, preceduta dal taglio dell’otolite. Sono stati poi levigati e lucidati gli otoliti dei giovanili per un conto degli annuli giornalieri. L’analisi dati, svolta tramite il software Rstudio, ha permesso di calcolare non solo le strutture di età, ma anche di osservare le distribuzioni dei campioni per classi di profondità e latitudine, confrontare le strutture di taglia e calcolare le chiavi di età-lunghezza, l’accrescimento somatico con le relazioni lunghezza-peso e l’equazione di Von Bertalanffy e l’accrescimento dell’otolite tramite i rapporti radius-taglia e radius-età e il tasso di incremento dei radius. Infine sono stati anche confrontati i tre metodi di lettura degli anelli al fine di stabilirne il migliore. Le due specie hanno mostrato una grande maggioranza di individui di 1 e 2 anni, soprattutto nella zona settentrionale e centrale dell’area di studio a profondità entro i 100 m. Differenze specifiche sono poi state trovate nel confronto tra le strutture di taglia e le relazioni lunghezza-peso e per il tasso di accrescimento K dell’equazione di Von Bertalanffy. Alta poi è la correlazione tra la misura dei radius e la taglia e l’età. Diverso è anche il tasso degli incrementi dei radius tra primo-secondo anno e secondo-terzo anno.

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The surf clams Mesodesma mactroides Reeve, 1854 and Donax hanleyanus Philippi, 1847 are the two dominating species in macrobenthic communities of sandy beaches off northern Argentina, with the latter now surpassing M. mactroides populations in abundance and biomass. Before stock decimation caused by exploitation (during the 1940s and 1950s) and mass mortality events (1995, 1999 and 2007) M. mactroides was the prominent primary consumer in the intertidal ecosystem and an important economic resource in Argentina. Since D. hanleyanus was not commercially fished and not affected by mass mortality events, it took over as the dominant species, but did never reach the former abundance of M. mactroides. Currently abundance and biomass of both surf clams are a multiple smaller than those of forty years ago, indicating the conservation status of D. hanleyanus and M. mactroides as endangered. Therefore the aim of this study is to analyse the population dynamics (population structure, growth and reproductive biology) of D. hanleyanus and M. mactroides, and to compare the results with historical data in order to detect possible differences within surf clam populations forty years ago and at present.

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We compared lifetime and population energy budgets of the extraordinary long-lived ocean quahog Arctica islandica from 6 different sites - the Norwegian coast, Kattegat, Kiel Bay, White Sea, German Bight, and off northeast Iceland - covering a temperature and salinity gradient of 4-10°C (annual mean) and 25-34, respectively. Based on von Bertalanffy growth models and size-mass relationships, we computed organic matter production of body (PSB) and of shell (PSS), whereas gonad production (PG) was estimated from the seasonal cycle in mass. Respiration (R) was computed by a model driven by body mass, temperature, and site. A. islandica populations differed distinctly in maximum life span (40 y in Kiel Bay to 197 y in Iceland), but less in growth performance (phi' ranged from 2.41 in the White Sea to 2.65 in Kattegat). Individual lifetime energy throughput, as approximated by assimilation, was highest in Iceland (43,730 kJ) and lowest in the White Sea (313 kJ). Net growth efficiency ranged between 0.251 and 0.348, whereas lifetime energy investment distinctly shifted from somatic to gonad production with increasing life span; PS/PG decreased from 0.362 (Kiel Bay, 40 y) to 0.031 (Iceland, 197 y). Population annual energy budgets were derived from individual budgets and estimates of population mortality rate (0.035/y in Iceland to 0.173/y in Kiel Bay). Relationships between budget ratios were similar on the population level, albeit with more emphasis on somatic production; PS/ PG ranged from 0.196 (Iceland) to 2.728 (White Sea), and P/B ranged from 0.203-0.285/y. Life span is the principal determinant of the relationship between budget parameters, whereas temperature affects net growth efficiency only. In the White Sea population, both growth performance and net growth efficiency of A. islandica were lowest. We presume that low temperature combined with low salinity represent a particularly stressful environment for this species.

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Magellania venosa, the largest recent brachiopod, occurs in clusters and banks in population densities of up to 416 ind/m**2 in Comau Fjord, Northern Chilean fjord region. Below 15 m, it co-occurs with the mytilid Aulacomya atra and it dominates the benthic community below 20 m. To determine the question of why M. venosa is a successful competitor, the in situ growth rate of the brachiopod was studied and its overall growth performance compared with that of other brachiopods and mussels. The growth in length was measured between February 2011 and March 2012 after mechanical tagging and calcein staining. Settlement and juvenile growth were determined from recruitment tiles installed in 2009 and from subsequent photocensus. Growth of M. venosa is best described by the general von Bertalanffy growth function, with a maximum shell length (Linf) of 71.53 mm and a Brody growth constant (K) of 0.336/year. The overall growth performance (OGP index = 5.1) is the highest recorded for a rynchonelliform brachiopod and in the range of that for Mytilus chilensis (4.8-5.27), but lower than that of A. atra (5.74). The maximal individual production (PInd) is 0.29 g AFDM/ind/year at 42 mm shell length and annual production ranges from 1.28 to 89.25 g AFDM/year/m**2 (1-57% of that of A. atra in the respective fjords). The high shell growth rate of M. venosa, together with its high overall growth performance may explain the locally high population density of this brachiopod in Comau Fjord. However, the production per biomass of the population (P/B-ratio) is low (0.535) and M. venosa may play only a minor role in the food chain. Settling dynamics indicates that M. venosa is a pioneer species with low juvenile mortality. The coexistence of the brachiopod and bivalve suggests that brachiopod survival is affected by neither the presence of potential brachiopod predators nor that of space competitors (i.e. mytilids).

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Também conhecida por inúmeras outras denominações, como sistemismo e abordagem sistêmica, a Teoria Geral dos Sistemas, proposta pelo austríaco e biólogo, Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, teve sua construção entre os anos 20 e 30, embora tenha apenas sido publicada e veiculada somente anos mais tarde. Importante ressaltar que seu maior propósito foi o de colocar fim no cartesianismo que permeava a ciência da época, na tentativa de demonstrar que algumas realidades careciam de análises mais holísticas e subjetivas. Assim, o presente trabalho possui como seu maior objetivo, o interesse em apresentar o postulado de referida teoria e, da mesma maneira, refletir acerca de suas proposições, demonstrando como fora aceita pelas inúmeras áreas do conhecimento e, por conseqüência, pelos estudos do Turismo. Especificamente, toda a discussão do artigo busca apresentá-la como método pertinente para a análise da atividade turística, dada sua complexidade. Para tanto, para a consecução do estudo, utilizou-se basicamente de análise bibliográfica relacionada à temática, tanto em sua forma geral como específica às discussões do turismo, já que não foi interesse do mesmo se aprofundar no que concerne à sua aplicabilidade. Como resultados gerados a partir das reflexões, tem-se que mesmo não sendo utilizada como método fim de análise, não se pode omitir o fato de que a Teoria Geral dos Sistemas pode servir de base para outras técnicas de análise, da mesma maneira que os estudos, embora avancem, parecem não acompanhar o próprio dinamismo da atividade.

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Se estudió la influencia de las variaciones estacionales del nivel de agua sobre la reproducción y el crecimiento de Potamorhina altamazonica en el río Ucayali durante los años 2008-2012. Se observó que, la reproducción es de carácter estacional, que, tiene sincronía con el periodo de creciente (enero-marzo) alcanzado el ápice en febrero. Se estimó que las hembras alcanzan la talla media de primera madurez a los 17,8 cm y los machos a los 18,4 cm (Lt), en ambos casos a la edad teórica de un año. La mayor proporción de hembras respecto a los machos se observó en el periodo de transición a creciente, y viceversa en la creciente; mientras que el análisis anual mostró dominancia de hembras en los años 2008 y 2012. El análisis de la estructura de tallas mostró que el stock explotado estuvo compuesto por peces cuyas tallas oscilaron de 12,0 a 31,0 cm Lt y no se observaron fuertes fluctuaciones de la talla media anual. La ecuación de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy definida por Lt = 33,55*(1-e(-0,65(t-0,26)) permite estimar que la especie es de rápido crecimiento y que podría vivir en teoría 3,5 años. Los peces mostraron mejor condición o robustez en los periodos de transición a creciente y creciente, dado a que en estos, se inundan vastas áreas de bosques de llanura convirtiéndose en hábitats óptimos que favorecen la reproducción en los peces adultos y el crecimiento en los reclutas.

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Se determinó la edad y crecimiento de Ethmidium maculatum “machete” capturados de las caletas en la Región La Libertad (Pacasmayo, Huanchaco, Salaverry, Pto. Morín) durante el 2012 y 2013. La edad fue determinada mediante la lectura e interpretación de los anillos de crecimiento de los otolitos sagita. La muestra estuvo constituida por 406 pares de otolitos (152 machos y 254 hembras), se estimaron los parámetros de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy mediante el programa Table Curve 2D V5.01, asimismo se elaboró la clave Talla-edad, lo que permitió estableces 5 grupos de edades, siendo la edad menos representativa la de 5 años de edad y los que presentaron mayor ocurrencia fueron las edades de 2 y 3 años.

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La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la edad y crecimiento de Genypterus maculatus “congrio negro” capturado frente a Chimbote durante el año 2014. La muestra estuvo constituida por 705 pares de otolitos. Del análisis de microincrementos se comprobó que la periodicidad de formación de los anillos de crecimiento fue semestral. Se elaboró una clave talla-edad, al no encontrar diferencias significativas entre sexos. Asimismo, se obtuvo 4 edades (1, 2, 3 y 4 años), siendo el más representativo la edad de 1 año. Se obtuvo la distribución de frecuencias por edad. La relación entre la longitud total del pez y el radio total del otolito fue lineal y la relación longitud total entre el peso total y la longitud fue potencial con un b= 2.89, presentando un crecimiento alométrico negativo. Se estimó los parámetros de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy mediante el programa Table Curve 2D V5. 01, siendo estos L∞ = 101.74 cm; K = 0.124/año; t0 = -0.1997 años. La ecuación de la curva de crecimiento en longitud fue Lt = 101.74*(1-e(- 0.124*(t-0.1997))).

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El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la edad y crecimiento de Paralonchurus peruanus “coco”, mediante la interpretación de anillos de crecimiento en 491 pares de otolito sagitta, procedente de la pesca artesanal de la Región La Libertad de febrero a diciembre 2014. Del análisis de microincrementos se comprobó que la periodicidad de formación de los anillos de crecimiento fue anual. Se elaboró una clave talla-edad, al no encontrar diferencias significativas entre sexos. Asimismo, se obtuvo 8 edades (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), de los cuales predomino el de 3 años. Se obtuvo la distribución por edades. La relación entre la longitud total del pez y el radio total del otolito fue lineal y la relación longitud total entre peso total fue potencial con un b= 2.9, presentando un crecimiento alométrico. Se estimó los parámetros de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy mediante el programa Table Curve 2D V5. 01, siendo estos L∞ = 54.71 cm; K = 0.145 años; t0 = -0.618 años. Las ecuaciones de las curvas de crecimiento en longitud y peso fueron Lt = 54.71*(1-e(-0.145*(t-0.618))) y Wt=1826.7* (1-e(-0.145*(t-0.618)) respectivamente.

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ABSTRACT: The ability of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana to withstand the overwintering period is critical to their success. Laboratory evidence suggests that krill may shrink in body length during this time in response to the low availability of food. Nevertheless, verification that krill can shrink in the natural environment is lacking because winter data are difficult to obtain. One of the few sources of winter krill population data is from commercial vessels. We examined length-frequency data of adult krill (>35 mm total body length) obtained from commercial vessels in the Scotia-Weddell region and compared our results with those obtained from a combination of science and commercial sampling operations carried out in this region at other times of the year. Our analyses revealed body-length shrinkage in adult females but not males during overwinter, based on both the tracking of modal size classes over seasons and sex-ratio patterns. Other explanatory factors, such as differential mortality, immigration and emigration, could not explain the observed differences. The same pattern was also observed at South Georgia and in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Fitted seasonally modulated von Bertalanffy growth functions predicted a pattern of overwintering shrinkage in all body-length classes of females, but only stagnation in growth in males. This shrinkage most likely reflects morphometric changes resulting from the contraction of the ovaries and is not necessarily an outcome of winter hardship. The sex-dependent changes that we observed need to be incorporated into life cycle and population dynamic models of this species, particularly those used in managing the fishery. KEY WORDS: Southern Ocean · Population dynamics · Production · Life cycle · Fishery

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ABSTRACT: The ability of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana to withstand the overwintering period is critical to their success. Laboratory evidence suggests that krill may shrink in body length during this time in response to the low availability of food. Nevertheless, verification that krill can shrink in the natural environment is lacking because winter data are difficult to obtain. One of the few sources of winter krill population data is from commercial vessels. We examined length-frequency data of adult krill (>35 mm total body length) obtained from commercial vessels in the Scotia-Weddell region and compared our results with those obtained from a combination of science and commercial sampling operations carried out in this region at other times of the year. Our analyses revealed body-length shrinkage in adult females but not males during overwinter, based on both the tracking of modal size classes over seasons and sex-ratio patterns. Other explanatory factors, such as differential mortality, immigration and emigration, could not explain the observed differences. The same pattern was also observed at South Georgia and in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Fitted seasonally modulated von Bertalanffy growth functions predicted a pattern of overwintering shrinkage in all body-length classes of females, but only stagnation in growth in males. This shrinkage most likely reflects morphometric changes resulting from the contraction of the ovaries and is not necessarily an outcome of winter hardship. The sex-dependent changes that we observed need to be incorporated into life cycle and population dynamic models of this species, particularly those used in managing the fishery. KEY WORDS: Southern Ocean · Population dynamics · Production · Life cycle · Fishery

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El presente artículo corresponde a una reflexión sobre el proceso administrativo de las organizaciones (las funciones de planeación, organización, dirección o influencia y control) desde la perspectiva del enfoque de sistemas y de contingencias. Para ello se abordan los planteamientos más representativos de los distintos enfoques, desde el enfoque clásico, hasta los aportes más contemporáneos. El artículo finaliza con una descripción del proceso administrativo según la tipología de la organización (mecánico- estable y orgánica-adaptativa) y las implicaciones que tiene para la gerencia. El enfoque de sistemas para la administración se fundamenta en la teoría general de sistemas. Ludwig von Bertalanffy, científico que trabajó principalmente en las áreas de la física y de la biología, ha sido reconocido como el fundador de la teoría general de sistemas. Bertalanffy elaboró una teoría interdisciplinaria capaz de trascender los problemas exclusivos de cada ciencia y de proporcionar principios (sean físicos, biológicos, psicológicos, sociológicos, químicos, etc.) y modelos generales para todas las ciencias involucradas, de forma tal que los descubrimientos efectuados por cada ciencia pudieran ser utilizados por los demás.