Separation of phenothiazines in aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis

Four phenothiazines, promethazine, dioxypromethazine, chlorpromazine, and trifluoperazine have been separated by capillary electrophoresis using N, N, -dimethylformamide (DMF) as separation medium with UV absorbance detection. High voltage and concentrated buffer were used with small current and low electroosmosis. Good resolution and high column efficiency were obtained. Separation selectivity in DMI; was different from that in water because of the different solvation interactions. The influence of buffer composition on separation selectivities and electroosmosis were also studied.

Chiral separation of promethazine by capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection

Sensitive end-column amperometric detection has been successfully coupled to capillary electrophoresis for chiral separation of promethazine, with a carbon fiber microdisk electrode as working electrode. Baseline separation and sensitive detection were achieved under optimum conditions: 0.030 M Na2HPO4 and 0.015 M citric acid at pH = 2.50, 1.0 mM beta -CD, 10 kV separation voltage, and detection potential 1.10 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The numbers of theoretical plates were higher than 700000, and the detection limit was 5 x 10(-8) M. On-line treatment of the electrode has also been studied and discussed.

Determination of allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol by capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection

A simple method was proposed for the separation of allopurinol (AP) and its active metabolite oxypurinol (OP) by capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection. A running buffer composed of 15 rum Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 at a pH 9.55, electrokinetic injection 7 s at 5 kV, separation voltage at 15 kV and detection potential at 1.20 V were investigated to be the optimal condition for the separation. The method exhibited low detection Emit (S/N = 3) as 1 x 10(-8) mol/l for AP and OP, wide linearity range of 2 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-4) mol/l, 1 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-4) and high efficiency of 1.2 x 10(5) and 1.8 x 10(5) N/m for AP and OP, respectively. The potential application examined for the method was the determination of the spiked urine sample, which was proved to be sensitive and efficient. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

New microsystem of capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection

We have made a cheap microsystem of capillary electrophoresis with a new method, integrating the electrodes, injection channel, separation channel, buffer reservoirs and detection cell on a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) chip. Using an integrated micro carbon fiber disk electrode as the working electrode in three electrodes system, 1 x 10(-4) mol/L dopamine(DA) could be detected with end-column amperometric detection. The reproducibility was good. Peak current was 6.73 nA,theoretical plate number was 71300/m and height equivalent of one theoretical plate height was 14.0 mum for 1 x 10(-4) mol/L DA. The limit of detection was 3.6 x 10(-8) mol/L and the linear range was extended from 5 x 10(-7) mol/L to 1 x 10(-4) mol/L for DA. 1 x 10(-4) mol/L catechol (CA) and 5 x 10(-5) mol/L DA were also separated completely with R-s = 10.1.

End-column amperometric detection of aesculin and aesculetin by capillary electrophoresis

Determination of aesculin (AL) and aesculetin (AT) by capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection using a 33 mu m microdisk carbon fiber electrode is described. The HDVs, the effect of pH, buffer concentration, injection voltage, injection time and separation voltage on the peak current response (i(p)) of the analytes and the number of theoretical plates (N) were studied. The method has high sensitivity and good reproducibility. Under the optimum condition - 10 mM, pH 9.00 phosphate buffer, 4 s at 9 kV injection, separation at 15 kV and +1.0 V as the detection potential - low detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.06 and 0.3 mu M were obtained for AL and AT, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over three orders of magnitude. The relative standard deviations (n = 15) of peak current and migration time were 3.9% and 4.6%, and 0.96% and 0.75% for 15 consecutive injections of 5 mu M AL and AT, respectively. The use of this method for the separation and detection of the two compounds present in the traditional Chinese medicine and human urine samples is also reported. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

End-column electrochemical detection for aromatic amines with high performance capillary electrophoresis

Electrochemical detection of five species of aromatic amines at a carbon fiber microdisk electrode after separation by capillary electrophoresis is described. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit for 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-phenylenediamine, p-aminophenol and aniline sulfate was 0.9, 0.03, 0.075, 1.2 and 0.15 mu M (S/N = 3), respectively. The linear response range was 5-1000, 0.1-500, 0.5-500, 5-500 and 1-200 mu M, respectively The effect of the electrode position and buffer pH on the detection was also studied. This method is very simple, sensitive and stable for the detection of these compounds.

Combination of amperometric detector & UV detector for capillary electrophoresis

A new electrochemical cell assembly with the combination of UV and amperometric detector (AD) based on their complementarity was described. A Nafion tubing junction was used to decouple the high voltage from the separation capillary in the rear of on-column UV detector. In this mode, the electroactive and inert compounds could be detected by UV and AD at the same time. Aromatic amines were determined with the UV and the end-column AD detection to evaluate the performances of the cell assembly. Such an improved electrochemical detector could match the capillary with different diameters. By simple adjustment of the screws, the positioning of the working electrode and the detection capillary was easily gained without microscope. It is also very easy to assemble and disassemble the working electrode when needed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Applications of microelectrodes in capillary electrophoresis electrochemical detection

The applications of the microelectrodes for capillary electrophoresis/electrochemical detection are reviewed. The attractive advantages of the microelectrode provide a wide scope for the developments in capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection.

Separation of phenothiazines using aqueous and nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

Separations of phenothiazines, promethazine(PZ), dioxypromethazine (OZ), chlorpromazine(CZ), trifluoperazine(TfZ) and thioridazine(TZ) by capillary electrophoresis in water and FA media were carried out and compared. Thus different selectivity and resolution were observed as media varying from water to FA. Migration order was PZ, OZ, CZ and TZ in water but (TZ+PZ), CZ and OZ in FA, when the same buffer, 25 mmol/L Tris and 25 mmol/L citric acid, was used. It also has been observed that pH has great effect on selectivity both in water and FA and a possible explanation was given. Separation efficiency was higher in FA media than in water because of the permission of high voltage applied. For all separations in FA 30 kV was applied, and when 25 mmol/L Tris was used as buffer, current was only 20 mu A and complete separation of TZ, CZ, PZ and OZ was achieved with effencicy higher than 3.5 x 10(5) theoretical plates for all analytes. The high performance of capillary electrophoresis in FA suggests that FA is an excellent media separation.

Chiral separation of binaphthol enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis

Binaphthol enantiomers could be baseline separated using cholic acid as chiral selector at the concentration of 20 mmol/L. The effects of cholic acid concentration and pH of the buffer on separation were studied. The influence of methanol, acetonitrile, iso-propyl alcohol were also studied.

Separation of promethazine and thioridazine using capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection

Promethazine and thioridazine were separated and detected by capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection. The influence of pH Value on oxidation potential, the peak current and the resolution were studied and the following conditions was selected: 0.03 M Na2HPO4 and 0.015 M citric acid at pH 3.0, detection potential at 1.10 V. The detection limits of these two substances were in the range of 10(-8) mol/l. The linear range spanned two to three orders of magnitude. This method was applied to the detection of promethazine and thioridazine spiked in urine. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Detection of hydrazine, methylhydrazine and isoniazid by capillary electrophoresis with a 4-pyridyl hydroquinone self-assembled microdisk platinum electrode

Capillary electrophoresis (CE)/electrochemical detection (EC) for the simultaneous detection of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and isoniazid has been developed with a 4-pyridyl hydroquinone self-assembled microdisk platinum electrode. Such an electrode has very high catalytic ability for hydrazines and they could be detected even at 0.0 V. The responses for hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and isoniazid are linear over 3 orders of detected concentration and of magnitude of 0.2-400 mu M, 0.2-400 mu M, 0.5 mu M-2 mM, with correlation coefficients of 0.9998, 0.9991, and 0.9982, respectively. And they could be detected to levels of 0.1, 0.1 and 0.2 mu M, respectively. This modified electrode was found to be very stable and reproducible when continuously used as detector for capillary electrophoresis for period of at least 4 weeks with no apparent loss of response. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole by capillary electrophoresis with end-column electrochemical detection

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with end-column electrochemical detection (EC) of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) is described. Under the optimum conditions, SDZ and SMZ were separated satisfactorily, and a highly sensitive and stable response was obtained at a potential of 1.1 V versus Ag/AgCl. Optimized end-column detection provides detection limits as low as 0.1 mu M for both compounds, which corresponds to 0.024 and 0.021 fmol with peak efficiencies of 394000 and 335000 theoretical plates for SDZ arid SMZ, respectively. The calibration graph was linear over three orders of magnitude. The relative standard deviations (n = 12) of peak currents and migration times were 2.3 and 2.7%, and 0.8 and 1.3%, respectively, for the two compounds. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of tablets and human urine samples with satisfactory results.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazines at a 4-pyridyl hydroquinone self-assembled platinum electrode and its application to amperometric detection in capillary electrophoresis

4-Pyridyl hydroquinone on a platinum electrode adsorbs through the pyridine nitrogen forming stable self-assembled layers. The electrocatalytical oxidation of hydrazines was performed by the modified electrode. The overpotential of hydrazines was decreased markedly at the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) electrode. The mechanism of hydrazine oxidation was also investigated. Amperometric detection of hydrazine under zero potential (vs Ag\AgCI\sat. KCl) was exhibited by the SAM electrode used as an electrochemical detector in a flow system. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Manipulation of electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis for iodide and iodate

Manipulation of electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis is an important step for separation of inorganic anions. The type. and concentration of electroosmotic flow modifier (OFM) exert a tremendous influence on the electroosmotic mobility. In the presence of CTAB as buffer solutions' pH values increase, the electroosmotic mobility becomes lower. At the same ionic strength, the buffer type affects the electroosmotic velocity and the migration order for iodide and iodate.