Differences in the perception of interest representation: a comparision of Brasília and Brussels lobbying activity

The research topic of this paper is focused on the analysis of how trade associations perceive lobbying in Brussels and in Brasília. The analysis will be centered on business associations located in Brasília and Brussels as the two core centers of decision-making and as an attraction for the lobbying practice. The underlying principles behind the comparison between Brussels and Brasilia are two. Firstof all because the European Union and Brazil have maintained diplomatic relations since 1960. Through these relations they have built up close historical, cultural, economic and political ties. Their bilateral political relations culminated in 2007 with the establishment of a Strategic Partnership (EEAS website,n.d.). Over the years, Brazil has become a key interlocutor for the EU and it is the most important market for the EU in Latin America (European Commission, 2007). Taking into account the relations between EU and Brazil, this research could contribute to the reciprocal knowledge about the perception of lobby in the respective systems and the importance of the non-market strategy when conducting business. Second both EU and Brazilian systems have a multi-level governance structure: 28 Member States in the EU and 26 Member States in Brazil; in both systems there are three main institutions targeted by lobbying practice. The objective is to compare how differences in the institutional environments affect the perception and practice of lobbying, where institutions are defined as ‘‘regulative, normative, and cognitive structures and activities that provide stability and meaning to social behavior’’ (Peng et al., 2009). Brussels, the self-proclaimed "Capital of Europe”, is the headquarters of the European Union and has one of the highest concentrations of political power in the world. Four of the seven Institutions of the European Union are based in Brussels: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the European Commission (EU website, n.d.). As the power of the EU institutions has grown, Brussels has become a magnet for lobbyists, with the latest estimates ranging from between 15,000 and 30,000 professionals representing companies, industry sectors, farmers, civil society groups, unions etc. (Burson Marsteller, 2013). Brasília is the capital of Brazil and the seat of government of the Federal District and the three branches of the federal government of Brazilian legislative, executive and judiciary. The 4 city also hosts 124 foreign embassies. The presence of the formal representations of companies and trade associations in Brasília is very limited, but the governmental interests remain there and the professionals dealing with government affairs commute there. In the European Union, Brussels has established a Transparency Register that allows the interactions between the European institutions and citizen’s associations, NGOs, businesses, trade and professional organizations, trade unions and think tanks. The register provides citizens with a direct and single access to information about who is engaged in This process is important for the quality of democracy, and for its capacity to deliver adequate policies, matching activities aimed at influencing the EU decision-making process, which interests are being pursued and what level of resources are invested in these activities (Celgene, n.d). It offers a single code of conduct, binding all organizations and self-employed individuals who accept to “play by the rules” in full respect of ethical principles (EC website, n.d). A complaints and sanctions mechanism ensures the enforcement of the rules and addresses suspected breaches of the code. In Brazil, there is no specific legislation regulating lobbying. The National Congress is currently discussing dozens of bills that address regulation of lobbying and the action of interest groups (De Aragão, 2012), but none of them has been enacted for the moment. This work will focus on class lobbying (Oliveira, 2004), which refers to the performance of the federation of national labour or industrial unions, like CNI (National Industry Confederation) in Brazil and the European Banking Federation (EBF) in Brussels. Their performance aims to influence the Executive and Legislative branches in order to defend the interests of their affiliates. When representing unions and federations, class entities cover a wide range of different and, more often than not, conflicting interests. That is why they are limited to defending the consensual and majority interest of their affiliates (Oliveira, 2004). The basic assumption of this work is that institutions matter (Peng et al, 2009) and that the trade associations and their affiliates, when doing business, have to take into account the institutional and regulatory framework where they do business.

Confiança na gestão de equipes de alto desempenho da indústria farmacêutica

Na indústria farmacêutica (IF) são fundamentais as relações de confiança nas equipes de trabalho em todos os níveis. Há um forte impacto das mudanças, e da consequente incerteza, na confiança entre as equipes e sua motivação. Na produção acadêmica recente, as relações entre confiança e desempenho são exploradas e, particularmente, temos os resultados da primeira pesquisa feita no Brasil para mensurar os níveis de confiança interpessoal, indicadores de confiança e comprometimento dos colaboradores dentro de grandes empresas privadas. As empresas estudadas, e comparadas pelo Prof. Zanini, foram representantes da “nova” e “velha” economia, entre as quais os grandes diferenciadores são a gestão do conhecimento e o nível de incerteza decorrente das frequentes mudanças. Estes são pontos que aproximam as empresas da indústria farmacêutica de pesquisa às da “nova” economia segundo a abordagem proposta na pesquisa do Prof. Zanini. As empresas da indústria farmacêutica estarão implementando mudanças importantes em sua forma de conduzir o negócio, principalmente no que toca à comunicação, promoção e gestão das equipes comerciais nos próximos anos e este parece ser um momento particularmente interessante para uma pesquisa como esta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o nível de similaridade das equipes de propaganda (comerciais) do segmento de produtos biológicos (vacinas) de uma grande empresa multinacional da indústria farmacêutica de pesquisa, com os as equipes de empresas da nova economia. Pretendemos mensurar os níveis de confiança interpessoal, indicadores de confiança e comprometimento dos componentes das equipes comerciais da empresa, com vistas a examinar os efeitos das incertezas institucionais sobre os mesmos. As ferramentas de pesquisa foram: um formulário previamente validado aplicado aos 56 membros da força de vendas de uma área específica da empresa; dados públicos e privados da empresa (que permanecerá identificada como Empresa “J”) e entrevistas em profundidade com os gestores-chave da equipe sob avaliação: gerentes nacionais e distritais da força de vendas. Foi encontrada alguma similaridade entre os índices das empresas da “velha” economia e os da empresa “J”, para a maioria das avaliações. Entretanto, alguma semelhança entre os índices da Empresa “J” e os das empresas da “nova” economia também foi evidenciada, sobretudo na avaliação dos gerentes desta. Isto poderia indicar o impacto de algumas medidas implementadas pela Empresa “J” mais recentemente, que podem ter colaborado na geração de um ambiente de incerteza institucional e instabilidade. A partir da obtenção e comparação destes índices, são propostas considerações sobre as mudanças ocorridas nos contratos relacionais de trabalho dentro da Empresa “J” nos últimos anos e sobre as dinâmicas aparentes nas relações de sua equipe comercial.

Uma abordagem para promover o alinhamento entre a estratégia de negócio e a tecnologia de informação

Currently with the increase in complexity in doing business, organizations are seeking information systems that help to quickly respond to new demands in the processes of production of products and services. An information system is no longer just a support tool and has become an integral part of doing business. However, in spite of significant technological evolution in recent years, information systems that support business do not respond efficiently to the constant alterations that occur in many organizations. One of the main problems faced by information systems currently is the lack of strategic alignment between business strategy and information technology. The concept of strategic alignment can be defined as a way between business strategies and objectives and the strategies, objectives and functions of information technology in such as way as to contribute to the increase in competitivity of the organization over time. Strategic alignment together with strategic planning are important management instruments. Approaches for operationalizing this alignment are being developed currently but are still in their initial stages due to the fact that it is a relatively new concept in the literature. Another point that needs to be taken into consideration during the strategic alignment is the question of trackability between the business elements and IT. Trackability (Tracking) is necessary for example when one wishes to know exactly which goal defined in the business strategy was left out or not accepted due to a modification made in the IT strategy. Very few proposals present concrete ways supported by software systems in order to obtain strategic alignement while taking into consideration this trackability. Therefore the objective of this work is to propose the creation of a strategic alignment process supported by a software system which is capable of permitting trackability between the organizational objectives and the business processes based on formalization standards defined through a model oriented approach

Redes de empresas e seus efeitos sobre o turismo

O presente artigo tem como objetivo propor um modelo de alinhamento competitivo para a rede de atores do turismo, visando aumentar sua coesão e facilitar a busca de objetivos comuns. Tal proposta foi definida com base na expertise dos autores na análise de redes de turismo, aliada a resultados obtidos na pesquisa em Ouro Preto (MG). Dessa forma, foi possível perceber o peso dos atores envolvidos em função dos critérios de escolha utilizados pelos visitantes para configurar seu caminho dentro da região turística analisada e, assim, reforçar os relacionamentos existentes.

Towards a strategic CSR: A Brazilian case study

Purpose - Organisations may be considered, at the same time, either part of the problem or part of the solution for the social-environmental crisis that is occurring. To be part of the solution, they must head for a strategic management of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The objective of the present study is to identify and analyse the interfaces between theoretical models of strategic implementation of CSR and the variables and major players involved in this process. Design/methodology/approach - This is a qualitative research using a case study strategy. The company chosen for this case study has been highlighted as one of the best national companies to work for, with significant social responsibility indices. Findings - The case study found some results, such as the importance of aligning with human resource management for strategic implementation of CSR and the integrative characteristic between different workers, that are essential for this process. Originality/value - Only a few international articles discuss CSR in Brazil. The results could be useful for classes focusing on Doing business in Brazil. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Electronic commerce, international trade and employment: review of the issues

Includes bibliography

Estudo microbiológico em carcaças bovinas e influência da refrigeração sobre a microbiota contaminante

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Federally regulated institutional review boards: The aspects of a "model" IRB---Is the current system in need of a tune up or complete overhaul?

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are the primary gatekeepers for the protection of ethical standards of federally regulated research on human subjects in this country. This paper focuses on what general, broad measures that may be instituted or enhanced to exemplify a "model IRB". This is done by examining the current regulatory standards of federally regulated IRBs, not private or commercial boards, and how many of those standards have been found either inadequate or not generally understood or followed. The analysis includes suggestions on how to bring about changes in order to make the IRB process more efficient, less subject to litigation, and create standardized educational protocols for members. The paper also considers how to include better oversight for multi-center research, increased centralization of IRBs, utilization of Data Safety Monitoring Boards when necessary, payment for research protocol review, voluntary accreditation, and the institution of evaluation/quality assurance programs. ^ This is a policy study utilizing secondary analysis of publicly available data. Therefore, the research for this paper focuses on scholarly medical/legal journals, web information from the Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Drug Administration, and the Office of the Inspector General, Accreditation Programs, law review articles, and current regulations applicable to the relevant portions of the paper. ^ Two issues are found to be consistently cited by the literature as major concerns. One is a need for basic, standardized educational requirements across all IRBs and its members, and secondly, much stricter and more informed management of continuing research. There is no federally regulated formal education system currently in place for IRB members, except for certain NIH-based trials. Also, IRBs are not keeping up with research once a study has begun, and although regulated to do so, it does not appear to be a great priority. This is the area most in danger of increased litigation. Other issues such as voluntary accreditation and outcomes evaluation are slowing gaining steam as the processes are becoming more available and more sought after, such as JCAHO accrediting of hospitals. ^ Adopting the principles discussed in this paper should promote better use of a local IRBs time, money, and expertise for protecting the vulnerable population in their care. Without further improvements to the system, there is concern that private and commercial IRBs will attempt to create a monopoly on much of the clinical research in the future as they are not as heavily regulated and can therefore offer companies quicker and more convenient reviews. IRBs need to consider the advantages of charging for their unique and important services as a cost of doing business. More importantly, there must be a minimum standard of education for all IRB members in the area of the ethical standards of human research and a greater emphasis placed on the follow-up of ongoing research as this is the most critical time for study participants and may soon lead to the largest area for litigation. Additionally, there should be a centralized IRB for multi-site trials or a study website with important information affecting the trial in real time. There needs to be development of standards and metrics to assess the performance of the IRBs for quality assurance and outcome evaluations. The boards should not be content to run the business of human subjects' research without determining how well that function is actually being carried out. It is important that federally regulated IRBs provide excellence in human research and promote those values most important to the public at large.^

To fuse or not to fuse? Assessing the case for convergent disciplines on goods and services trade

Think piece by Pierre Sauvé for the E15 Initiative on Strengthening the Global Trade System In his latest essay for the ICTSD-World Economic Forum E15 initiative on Strengthening the Global Trade and Investment System for Sustainable Development, WTI Director of External Programmes and Academic Partnerships and faculty member Pierre Sauvé explores the case for fusing the law of goods with that of services in a world of global value chains. The paper does so by directing attention to the questions of whether the current architectures of multilateral and preferential trade governance are compatible with a world of trade in tasks; whether the existing rules offer globally active firms a coherent structure for doing business in a predictable environment; whether it is feasible to redesign the structure and content of existing trade rules to align them to the reality of production fragmentation; and what steps can be envisaged to better align policy and realities in the marketplace if the prospects for restructuring appear unfavourable. The paper argues that fusing trade disciplines for goods and services is neither needed nor feasible and may actually deflect attention from a number of worthwhile policy initiatives where more realistic (if never easily secured) prospects of generic rule-making may well exist.

Implementación de un cambio de estrategia en un banco español para su optimización y ventaja competitiva

En la situación actual, en la que la inestabilidad económica es un hecho, se plantea analizar y estudiar el estado de las entidades financieras. El estudio a realizar se circunscribe únicamente al ámbito nacional, debido a la idiosincrasia de los bancos. Para conocer el entorno en el que se mueven los bancos nacionales, se analiza en primer lugar el estado financiero de los países más relevantes a nivel internacional, para posteriormente estudiar la situación económica de España, especialmente en el sector bancario. Se pretende establecer el marco en el que se mueve dicho sector, para poder tener toda la información necesaria para entender no sólo los problemas que afectan a estas entidades, sino también para ver que es necesario un cambio para que estas organizaciones puedan evolucionar y desarrollarse. Una vez detallado el entorno en el que se tienen que mover los bancos, se detallan los principales motivos por los que han perdido credibilidad de cara a los clientes y a los organismos internacionales responsables de velar por la correcta ejecución de las operaciones bancarias, conforme a unas normativas ya establecidas. Se han mencionado algunos ejemplos significativos y con gran repercusión social. No se entra a detallar cada uno de los casos, el objetivo es mostrar que este tipo de actuaciones no sólo perjudican a la propia entidad sino que repercuten en todo el ámbito financiero nacional. Al profundizar en los motivos que han llevado a los bancos a la situación que sufren actualmente, se ve que mantener el mismo método de trabajo no es sostenible a largo plazo; por ello, se plantea un cambio en su estrategia, en concreto un cambio en el modelo de cultura organizacional. Se toma como modelo el empleado en otras empresas, principalmente orientales, por su carácter innovador y por estar más alineadas con las nuevas necesidades y requerimientos de los clientes actualmente. La evolución de las tecnologías ha supuesto un cambio disruptivo en la forma de hacer negocios: algo que debe adoptar la banca para poder, no sólo competir, sino sobrevivir. El cambio de modelo estratégico ha de iniciarse en la Alta Dirección, para propagarse posteriormente al resto de la organización. Al tratarse de un cambio de gran envergadura, su completa implantación llevará años, por lo que es imprescindible realizar un seguimiento y una revisión continua del mismo. Finalmente se comentan las ventajas que el banco conseguirá con este cambio. Éstas abarcan la recuperación de la confianza de los clientes, pasando por una modernización (necesaria en cualquier caso), para completarse con un incremento de los beneficios económicos, que no deja de ser uno de los motores de los bancos. ---ABSTRACT---Nowadays, the economic instability is a fact, so in this project we have studied and analysed the status of financial institutions. This study is limited to the national environment, due to the idiosyncrasy of the banks. In order to understand the environment in which national banks moved, firstly it has been analysed the financial status of the most relevant countries internationally, to study later the economic status of Spain, especially in the banking sector. The aim is to establish a framework in which the sector moves, to have at the end all the necessary information to understand, not only the issues that are affecting to this entities, but also to realize that a change is necessary for their progress and develop. Once detailed the environment in which the banks have to move, it is detailed the main reasons that have lead them to lose credibility with customers, and with international agencies responsible for ensuring the correct execution of banking operations. These operations must be done under established regulations. It has been mentioned some significant examples of mistakes that have had a social impact. It has not been detailed each outrageous, the objective is to show that this kind of actions not only hurt the institution itself, but also affect the entire national financial sector. Into the reasons that have led banks to the actual situation, it can be seen that keeping the same method of working is not sustainable in the long term; therefore, a change of strategy is proposed, more specifically a change in the model of organizational culture. The reference model has been one used by other companies, mainly eastern companies, due to its innovation and its capability to be aligned with the changing needs and requirements of customers nowadays. The evolution of technology has been a disruptive change in the way of doing business: something to be taken by the bank, not only to compete but also to survive. The strategic model change must start with the compromise of CEO’s, and later must be spread to the rest of the organization. It is a major change, so its full implementation will take years, so, it is basic to carry out continuous reviews. Finally, the advantages that the bank will get with this change are discussed. These advantages include recovery of customer confidence, through modernization (something needed anyway), to be enriched by an increase in economic benefits, the engine of the banks.

Diseño para el Desarrollo

Resumen El Diseño, que apenas está considerado en las políticas de desarrollo, por su parte tampoco ha prestado la adecuada atención a los aspectos de justicia y de desarrollo global. Encontramos los antecedentes del Diseño para el Desarrollo en la “transferencia de tecnología y en la imitación”; en las “tecnologías apropiadas” de los años 70; en la moda de hacer negocios para la “base de la pirámide (BoP)”; más recientemente en el concepto de “innovación apropiada”; y últimamente en el “enfoque de las capacidades”, que engloba cuestiones sobre justicia, igualdad y desarrollo. En este artículo de revisión se realiza una aproximación a la situación actual del Diseño para el Desarrollo, incluyendo productos e iniciativas empresariales, académicas e investigadoras. Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión en buscadores generalistas y en publicaciones especializadas, accesibles desde la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Los resultados obtenidos abarcan desde productos comerciales, repositorios en línea de tecnologías de desarrollo, documentación abierta para el diseño/adaptación de productos para el desarrollo, conferencias, revistas, grupos de investigación, iniciativas emprendedoras, etc. Se trata de un tema que no tiene una univoca expresión y que está siendo tratado en muchas áreas, tanto de las ciencias sociales, como técnicas y sanitarias. Abstract The design, which is hardly considered in development policies, has not paid adequate attention to justice and global development issues. The antecedents of Design for Development are found in the "technology transfer and imitation"; in "appropriate technologies" of the 70s; in the fashion of doing business for the "base of the pyramid (BoP)"; more recently in the concept of "appropriate innovation"; and lately in the "capabilities approach" which includes questions about justice, equality and development. In this article review is performed an approach to the current situation of Design for Development including: products, business models and academic and research perspectives. In order to achieve it, the review has been conducted through search engines in generic and specialized publications, accessible from the Polytechnic University of Madrid. The results obtained include from commercial products, online repository development technologies, open documentation for design / adaptation of products for development, to conferences, journals, research groups, entrepreneurial initiatives, etc. This is a topic that has no unambiguous expression and that is being addressed in many areas, as in the social sciences and technical and health sciences. Resumo O projeto, que dificilmente pode ser considerada nas políticas de desenvolvimento, enquanto isso não prestou a atenção suficiente às questões da justiça e do desenvolvimento global. Encontramos a história do Projeto para o Desenvolvimento na "transferência de tecnologia e na imitação"; em "tecnologias apropriadas" dos anos 70; na forma de fazer negócios para a "base da pirâmide (BoP)"; mais recentemente, o conceito de "inovação apropriado"; e, ultimamente, a "abordagem de capacidades", que inclui perguntas sobre justiça, igualdade e desenvolvimento. Neste artigo de revisão existe uma abordagem para a situação atual do projeto de desenvolvimento, incluindo produtos e iniciativas empresariais, acadêmicos e investigadoras. Para isso, realizamos uma revisão nos motores de busca gerais e publicações especializadas, acessível a partir da Universidade Politécnica de Madrid. Os resultados variam de produtos comerciais tecnologias de desenvolvimento repositório on-line, documentação aberta para o projeto / adaptação de produtos para o desenvolvimento, conferências, revistas, grupos de pesquisa, iniciativas empresariais, etc. Este é um tema que não tem um só significado e que esta sendo tratado em muitas áreas, tanto nas ciências sociais, como técnicas e sanitarias.

William Blair Townsend letter and receipt books, 1743-1805, bulk 1744-1777

The collection consists of two volumes, which date from 1743 to 1805, spanning his whole career as a merchant. Volume one is a letter book containing Townsend's business correspondence from November 23, 1743 to December 12, 1774. Most of the letters were written to American (many in North Carolina) and British (predominately in London) merchants. His earliest letters document his efforts to establish himself as a trader. Over time his letters turn to illustrate the common problems faced by many merchants: damaged goods, overpriced goods, embargos, and high freight costs. Particularly enlightening are his comments on the challenges of doing business throughout the French and Indian War and the years leading up to the American Revolution. He most frequently corresponded with London merchants Champion & Hayley, Lane & Booth, Lane Son & Fraser, Harrison & Ansley, and Leeds merchant Samuel Elam. In addition he frequently corresponded with Eliakim Palmer, colonial agent and merchant in London, as well as Dr. Walley Chauncy of North Carolina. He dealt in a wide variety of goods including molasses, rum, tar, medicines, pitch, saddles, tallow, hides, skins, pickled beef and pork, and wine. The letters also document Townsend's involvement in the slave trade through his occasional purchases of slaves.

MBA International Residency: The Derbi Project - Spain. ACES Working Papers (course development), 2012

The objective of this course is to complement and give closure to the work developed during MBAD204. There are two main components to this course. The first one is to provide the students with a firsthand experience of what doing business in Spain is like. This is accomplished by visiting a number of companies and government institutions in Barcelona and interacting with managers from a variety of industries. The other major component of this trip consists in learning how to present a business proposal or market analysis before a real client.

Aircraft accident report : collision with trees and crash short of the runway, Corporate Airlines flight 5966, BAE systems BAE-J3201, N875JX, Kirksville, Missouri, October 19, 2004 /

On October 19, 2004, about 1937 central daylight time, Corporate Airlines (doing business as American Connection) flight 5966, a BAE Systems BAE-J3201, N875JX, struck trees on final approach and crashed short of runway 36 at the Kirksville Regional Airport (IRK), Kirksville, Missouri. The flight was operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121 as a scheduled passenger flight from Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, in St. Louis, Missouri, to IRK. The captain, first officer, and 11 of the 13 passengers were fatally injured, and 2 passengers received serious injuries. The airplane was destroyed by impact and a post impact fire. Night instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) prevailed at the time of the accident, and the flight operated on an instrument flight rules flight plan. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was the pilots' failure to follow established procedures and properly conduct a nonprecision instrument approach at night in IMC, including their descent below the minimum descent altitude (MDA) before required visual cues were available (which continued unmoderated until the airplane struck the trees) and their failure to adhere to the established division of duties between the flying and nonflying (monitoring) pilot. Contributing to the accident was the pilots' failure to make standard callouts and the current Federal Aviation Regulations that allow pilots to descend below the MDA into a region in which safe obstacle clearance is not assured based upon seeing only the airport approach lights. The pilots' unprofessional behavior during the flight and their fatigue likely contributed to their degraded performance. The safety issues in this report focus on operational and human factors issues, including the pilots' professionalism and sterile cockpit procedures, nonprecision instrument approach procedures, flight and duty time regulations, fatigue, and flight data/image recorder requirements.

Aircraft accident report : crash of Pinnacle Airlines flight 3701, Bombardier CL-600-2B19, N8396A, Jefferson City, Missouri, October 14, 2004 /

On October 14, 2004, about 2215:06 central daylight time, Pinnacle Airlines flight 3701 (doing business as Northwest Airlink), a Bombardier CL-600-2B19, N8396A, crashed into a residential area about 2.5 miles south of Jefferson City Memorial Airport, Jefferson City, Missouri. The airplane was on a repositioning flight from Little Rock National Airport, Little Rock, Arkansas, to Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport, Minneapolis, Minnesota. During the flight, both engines flamed out after a pilot-induced aerodynamic stall and were unable to be restarted. The captain and the first officer were killed, and the airplane was destroyed. No one on the ground was injured. The flight was operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 on an instrument flight rules flight plan. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable causes of this accident were (1) the pilots' unprofessional behavior, deviation from standard operating procedures, and poor airmanship, which resulted in an in-flight emergency from which they were unable to recover, in part because of the pilots' inadequate training; (2) the pilots' failure to prepare for an emergency landing in a timely manner, including communicating with air traffic controllers immediately after the emergency about the loss of both engines and the availability of landing sites; and (3) the pilots' improper management of the double engine failure checklist, which allowed the engine cores to stop rotating and resulted in the core lock engine condition. Contributing to this accident were (1) the core lock engine condition, which prevented at least one engine from being restarted, and (2) the airplane flight manuals that did not communicate to pilots the importance of maintaining a minimum airspeed to keep the engine cores rotating.