New methodology on Applied Geology and Geology for Engineers education by using practical trip

There has been much discussion on the primacy of theory over practice. Today prevails the exaggeration of practice. This idea forgets too that teaching problem is a problem of right balance. The approach of the action lines on the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) framework provides for such balance. Applied Geology subject represents the first real contact with the physical environment with the practice profession and works. Besides, the situation of the topic in the first trace of Study Plans for many students implies the link to other subjects and topics of the career. This work analyses in depth the justification of such practical trips only on Applied Geology. This methodology could be usual in Study Plans of pure sciences career, Geology or Biology, but not in Civil Engineering like teaching method. It shows the criteria and methods of planning and the result which manifests itself in pupils. Therefore, work shows a methodology taking in account the engineering perspective, the practical point of view and the learning process inside students and their evaluation and, hence, their marks.

Integration of cooperation for development in Survey Engineering curricula at the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) framework

Survey Engineering curricula involves the integration of many formal disciplines at a high level of proficiency. The Escuela de Ingenieros en Topografía, Cartografía y Geodesia at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Survey Engineering) has developed an intense and deep teaching on so-called Applied Land Sciences and Technologies or Land Engineering. However, new approaches are encouraged by the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). This fact requires a review of traditional teaching and methods. Furthermore, the new globalization and international approach gives new ways to this discipline to teach and learn about how to bridge gap between cultures and regions. This work is based in two main needs. On one hand, it is based on integration of basic knowledge and disciplines involved in typical Survey Engineering within Land Management. On the other, there is an urgent need to consider territory on a social and ethical basis, as far as a part of the society, culture, idiosyncrasy or economy. The integration of appropriate knowledge of the Land Management is typically dominated by civil engineers and urban planners. It would be very possible to integrate Survey Engineering and Cooperation for Development in the framework of Land Management disciplines. Cooperation for Development is a concept that has changed since beginning of its use until now. Development projects leave an impact on society in response to their beneficiaries and are directed towards self-sustainability. Furthermore, it is the true bridge to reduce gap between societies when differences are immeasurable. The concept of development has also been changing and nowadays it is not a purely economic concept. Education, science and technology are increasingly taking a larger role in what is meant by development. Moreover, it is commonly accepted that Universities should transfer knowledge to society, and the transfer of knowledge should be open to countries most in need for developing. If the importance of the country development is given by education, science and technology, knowledge transfer would be one of the most clear of ways of Cooperation for Development. Therefore, university cooperation is one of the most powerful tools to achieve it, placing universities as agents of development. In Spain, the role of universities as agents of development and cooperation has been largely strengthened. All about this work deals to how to implement both Cooperation for Development and Land Management within Survey Engineering at the EHEA framework.

Nota sobre un petroglifo y otros hallazgos prehistoricos en el monte de Campicerrado y sierra de Toranzo (Matalebreras, Ólvega, Soria)

Se da noticia retroactiva del hallazgo en los años cincuenta del siglo pasado de una gran piedra suelta labrada con marcas y signos rupestres alfabetiformes de carácter simbólico de difícil adscripción cultural, aunque se piensa pudieran corresponder al Neolítico. En el mismo monte de Campicerrado, junto a la Fuente de La Puerca, se han encontrado tres puntas de sílex con pedúnculo y aletas del Solutrense. It gives retroactive news of finding, in the fifties of the last century, of a large loose stone hewn rupestrian markings and pseudo alphabetical signs which are symbolic (Petroglyphs) and difficult assignment culture, although it is thought may correspond to Neolithic. In the same Campicerrado mount next to the Fuente de La Puerca, were found three flint arrowheads with peduncle and fins of Solutrean period.

Interaction between karstic aquifers and allogenic rivers: the aquifer of the national park of the ephemeral river Lobos Canyon (Spain)

A methodology is described for understanding the interaction of karstic aquifers with allogenic rivers, where little information is available. This methodology includes conventional hydrogen- ology methods tracer tests and measurements of flow into, out of and circulating within the karstic system. The method is designed to un- derstand the hydrogeological behaviour of a river in sufficient detail, given a short study pe- riod. The methodology is applied to a karstic system in Spain, obtaining useful, quantitative results for a hydrological year, such as an esti- mate of the water balance, differentiation be- tween autogenic and allogenic natural recharge, relationship and connection between the river and the aquifer, and measurements of infiltration capacity in watercourses under different hydro- logical situations. The paper deals with a useful example that could be applied to other rivers and aquifers where few data are available. It can be applied to aquifers under a natural regime and Mediterranean climate.

Cálculo de la recarga natural en grandes áreas, en función de la litología y la precipitación = Calculation of natural recharge in large areas, as a function of lithology and rainfall

En una región amplia como España se demuestra —mediante inferencias estadísticas sobre una muestra completa de 875 manantiales en los que se conoce su caudal medio y la litología de su área de alimentación y que han sido agrupados en regiones de distinta pluviometría— que la recarga media anual es una fracción fija de la precipitación media para cada litología. Se han establecido así unas tasas de recarga respecto de la precipitación para seis grupos litológicos de diferente permeabilidad: arenas, gravas y formaciones aluviales en general, 8.3%; conglomerados, 5.6%; areniscas, 7.3%; calizas y dolomías, 34.3%; margas, margocalizas, limos y arcillas, 3.3%; otras rocas, 1.3%. Teniendo en cuenta la representatividad de España, la cual tiene una gran variabilidad de litología, pluviometría, topografía, etcétera, estas tasas de recarga respecto de la precipita-ción son probablemente valores cuasi universales que pueden ser utilizados para estimar la recarga media o los recursos hídricos subterráneos medios de regiones amplias en cualquier parte del mundo, salvo en regiones especiales, como las que tienen permafrost, por ejemplo. En todo caso, estas tasas de recarga podrían ser retocadas para cada región según sus particulares características. Los datos de precipitación y litología son muy corrientes, por lo que el método puede ser ampliamente utilizado para completar balances hidráulicos.In a region as large as Spain, annual mean recharge is shown to be a fixed proportion of the mean rainfall for each lithology. This determination is based on statistical inferences from a complete sample of 875 springs for which mean flow and catchment areas are known and which have been grouped into distinct rainfall regions. Recharge rates have thus been established with respect to rainfall for six lithological groups with different permeability: sands, gravels and generally alluvial formations, 8.3%; conglomerates, 5.6%; sandstones, 7.3%; limestone and dolomite 34.3%; marls, marly limestones, silts and clays, 3.3%; and hard rocks, 1.3%. Considering the representativeness of Spain, which is large in size and has a highly varied lithology, topography and rainfall, these recharge rates for rainfall are probably quasi-universal values that can be used to estimate average recharge or average groundwater resources of large regions in any part of the world (except in special cases such as areas with permafrost, for example). For any case, these recharge rates can be adapted to each region according to its particular characteristics. Rainfall and lithology data are very common, and so the method can be widely used to calculate hydraulic balances.

Communication peculiarities of early-aged children from speech risk group with close grownups

More children with different versions of speech disorders appear in Russia last decades. This situation reflects general tendency of national health deterioration. Our practical experience shows that close grownups can?t communicate to children with limited health capacity. As a result there arise social disabilities in child development. Speech communication is one of the forms of global communicative interaction process between close grownups and young child in the course of which there is a redistribution of knowledge and ignorance (Nikas Luman,2005). Within a framework of sociocultiral theory of mental growth we consider the appearance of speech communication under any cases of physical illness is possible only under conditions of correctly- organized communication between grownups and young children. (L.S. Vigotski ,2000). The special value in this aspect acquires the study of communication between grownups and young children. For five years we have been conducting the surveys on the problem of communicative contacts between parents and non-verbal children. Analysis of received data gave us the opportunity to systematize peculiar communicative interaction of adults and children who have some lapses in acquiring speech form communication. We have revealed four versions of situational- business communication between close grownups and young children with disabilities in acquiring speech. We have assumed that four versions of situational- business communication negatively affect speech form communication formation.

Speech features of the domain of the word in heterosexual twins during the second yeard of life

Speech is the major function, emergence and which development radically changes all course of formation of the identity of the child already in the early childhood. If language and speech development in solitary born children is investigated today quite well, at twin children this process practically is not studied. Our research was carried out for the purpose of studying of an originality of mastering by speech by heterosexual children of pair of twins within communicative and pragmatist approach (T.N. Ushakov,G. V. Chirkina). Application of this approach to the analysis of process of communication at twin children allowed us to allocate those peculiar receptions and means of communication which they functionally develop in a situation of pair of twins, as allows them to show the phenomena of the speech which are not meeting at solitary born contemporaries. In this work results of supervision and research of pair of heterosexual twins of the second year of the life, carried out by a technique developed by us under the scientific guide of G. V. Chirkina

Reconocimiento geológico y métodos de estabilización de taludes rocosos en formaciones volcánicas del sur de Gran Canaria y Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias.

El relieve natural de las islas volcánicas montañosas tiene profundos barrancos taludes rocosos de pronunciadas pendientes y elevados acantilados costeros. Las formaciones geológicas de origen volcánico incluyen materiales rocosos y suelos muy heterogéneos en cuanto a su disposición espacial y comportamiento geomecánico. Además, en las zonas del sur de Gran Canaria y Fuerteventura, con frecuencia las construcciones civiles y de edificación muestran altos taludes practicados en el terreno y, como resultado en diversos puntos se ven afectados por desprendimientos de rocas y deslizamientos En el presente trabajo se muestran dos casos de estudio: 1) Estudio del riesgo de desprendimientos de rocas y métodos de estabilización aplicados en el talud de Los Teques, T.M. de Mogán, sur de Gran Canaria, y 2) Estudio geológico-geotécnico para el proyecto de construcción del paseo peatonal en el acantilado costero de Morro Jable T.M. de Pájara, sur de Fuerteventura. La variación espacial de las formaciones volcamcas, su grado de soldadura y alteración variables y la dificultad de establecer familias de fracturas características, han hecho que los métodos clásicos de clasificación geomecanica resultaran poco eficaces. En estos casos, el reconocimiento geológico detallado y una estimación del comportamiento geomecánico de los materiales ha sido el método empleado para definir y evaluar las zonas inestables en los taludes y para establecer los métodos de estabilización más convenientes.

Determinación de mecanismos de deslizamientosa en áreas urbanizadas de la Sierra de las Apretaderas, término de Alcuzcuz, Benahavís, Málaga

La naturaleza intrínseca del material mantiene una estrecha relación con el tipo de inestabilidad. El trabajo recoge la experiencia en la determinación de mecanismo de deslizamientos en el área de la Sierra de Las Apretaderas, término de Alcuzcuz, en Benahavís, Málaga. La intensa urbanización de amplias áreas serranas conlleva la transformación del medio a través de la construcción de infraestructuras de comunicación y extensas áreas residenciales y la interacción de dichas construcciones con el medio provoca a menudo el desencadenamiento de siniestros relacionados con los deslizamientos de ladera en ocasiones poco sospechosos. El trabajo que se presenta recoge la experiencia de un siniestro acaecido bajo estas circunstancias y provocando numerosos daños materiales en edificaciones de lujo e infraestructuras anejas.

Importancia de la presencia de niveles con caolín en la estabilidad y drenaje de taludes: el caso de un desmonte de la autovía A-52 de Orense a Pontevedra

La presencia de niveles de caolín rellenando las diaclasas y en zonas alteradas de la parte superior de macizos constituidos por terrenos metamórficos y graníticos en Galicia, tiene una considerable importancia en la práctica ingenieril para afrontar los proyectos de estabilidad, drenaje y diseño en los taludes de las autovías y carreteras. A partir de las observaciones de campo y reconocimientos geológicos efectuados durante la excavación de varios desmontes de la autovía A-52, de Ourense a Pontevedra, se han podido clasificar las diferentes formas en las que se distribuye este tipo de arcilla y definir en qué manera condiciona el drenaje y la estabilidad de los taludes.

Algunas obras hidráulicas menores de origen romano en la provincia de Soria: Las fuentes de San Gregorio, El Salobral (Vinuesa), Romanillos, Fuentestrun, Golmayo, Pozalmuro y Castellanos

El presente trabajo pretende contribuir al catálogo de las fuentes públicas de la provincia de Soria que, por su antigüedad o valor arquitectónico, puedan constituir ejemplares de interés dignos de conservar y restaurar, y entre las cuales tienen una especial relevancia las de origen romano. El número de fuentes que tiene Soria es muy alto y aunque todas ellas son dignas de conservar, se hace necesario priorizar según su valor patrimonial. En este estudio se realiza una primera descripción de las fuentes inventariadas de posible origen romano.

Canteras de arcilla y empleo del adobe en Numancia

Descripción del yacimiento del que pueden proceder las cerámicas halladas en la ciudad celtíbera de Numancia. Se estudia la utilización del adobe en la construcción de Numancia y aporta información sobre la Adobera, el antiguo yacimiento arcilloso utilizado por los numantinos.

Survey on student motivation and approval of educational environment at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid within the European Higher Education area implementation

A recent study elaborated by Vicerrectorado de Ordenación Académica y Planificación Estratégica of Technical University of Madrid (UPM) defines the satisfaction of the university student body as "the response that the University offers to the expectations and demands of service of the students, considered in a general way ". Besides an indicator of academic and institutional insertion of the student, the assessment of student engagement allows us to adapt the academic offer and the extension services of the University to the real needs of the students. The process of convergence towards the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) raises the need to form in competitions, that is to say, of developing in our students capacities and knowledge beyond the purely theoretical-practical thing. Therefore, the perception and experience of the educational process and environment by the students is an important issue to be addressed to accomplish their expectations and achieve a curriculum accordingly to EHEA expectations. The present study aims to explore the student motivation and approval of the educational environment at the UPM. To this end a total of 97 students enrolled in the undergraduate program of Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering and Agronomic Engineering at UPM were surveyed. The survey consisted of 40 questions divided in three blocks. The first one of 20 questions of personal character in that they were gathering, besides the sex and the age, the degree of fulfilment, implication and dedication with the institution and the academic tasks. In the second block we identify 10 questions related to the perception of the student on the teaching quality, and finally a block of 10 questions regarding the Bologna Process. The students personal motivation was moderately high, with a score of 3.6 (all scores are provided on a 5-point scale), being the most valuable items obtaining a university degree (4,3) and the friendship between students (4,2). Any significant difference was shown between sexes (P=0.23) since the averages for this block of questions were of 3.7±0.3 and 3.5±0.4 for women and men respectively. The students are moderately satisfied with their graduate studies with an average score of 3,2, being the questions that reflect a minor satisfaction the research profile of the teachers (2,8) and the organization of the Schools (2,9). The best valued questions are related to the usefulness and quality of the degrees, with 3,5 and 3,4 respectively, and to the interest of the courses within the degree (3,4). For sexes, the results of this block of questions are similar (3.1±0.3 and 3.2±0.3 for men and women respectively=0.79). Also, there were no differences (P=0.39) between the students who arrange work and studies or do not work (3.1±0.2 and 3.2±0.3 respectively). In conclusion, students at UPM present an acceptable degree of motivation and satisfaction with regard to the studies and services that offer their respective Schools. Both characteristics receive the same value both for men and for women and so much for students who arrange work and studies as for those who devote themselves only to studying. In a significant way, students who are more engaged and are in-class attendants present the major degree of satisfaction.Overall, there is a great lack of information regarding the Bologna Process. In fact to the majority, they would like to know more on what it is, what it means and what changes will involve its implementation.

Vías pecuarias y amojonamientos en la Casa de Ganaderos de Zaragoza

En el archivo de la Fundación Casa de Ganaderos se custodia documentación desde la fundación de esta institución en 1218. Aunque no conservan mapas ni descripciones de las cabañeras (nombre que se designa en Aragón a las cañadas) de Aragón y al ser una cofradía adscrita al término de Zaragoza se tienen datos sobre privilegios y derechos en todo Aragón. Especialmente relevante son las mojonaciones del término de Zaragoza. De su estudio geográfico y geomorfológico se deducen interesantes conclusiones de la trashumancia transterminante tan propia del Reino de Aragón y Navarra y el valle del Ebro. Sobre dichas bases pecuarias se entreve la formación y evolución de las redes de comunicaciones rodadas nacidas durante los siglos XVIII y XIX ante el declive de la industria ganadera española. Su marcado carácter apegado a las características geomorfológicas y su evolución y transformación son objeto de este trabajo

Integración de la Geomática en la formación del Ingeniero Civil

Tradicionalmente los planes de estudios de ingeniería civil implican la integración de diversas disciplinas formales en un nivel alto de conocimientos. Particularmente, la Ingeniería del Terreno, la Ordenación Territorial y el Medio Ambiente requieren sólidos conocimientos y habilidades en Geología aplicada, Geomorfología y Topografía. Estas disciplinas se han estudiado a fondo en los programas tradicionales de ingeniería civil, pero a menudo desconectadas entre ellas. Por otro lado, la Geomática es un campo emergente, como consecuencia de los avances en informática, comunicaciones y medición, así como en el campo de la de teledetección espacial y cuya formación es casi nula en dichos planes. El resultado es que el egresado en cualquiera de las ramas de ingeniería civil carece de aptitudes y competencias ante la solución de problemas basados en herramientas con un uso profundo de dichas técnicas geomáticas. Desde el Departamento de Ingeniería y Morfología del Terreno, de la ETSICCP de la UPM, entendemos que debe continuarse con el esfuerzo en la integración de la geología, la geomorfología y la geomática en ingeniería civil, apoyadas en los avances de tecnologías de la información. El trabajo presenta la experiencia y metodología propuesta en los dos últimos cursos, cuyos resultados son muy satisfactorios.