Effects of nutrition on digestión efficicency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing-finishing pigs. I. Influence of the inclusión of two levels of orange pulp and carb meal in isofibrous diets

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing the level of two sources of fibrous by-products, orange pulp (OP) and carob meal (CM), in iso-NDF growing-finishing pig diets on nutrient balance, slurry composition and potential ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) emissions. Thirty pigs (85.4 ± 12.3 kg) were fed five iso-nutritive diets: a commercial control wheat/barley (C) and four experimental diets including two sources of fibrous by-products (OP and CM) and two dietary levels (75 and 150 g/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. After a 14-day adaptation period, faeces and urine were collected separately for 7 days to measure nutrient digestibility and the excretory patterns of N from pigs (6 replicates per diet) housed individually in metabolic pens. For each animal, the derived NH3 and CH4 emissions were measured in samples of slurry over an 11- and 100-day storage periods, respectively. Source and level of the fibrous by-products affected digestion efficiency in a different way as the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), fibre fractions and gross energy increased with OP but decreased with CM (P < 0.05). Crude protein CTTAD decreased with the inclusion of both sources of fibre, being lower at the highest dietary level. Faecal concentration of fibre fractions increased (P < 0.05) with the level of inclusion of CM but decreased with that of OP (P < 0.01). High dietary level for both sources of fibre increased (P < 0.02) CP faecal content but urine N content decreased (from 205 to 168 g/kg DM, P < 0.05) in all the fibre-supplemented compared to C diet. Additionally, the proportions of undigested dietary, water soluble, and bacterial and endogenous debris of faecal N excretion were not affected by treatments. The initial slurry characteristics did not differ among different fibre sources and dietary levels, except pH, which decreased at the highest by-product inclusion levels. Ammonia emission per kg of slurry was lower in all the fibre-supplemented diets than in C diet (from 2.44 to 1.81 g, P < 0.05). Additionally, slurries from the highest dietary level of by-products tended (P < 0.06) to emit less NH3 per kg of initial total Kjeldahl N and showed a lower B0, independently of the fibre source. Thus, the fibre sources and their dietary levels affected pig nutrient digestion and composition of urine and faeces, showing potential to decrease NH3 and CH4 emissions at high levels of inclusion, independently of type of fibre.

The Revolution that never was. Five years of 'Orange' Ukraine. OSW Point of View (Policy Brief), November 2009

On the fifth anniversary of the Orange Revolution and in the final period of the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko, who then embodied the hopes for state reform, a tentative assessment of the situation in Ukraine is appropriate. Did the revolutionary social upheaval bear revolutionary fruit? Have democratic mechanisms strengthened? Has the post-Soviet oligarchic state model been overcome? Has media freedom expanded? Has there been any progress with regard to economic transformation? Has integration with the European structures materialised? Five years on, what remains of the hopes of millions of Ukrainians and of the goodwill of the international community?

An allegorical masque : in honour of the nuptials of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales and H.R.H. the Princess Alexandra entitled Freya's gift /

Without the music.

Select anti-Pelagian treatises of St. Augustine & the acts of the second council of Orange;

Mode of access: Internet.

A prince of Cornwall : a story of Glastonbury and the West in the days of Ina of Wessex /

Mode of access: Internet.

Consumers' taste reactions to three experimental blends of orange and grapefruit juice.

Mode of access: Internet.

The tour of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales through British America and the United States.

Mode of access: Internet.

The visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales to America, reprinted from the Lower Canada Journal of Education,

The first half originally written in French and tr. into English by Joseph Lenoir.

Catalogue of important letters, manuscripts and books by or relating to Walt Whitman, the property of his intimate friend, biographer and literary executor, the late Richard Maurice Bucke of London, Ontario (sold by order of H. L. Bucke, esq.) which will be sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby & co. ... the 13th of May, 1935.

117 lots.

The works of Sir William Temple, bart. : to which is prefixed, the life and character of the author, considerably enlarged.

--I. Life of the author. An essay on the original and nature of government. Observations upon the united provinces of the Netherlands. Letters containing an account of the most important transactions that passed in Christendom from 1665 to 1672.-II. Sequel of the author's letters, serving to supply the loss of the first part of his memoirs. A survey of the constitutions and interests of the empire, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Holland, France, and Flanders in 1671. A letter to the Duke of Ormond, written in October 1673. Memoirs, pt. II--III.--III. [Essays] Poetry.--IV. Letters to the king, the Prince of Orange, &c. Index.

A review of the conduct of the Prince of Wales in his various transactions with Mr. Jefferys, during a period of more than twenty years ; containing a detail of many circumstances relative to the Prince and Princess of Wales, Mrs. Fitzherbert, &c.&c.&c. /

Shaw and Shoemaker ;

Henry of Monmouth : or, Memoirs of the life and character of Henry the Fifth, as Prince of Wales and King of England /

Mode of access: Internet.

Memoirs of Lucien Bonaparte, (prince of Canino)

Mode of access: Internet.

The history of Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia : a tale / by Samuel Johnson.

Mode of access: Internet.