147 resultados para Martensite stabilizations
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This paper discusses the formation of microstructures with different volume fractions, as an outcome of a specific heat treatment, with the following phases: ferrite, martensite, bainite and retained austenite. For the microstructure characterization it is developed a chemical etching that allows to distinguish the phases by optical microscopy. The evaluation of the mechanical properties is done based on the results of tensile and fatigue tests. The experimental results show that appropriate heat treatments can contribute to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the steel. In this process it is essential to control the fraction volume, morphology of the phases, and grain size.
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Grain refinement of low carbon steel via the warm deformation of martensite during torsion testing was investigated. At the beginning of straining, laths with high dislocation density were observed. After large deformations, a ferrite matrix with grain size close to 1μm and dispersed cementite particles were attained.
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The aim of the work was to prepare an overview about the microstructures present in high-speed steel, focused on the crystallography of the carbides. High-speed steels are currently obtained by casting, powder metallurgy and more recently spray forming. High-speed steels have a high hardness resulting from a microstructure, which consists of a steel matrix (martensite and ferrite), in which embedded carbides of different crystal structure, chemical composition, morphology and size, exist. These carbides are commonly named MxC, where M represents one or more metallic atoms. These carbides can be identified by X-ray diffraction considering M as a unique metallic atom. In this work, it is discussed, in basis of the first principles of physics crystallography, the validation of this identification when it is considered that other atoms in the structure are substitutional. Further, it is discussed some requirements for data acquisition that allows the Rietveld refinement to be applied on carbide crystallography and phase amount determination.
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The microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior during large strain of a 0.16%C-Mn steel has been investigated by warm torsion tests. These experiments were carried out at 685°C at equivalent strain rate of 0.1 s . The initial microstructure composed of a martensite matrix with uniformly dispersed fine cementite particles was attained by quenching and tempering. The microstructure evolution during tempering and straining was performed through interrupted tests. As the material was reheated to testing temperature, well-defined cell structure was created and subgrains within lath martensite were observed by TEM; strong recovery took place, decreasing the dislocation density. After 1 hour at the test temperature and without straining, EBSD technique showed the formation of new grains. The flow stress curves measured had a peculiar shape: rapid work hardening to a hump, followed by an extensive flow-softening region. 65% of the boundaries observed in the sample strained to ε = 1.0 were high angle grain boundaries. After straining to ε = 5.0, average ferrite grain size close to 1.5 μm was found, suggesting that dynamic recrystallization took place. Also, two sets of cementite particles were observed: large particles aligned with straining direction and smaller particles more uniformly dispersed. The fragmentation or grain subdivision that occurred during reheating and tempering time was essential for the formation of ultrafine grained microstructure.
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Thermal transformations on microalloyed steels can produce multiphase microstructures with different amounts of ferrite, martensite, bainite and retained austenite. These different phases, with distinct morphologies, are determinant of the mechanical behavior of the steel and can, for instance, affect the crack path or promote crack shielding, thus resulting in changes on its propagation rate under cyclic loading. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the effects of microstructure on the tensile strength and fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviour of a 0.08%C-1,5%Mn (wt. pct.) microalloyed steel, recently developed by a Brazilian steel maker under the designation of RD480. This steel is being considered as a promising alternative to replace low carbon steel in wheel components for the automotive industry. Various microstructural conditions were obtained by means of heat treatments followed by water quench, in which the material samples were kept at the temperatures of 800, 950 and 1200 °C. In order to describe the FCG behavior, two models were tested: the conventional Paris equation and a new exponential equation developed for materials showing non-linear FCG behavior. The results allowed correlating the tensile properties and crack growth resistance to the microstructural features. It is also shown that the Region II FCG curves of the dual and multiphase microstructural conditions present crack growth transitions that are better modeled by dividing them in two parts. The fracture surfaces of the fatigued samples were observed via scanning electron microscopy in order to reveal the fracture mechanisms presented by the various material conditions. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Caracterização de um aço microligado ao boro e tratado termicamente utilizado na fabricação de tubos
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Efeitos das microestruturas bainíticas e multifásicas nas propriedades mecânicas de um aço AISI 4340
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG
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Sabendo-se que a fadiga é uma redução gradual da capacidade de carga do componente pela ruptura lenta e gradual do material. E que este defeito decorre do avanço infinitesimal de microtrincas, que se formam no interior do material, imperceptível a olho nu, como também é notório que a presença dos elementos de liga nos aços, propicia alterações nas propriedades metalurgias e mecânicas no material, aplicado à obra. Por outro lado, ao ser submetido a processamentos dos mais diversos, os mesmos, deformam nas zonas elásticas, plásticas e ao fim rompem-se. Ressaltando-se o objetivo deste estudo, destina se abordar as uniões soldadas, nos estágios em que ficam sujeitas a altas temperaturas e resfriam sem controle, até a temperatura ambiente. Ao fim, são solicitados por carregamentos cíclicos constantes ou alternados. Nesta particularidade, espera-se detectar mudanças estruturais profundas na Zona Termicamente Afetada – ZTA, em razão do superaquecimento sofrido, tanto na proximidade do ponto central da poça de fusão como na região localizada na vizinhança. Como não dispomos de parâmetros suficientes e necessários ao controle destas alterações, propomos analisar a ZTA da junta soldada, com a finalidade de avaliar o comportamento metalúrgico e suas implicações causadas pelas interações gás-metal. Analisar os efeitos resultantes do triangulo formado pelo material base aço AISI/SAE 4340, SAE 1020 chanfrados em V e o eletrodo revestido E-6013. A análise da estrutura será realizada pelas técnicas de ensaio metalográfico usando o método da microscopia óptica – MO o qual é de ampla difusão nas comunicações técnicas e cientificas, através das quais, distinguirão as transformações multifásicas. Transformações estas, distintas pelas transformações das austenitas diretas em martensitas sem passar pelas ferritas e perlitas. Com estas identidades, o metalógrafo pode caracterizar e predizer as reações futuras das estruturas mediante a análise das solicitações, a que possam estar submetidas. Para analisar o comportamento em fadiga dos materiais em questão, adota-se como parâmetro auxiliar, o ensaio do pêndulo de Charpy. Portanto, pelos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as estruturas são comprometidas por tensões internas em conseqüência fragilizam, mas o procedimento de soldagem pode ser adotado, seguido de recozimento para alivio de tensões, se não fizer trincas.
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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG