Aumento da produção de grãos de pinhão-manso pela aplicação de benziladenina

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o florescimento e a produção de grãos de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) em resposta à aplicação de benziladenina diretamente sobre inflorescências fechadas. O experimento foi realizado em campo, com plantas em idade produtiva, em cultivo adensado. Foram avaliados: número de flores femininas e masculinas por inflorescência, número de inflorescências e de cachos por planta, número de frutos por cacho, percentual de abortamento de frutos e produção por planta. O número de flores femininas aumentou pela aplicação do regulador vegetal, com incremento de 170% no número de frutos por cacho. Apesar do menor pegamento de frutos nas plantas tratadas, a aplicação da benziladenina aumentou a produção em 92%.

Long-term antiretroviral treatment initiated at primary HIV-1 infection affects the size, composition, and decay kinetics of the reservoir of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells.

Initiation of antiretroviral therapy during the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection may limit the seeding of a long-lasting viral reservoir, but long-term effects of early antiretroviral treatment initiation remain unknown. Here, we analyzed immunological and virological characteristics of nine patients who started antiretroviral therapy at primary HIV-1 infection and remained on suppressive treatment for >10 years; patients with similar treatment duration but initiation of suppressive therapy during chronic HIV-1 infection served as controls. We observed that independently of the timing of treatment initiation, HIV-1 DNA in CD4 T cells decayed primarily during the initial 3 to 4 years of treatment. However, in patients who started antiretroviral therapy in early infection, this decay occurred faster and was more pronounced, leading to substantially lower levels of cell-associated HIV-1 DNA after long-term treatment. Despite this smaller size, the viral CD4 T cell reservoir in persons with early treatment initiation consisted more dominantly of the long-lasting central-memory and T memory stem cells. HIV-1-specific T cell responses remained continuously detectable during antiretroviral therapy, independently of the timing of treatment initiation. Together, these data suggest that early HIV-1 treatment initiation, even when continued for >10 years, is unlikely to lead to viral eradication, but the presence of low viral reservoirs and durable HIV-1 T cell responses may make such patients good candidates for future interventional studies aiming at HIV-1 eradication and cure. IMPORTANCE: Antiretroviral therapy can effectively suppress HIV-1 replication to undetectable levels; however, HIV-1 can persist despite treatment, and viral replication rapidly rebounds when treatment is discontinued. This is mainly due to the presence of latently infected CD4 T cells, which are not susceptible to antiretroviral drugs. Starting treatment in the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection can limit the number of these latently infected cells, raising the possibility that these viral reservoirs are naturally eliminated if suppressive antiretroviral treatment is continued for extremely long periods of time. Here, we analyzed nine patients who started on antiretroviral therapy within the earliest weeks of the disease and continued treatment for more than 10 years. Our data show that early treatment accelerated the decay of infected CD4 T cells and led to very low residual levels of detectable HIV-1 after long-term therapy, levels that were otherwise detectable in patients who are able to maintain a spontaneous, drug-free control of HIV-1 replication. Thus, long-term antiretroviral treatment started during early infection cannot eliminate HIV-1, but the reduced reservoirs of HIV-1 infected cells in such patients may increase their chances to respond to clinical interventions aiming at inducing a drug-free remission of HIV-1 infection.

Biologia e tabela de vida do ácaro-vermelho Tetranychus bastosi em pinhão-manso

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a biologia e a tabela de vida de Tetranychus bastosi em pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas). O experimento foi realizado em ambiente controlado a 26ºC e 75% de UR, com fotófase de 12 horas. Os ovos usados nos experimentos foram oriundos de criação estoque. As avaliações foram realizadas duas vezes ao dia, para a biologia do ácaro, e uma vez, para os parâmetros reprodutivos. O ciclo médio de vida das fêmeas foi de 9,63 dias e o dos machos, de 8,94 dias. A razão sexual foi 0,65 e a longevidade média das fêmeas foi de 16 dias, com produção média de 59 ovos por fêmea. Os parâmetros de tabela de vida obtidos foram: taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro), 45,41 indivíduos; duração média das gerações (T), 12,66 dias; taxa intrínseca de crescimento (r m), 0,0538 fêmea por fêmea por dia; razão finita de aumento (λ), 1,023 fêmea por fêmea; e tempo para duplicação da população (TD), 3,15 dias. O ácaro T. bastosi desenvolve-se bem e apresenta alto potencial reprodutivo sobre folhas de pinhão-manso.

Capacidade combinatória e parâmetros genéticos de genótipos de pinhão-manso quanto a caracteres morfoagronômicos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as capacidades geral e específica de combinação, os parâmetros genéticos e a correlação entre caracteres morfoagronômicos, em acessos de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliados os caracteres: PR, produção de sementes; AP, altura de planta; NRS, número de ramos secundários; NFF, número de flores femininas; DC, diâmetro de colo; P100, massa de 100 sementes; AR, altura de ramificação; e DCO, diâmetro de copa. A capacidade geral de combinação foi significativa para PR, NRS, DC, P100 e AR, enquanto a capacidade específica foi significativa apenas para NFF e NRS. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram superiores a 70%, em NRS, NFF, DC e AR. Observou-se correlações genotípicas positivas entre NRS e DC (0,942), NRS e AP (0,762), NRS e DCO (0,798), NRS e PR (0,759), DC e AP (0,738), DC e DCO (0,844), DC e PR (0,802), e DCO e PR (0,742); e negativas entre NRS e AR (-0,665), e DC e AR (-0,687). O NFF explicou mais de 50% da variação dos híbridos de pinhão-manso. A capacidade geral de combinação é preponderante na maioria das características avaliadas.

Desempenho agronômico e ganho genético pela seleção de pinhão-manso em três regiões do Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico e o ganho genético pela seleção de famílias de meio-irmãos de pinhão-manso, cultivado em três regiões do Brasil. A partir de seleção fenotípica prévia, foram instalados três testes de progênies, em 2008, nos municípios de Planaltina, DF, Nova Porteirinha, MG, e Pelotas, RS. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e cinco plantas por parcela. Como testemunha, foram utilizadas sementes, colhidas ao acaso, de uma população sem seleção. Houve interação significativa entre os efeitos de genótipos por ambientes. As estimativas dos componentes de variância e dos parâmetros genéticos indicaram que é possível obter ganhos com a seleção das melhores famílias, nos ambientes avaliados. Em cada ambiente, ao menos uma família foi selecionada com desempenho superior ao tratamento-controle. O ganho genético médio, obtido pela seleção massal nos três ambientes, foi de 72%. Observou-se alto coeficiente de correlação entre os ambientes de Planaltina e Nova Porteirinha, quanto ao desempenho agronômico, o que não se repetiu no Município de Pelotas. A interação genótipo x ambiente deve ser considerada na recomendação de materiais genéticos de pinhão-manso para ambientes distintos.

Desenvolvimento vegetativo de pinhão-manso em diferentes arranjos de plantio em sistemas agrossilvipastoris

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes arranjos de plantio no desenvolvimento vegetativo de plantas de pinhão-manso estabelecidas em dois tipos de consórcio agrossilvipastoril. O experimento foi realizado no Município de Coronel Pacheco, MG, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas. A parcela foi representada por cinco espaçamentos: 6x3 m (555 plantas por hectare), 12x(2x2) m (714 plantas por hectare), 10x(2x2) m (833 plantas por hectare), 8x(2x2) m (1.000 plantas por hectare) e 6x1,5 m (1.111 plantas por hectare); e a subparcela, por dois tipos de consórcio: agrossilvipastoril (integração lavoura-pecuária-pinhão-manso) e silvipastoril (integração pecuária-pinhão-manso). As avalições foram realizadas nas safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. O espaçamento de plantio de 6x3 m proporcionou maior desenvolvimento em diâmetro de copa e número de brotações das plantas de pinhão-manso, na safra 2010/2011. Na safra 2011/2012, foi observado maior desenvolvimento em altura com o espaçamento de plantio de 8x(2x2) m. O consórcio de pinhão-manso x milho x pastagem proporciona maior desenvolvimento das plantas de pinhão-manso para todas as variáveis estudadas nas duas safras.

Número mínimo de medições para a avaliação acurada de características agronômicas de pinhão-manso

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o método mais eficaz para estimar coeficientes de repetibilidade em progênies de meios-irmãos de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) e predizer o número mínimo de medições necessárias para algumas características agronômicas da oleaginosa. Avaliaram-se 18 famílias de meios-irmãos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, de 2009 a 2013. Nesse período, as seguintes características foram avaliadas: altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de ramos por planta, projeção da copa na linha, projeção da copa na entrelinha e produtividade de grãos. O coeficiente de repetibilidade (r) foi estimado a partir de diferentes estratégias: análise de variância; análise dos componentes principais (ACP), com base na matriz de correlações (CPCOR); ACP, com base na matriz de variâncias e covariâncias fenotípicas (CPCOV); e análise estrutural, com base na matriz de correlações. A estratégia CPCOV proporciona estimativas mais acuradas do coeficiente de repetibilidade e do número de medições necessárias (no mínimo quatro) para avaliação acurada (mínimo 80%) das características, devido ao comportamento cíclico das progênies.

Deposits of the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River: Implications for the use of modern analogs in reconstructing channel dimensions in reservoir characterization

Estimation of the dimensions of fluvial geobodies from core data is a notoriously difficult problem in reservoir modeling. To try and improve such estimates and, hence, reduce uncertainty in geomodels, data on dunes, unit bars, cross-bar channels, and compound bars and their associated deposits are presented herein from the sand-bed braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. These data are used to test models that relate the scale of the formative bed forms to the dimensions of the preserved deposits and, therefore, provide an insight as to how such deposits may be preserved over geologic time. The preservation of bed-form geometry is quantified by comparing the Alluvial architecture above and below the maximum erosion depth of the modem channel deposits. This comparison shows that there is no significant difference in the mean set thickness of dune cross-strata above and below the basal erosion surface of the contemporary channel, thus suggesting that dimensional relationships between dune deposits and the formative bed-form dimensions are likely to be valid from both recent and older deposits. The data show that estimates of mean bankfull flow depth derived from dune, unit bar, and cross-bar channel deposits are all very similar. Thus, the use of all these metrics together can provide a useful check that all components and scales of the alluvial architecture have been identified correctly when building reservoir models. The data also highlight several practical issues with identifying and applying data relating to cross-strata. For example, the deposits of unit bars were found to be severely truncated in length and width, with only approximately 10% of the mean bar-form length remaining, and thus making identification in section difficult. For similar reasons, the deposits of compound bars were found to be especially difficult to recognize, and hence, estimates of channel depth based on this method may be problematic. Where only core data are available (i.e., no outcrop data exist), formative flow depths are suggested to be best reconstructed using cross-strata formed by dunes. However, theoretical relationships between the distribution of set thicknesses and formative dune height are found to result in slight overestimates of the latter and, hence, mean bankfull flow depths derived from these measurements. This article illustrates that the preservation of fluvial cross-strata and, thus, the paleohydraulic inferences that can be drawn from them, are a function of the ratio of the size and migration rate of bed forms and the time scale of aggradation and channel migration. These factors must thus be considered when deciding on appropriate length:thickness ratios for the purposes of object-based modeling in reservoir characterization.

Diagenetic processes in a partially dolomitized carbonate reservoir: Casablanca oil field, Valencia Trough, offshore Spain.

Mesozoic and Neogene carbonates located in the Valencia Trough (offshore Spain, western Mediterranean Sea)are oil reservoirs. This paper investigates the diagenetic evolution of the Upper Jurassic limestones, currently dolomitized, that constitute the main reservoir of the Casablanca oil field. Core samples from Casablanca-1A well have been studied to determine the diagenetic products and their relation with porosity evolution, and to reconstruct the fluid flow history prior to and during oil emplacement. On the basis of petrological observations and geochemical analyses (major, minor and trace element composition and oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope composition), a major dolomitization event is recognized postdating subaerial exposure, erosion and karstification. The dolomitization event originated two replacive dolomites (RD1 and RD2) and two dolomite cements (saddle dolomite cement, SDC, and milky-white dolomite cement, MDC)which are partially cogenetic. RD1, RD2 and SDC precipitated at increasing temperatures (over 60ºC and below 110ºC), probably from meteoric water mixed with marine water. The last dolomite type milky-white dolomite cement) precipitated with increasing burial conditions and by arrival of hydrothermal fluids during the Miocene. The post-dolomitization sequence comprises precipitation of calcite cement and partial calcitization of all previous dolomites. The oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope compositions suggest that this calcite cementation occurred from meteoric waters mixed with Burdigalian - Langhian marine waters trapped in the sediments and expelled by compaction in the moderate to deep burial realm. Normal faults were the conduits for upward migration of these fluids as well as for later oil expulsion from the Burdigalian - Langhian source rocks. Late corrosion associated with organic acid-enriched fluids took place prior or simultaneously to oil migration during the Pliocene, enhancing porosity and increasing eservoir quality.

Architectural characterization of a delta-front reservoir analogue combining ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography: Roda Sandstone (Lower Eocene, Graus-Tremp basin, Spain)

Three-dimensional reconstruction of reservoir analogues can be improved combining data from different geophysical methods. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data are valuable tools, since they provide subsurface information from internal architecture and facies distribution of sedimentary rock bodies, enabling the upgrading of depositional models and heterogeneity reconstruction. The Lower Eocene Roda Sandstone is a well-known deltaic complex widely studied as a reservoir analogue that displays a series of sandstone wedges with a general NE to SW progradational trend. To provide a better understanding of internal heterogeneity of a 10m-thick progradational delta-front sandstone unit, 3D GPR data were acquired. In addition, common midpoints (CMP) to measure the sandstone subsoil velocity, test profiles with different frequency antennas (25, 50 and 100MHz) and topographic data for subsequent correction in the geophysical data were also obtained. Three ERT profiles were also acquired to further constrain GPR analysis. These geophysical results illustrate the geometry of reservoir analogue heterogeneities both depositional and diagenetic in nature, improving and complementing previous outcrop-derived data. GPR interpretation using radar stratigraphy principles and attributes analysis provided: 1)tridimensional geometry of major stratigraphic surfaces that define four units in the GPR Prism, 2) image the internal architecture of the units and their statistical study of azimuth and dips, useful for a quick determination of paleocurrent directions. These results were used to define the depositional architecture of the progradational sandbody that shows an arrangement in very-high-frequency sequences characterized by clockwise paleocurrent variations and decrease of the sedimentary flow, similar to those observed at a greater scale in the same system. This high-frequency sequential arrangement has been attributed to the autocyclic dynamics of a supply-dominated delta- front where fluvial and tidal currents are in competition. The resistivity models enhanced the viewing of reservoir quality associated with cement distribution caused by depositional and early diagenetic processes related to the development of transgressive and regressive systems tracts in igh-frequency sequences.

The internal wave field in Sau reservoir : Observation and modeling of a third vertical mode

Water withdrawal from Mediterranean reservoirs in summer is usually very high. Because of this, stratification is often continuous and far from the typical two-layered structure, favoring the excitation of higher vertical modes. The analysis of wind, temperature, and current data from Sau reservoir (Spain) shows that the third vertical mode of the internal seiche (baroclinic mode) dominated the internal wave field at the beginning of September 2003. We used a continuous stratification two-dimensional model to calculate the period and velocity distribution of the various modes of the internal seiche, and we calculated that the period of the third vertical mode is ;24 h, which coincides with the period of the dominating winds. As a result of the resonance between the third mode and the wind, the other oscillation modes were not excited during this period

The role of surface vertical mixing in phytoplankton distribution in a stratified reservoir

We investigated convection caused by surface cooling and mixing attributable to wind shear stress and their roles as agents for the transport of phytoplankton cells in the water column by carrying out two daily surveys during the stratified period of the Sau reservoir. Green algae, diatoms, and cryptophyceae were the dominant phytoplankton communities during the surveys carried out in the middle (July) and end (September) of the stratified period. We show that a system with a linear stratification and that is subject to weak surface forcing, with weak winds , < 4 m S (-1) and low energy dissipation rate values of the order of 1028 m2 s23 or lower, enables the formation of thin phytoplankton layers. These layers quickly disappear when water parcels mix because there is a medium external forcing (convection) induced by the night surface cooling, which is characterized by energy dissipation rates on the order of , 5x10(-8)m2s(-3). During both surveys the wind generated internal waves during the entire diurnal cycle. During the day, and because of the weak winds, phytoplankton layers rise in the water column up to a depth determined by both solar heating and internal waves. In contrast, during the night phytoplankton mixes down to a depth determined by both convection and internal waves. These internal waves, together with the wind-driven current generated at the surface, seem to be the agents responsible for the horizontal transport of phytoplankton across the reservoir.