Who Develops Innovations in Medicine for the Poor? Trends in Patent Applications Related to Medicines for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Neglected Diseases

Who invents medicines for the poor of the world? This question becomes very important where the WTO allows low income countries to be unbound by the TRIPS agreement. This agreement concerns medicines for infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. These diseases cause serious damage to low income countries. Under these circumstances, some scholars wonder if anyone will continue innovative activities related to treating these diseases. This paper sought to answer this question by collecting and analyzing patent data of medicines and vaccines for diseases using the database of the Japan Patent Office. Results indicate that private firms have led in innovation not only for global diseases such as HIV/AIDS but also diseases such as malaria that are spreading exclusively in low income countries. Innovation for the three infectious diseases is diverse among firms, and frequent patent applications by high-performing pharmaceutical firms appear prominent even after R&D expenditure, economies of scale, and economies of scope are taken into account.

Business Cycles and Seasonal Cycles in Bangladesh

The empirical regularities of the Bangladesh business and seasonal cycles are documented in this study. Spectrums, seasonality, volatility, cyclicality, and persistence in the level and variance of macroeconomic variables in Bangladesh are explored using monthly and quarterly macroeconomic series. Most of the features of U.S. and East-Southeast Asian business cycles are common to Bangladeshi business cycles; however, there are some differences. As is seen in the U.S. and European economies, seasonal cycles accentuate the features of business cycles in Bangladesh. To our surprise, the seasonal cycles in Bangladesh embody the features of business cycles in the U.S. and East-Southeast Asian economies more thoroughly than they do the business cycles in Bangladesh.

Estudio de viabilidad técnica de un Sistema de Información de Salud basado en DHIS2 en Paraguay

El estudio de viabilidad realizado en este proyecto fin de carrera constituye uno más de los muchos que ya se han elaborado para adaptar la herramienta DHIS2 al contexto concreto de un país, y se apoya en toda la experiencia previa acumulada a lo largo de los años en países de Asia, África y, más recientemente, América Latina. DHIS2 es software libre y cuenta con una comunidad de usuarios muy activa repartida por todo el mundo. El objetivo de este proyecto es la realización de un estudio de viabilidad técnica e institucional para implementar el software DHIS2 como sistema de información sanitaria de la Dirección General de Vigilancia en Salud de Paraguay. Para realizar el estudio primero se analizará en profundidad la herramienta DHIS2 para conocer lo que se puede hacer y lo que no; luego se estudiará el sistema de información utilizado actualmente en la DGVS identificando los flujos de datos; y finalmente se implementará una demostración de DHIS2 adaptada a la DGVS. El sistema de información de la DGVS está basado en el envío de fichas de notificación, las cuales son almacenadas y analizadas mediante hojas de cálculo MS Excel. El uso de estas hojas como base de datos puede provocar problemas de inconsistencia y duplicidad en los datos, y se vuelve inmanejable cuando el volumen es muy grande. Por otro lado, rellenar las fichas de notificación de manera manual genera un gran número de errores debido a letra ilegible, problema considerado como uno de los principales por el personal de la DGVS. En este contexto, un sistema de información como DHIS2 podría mejorar y hacer más eficiente todo el proceso de recogida, almacenamiento, análisis y presentación de los datos. El análisis del flujo de datos se realiza mediante la elección de tres fichas de notificación, las cuales servirán de elemento conductor a lo largo de todo el recorrido: Síndromes Febriles Agudos e Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas como fichas individuales y la Planilla Semanal de Notificación Obligatoria como ficha agregada. A continuación se configura DHIS2 para implementar una demostración que incluya las tres fichas anteriores, la cual será utilizada para realizar pruebas de funcionamiento y organizar talleres de formación con el personal de la DGVS. Luego se comprueba que DHIS2 cumple las normas establecidas por el MSPyBS para poder integrarse dentro del sistema de información global y ser compatible con el resto de subsistemas que componen el MSPyBS. También se consigue la integración a DHIS2 del histórico de datos de la DGVS. La valoración general de DHIS2 como sistema de información para la DGVS es muy positiva, si bien se han detectado dos condicionantes importantes que marcarán su éxito. Desde el punto de vista técnico, la baja conectividad a Internet existente en Paraguay puede dificultar su correcto funcionamiento. La buena noticia es que el Ministerio, por un lado, prevé mejorar el acceso en el corto plazo y DHIS2, por otro, planea potenciar el soporte para trabajar con cortes en la conexión. Desde le punto de vista institucional, todo quedará condicionado a la voluntad de la dirección de la DGVS para dar apoyo y favorecer el uso de esta aplicación.

Análisis del Nivel de Desarrollo de las Microempresas Madereras en el Bosque Modelo de Yoro (Honduras). Apoyo a microempresas madereras (ebanistas) de Yoro.

Trabajo fin de Carrera en Cooperación al desarrollo de la UPM, en el que se analiza la situación de la pequeña industria de carpintería dentro del área Bosque Modelo de Yoro, con la finalidad de unificar y reducir así el impacto medioambiental que supone la compra de madera ilegal por parte de estos trabajadores.

CorkClass 1.0: Aplicación informática para la clasificación del corcho

El documento es una aplicación informática, programada en Visual Basic® para Microsoft Excel®, y contiene un programa denominado CorkClass 1.0. Es un software de clasificación de corcho en plancha por calidades a partir de su calibre – grosor – y de las anomalías o singularidades apreciables en su sección transversal. CorkClass 1.0 trabaja con dos clases de calidad: corcho taponable y refugo. A partir de la valoración de las variables obtenida por el usuario, la aplicación decide a qué clase pertenece la pieza. Esta clasificación se realiza en base a dos modelos. Cuando disponemos de medida del coeficiente de porosidad (mediante métodos de análisis de imagen), podemos clasificar en base al modelo completo (2TC) o al reducido (2TR), aunque los resultados generales se mostrarán tomando la clasificación del modelo completo para cada pieza. En caso de no disponer de medida del coeficiente de porosidad, la clasificación se realizará únicamente en base al modelo reducido (2TR), cuya clasificación para cada pieza será tomada para el cálculo de los resultados generales . El programa ha sido desarrollado por la UPM y el INIA-CIFOR y validado para muestras procedentes tanto de las distintas regiones de España como del resto de regiones de procedencia del alcornoque (Quercus suber L.), por lo que su ámbito de aplicación es universal.

CorkClass 1.1: Aplicación informática para la clasificación del corcho

El documento es una aplicación informática, programada en Visual Basic® para Microsoft Excel®, y contiene un programa denominado CorkClass 1.1. Es un software de clasificación de corcho en plancha por calidades a partir de su calibre – grosor – y de las anomalías o singularidades apreciables en su sección transversal. CorkClass 1.1 trabaja con dos clases de calidad: corcho taponable y refugo. A partir de la valoración de las variables obtenida por el usuario, la aplicación decide a qué clase pertenece la pieza. Esta clasificación se realiza en base a dos modelos. Cuando disponemos de medida del coeficiente de porosidad (mediante métodos de análisis de imagen), podemos clasificar en base al modelo completo (2TC) o al reducido (2TR), aunque los resultados generales se mostrarán tomando la clasificación del modelo completo para cada pieza. En caso de no disponer de medida del coeficiente de porosidad, la clasificación se realizará únicamente en base al modelo reducido (2TR), cuya clasificación para cada pieza será tomada para el cálculo de los resultados generales . El programa ha sido desarrollado por la UPM y el INIA-CIFOR y validado para muestras procedentes tanto de las distintas regiones de España como del resto de regiones de procedencia del alcornoque (Quercus suber L.), por lo que su ámbito de aplicación es universal.

Análise de frequências alélicas de 15 marcadores STR em alunos da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru

Entre as muitas aplicações das tecnologias de identificação biológica humana, estão as finalidades forenses. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar frequências alélicas de Short Tandem Repeat (STR) e os parâmetros estatísticos de interesse em genética de populações e forense para desenvolver o primeiro banco de dados populacional de DNA na Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, (FOB/USP) para futuros usos forenses. Frequências alélicas de 15 locos autossômicos e do marcador de gênero amelogenina foram determinadas utilizando amostras de 200 μL de saliva doados por 296 alunos de graduação da FOB/USP, com idade ≥ 18 anos, após aprovação ética. Os testes laboratoriais foram feitos com kits comerciais. Resultados e parâmetros estatísticos foram obtidos por meio de programas clássicos: GeneMapper-ID-X, MS Excel 2002 versão 10.6871.6870, GenAlEx 6.5 e Arlequin 3.5, comparando quatro populações (brasileira, portuguesa, norte-americana e a população deste estudo). Os locos mais polimórficos foram D18S51 (17 alelos) e FGA (15 alelos), seguidos pelo D21S11 (13 alelos) e os menos polimórficos foram D16S539 e TH01 (7 alelos cada). A análise comparativa com amostra da população brasileira proveniente de estudos anteriores (n > 100.000) pelo teste goodness of fit X2 index não mostrou diferenças significativas entre estes grupos (p = 0,9999). Outros parâmetros estatísticos foram calculados comparando as populações: local (deste estudo), portuguesa e norte-americana. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) entre as três populações, entre as pessoas da mesma população e para cada pessoa de cada população mostrou que existe uma elevada variância individual (99%), que esta variância é mantida uniformemente entre as pessoas da mesma amostra/região (1%) e entre as três populações estudadas (0%). O estudo confirmou o elevado grau de polimorfismo e a alta heterozigosidade (96,5%) da população. Houve diferença significativa quanto ao gênero (79,7% mulheres) quando comparado à população brasileira em geral (50,4%), explicada pelas características do corpo discente da FOB/USP composto por 80,6% de pessoas do gênero feminino. Interessante foi a observação de uma microvariante alélica no loco D18S51, fora da escada padrão e da escala de abrangência do kit, correspondente ao alelo 29, ainda não definida na base de dados internacional (STRBase, atualizada em 07/08/2015). Esta microvariante deverá ser confirmada por testes familiares e sequenciamento de DNA para verificar a possibilidade de outra ocorrência familiar ou duplicação de nucleotídeos. No futuro, os dados obtidos neste estudo devem ser incorporados ao banco de dados da população brasileira e podem ser considerados como referência genética da população regional, ajudando a elucidar casos forenses. Após a confirmação, a potencial nova microvariante alélica contribuirá para a base de dados internacional STRBase.

TABLETUTORIAL: Stata module to provide tutorial on automated table generation and reporting

-tabletutorial- illustrates how Stata can be used to export statistical results and generate customized reports. Part 1 explains how results from Stata routines can be accessed and how they can be exported using the -file- comand or a wrapper such as, e.g., -mat2txt-. Part 2 shows how model estimation results can be archived using -estwrite- and how models can be tabulated and exported to LaTeX, MS Excel, or MS Word using -estout-. Part 3 illustrates how to set up automatic reports in LaTeX or MS Word. The tutorial is based on a talk given at CEPS/INSTEAD in Luxembourg in October 2008. After install, type -help tabletutorial- to start the tutorial (in Stata 8, type -whelp tabletutorial-). The -mat2txt-, -estwrite-, and -estout- packages, also available from SSC, are required to run the examples.

Meteorological data, stem radius measurements (SR) and derivates of SR of the three Swiss forest sites Visp, Davos and Lägeren

. Separating continuously measured stem radius (SR) fluctuations into growth-induced irreversible stem expansion (GRO) and tree water deficit-induced reversible stem shrinkage (TWD) requires a concept to decide on potential growth processes during periods of shrinking and expanding SR below a precedent maximum. Here we investigated two physiological concepts: the linear growth (LG) concept assuming linear growth vs. the zero growth (ZG) concept assuming no growth during periods of shrunken stems. . We evaluated the physiological mechanisms underlying these two concepts and assessed the respective plausibility with SR data obtained from 15 deciduous and evergreen trees. . The LG concept showed steady growth rates, whereas the ZG concept showed strongly varying growth rates over time, more in accordance with mechanistic expectations. Further, growth increased for maximally 120 min after periods of shrunken stems, indicating limited growth activity during that period. However, the fraction of this extra growth was found to be small. Furthermore, TWD of the ZG concept was better explained by a hydraulic plant model than TWD of the LG concept. . We conclude that periods of shrunken stems allow for very little growth in the four tree species investigated. However, further studies should focus on obtaining independent growth data to ultimately validate these findings.

Techno-economic assessment and uncertainty analysis of thermochemical processes for second generation biofuels

Biomass-To-Liquid (BTL) is one of the most promising low carbon processes available to support the expanding transportation sector. This multi-step process produces hydrocarbon fuels from biomass, the so-called “second generation biofuels” that, unlike first generation biofuels, have the ability to make use of a wider range of biomass feedstock than just plant oils and sugar/starch components. A BTL process based on gasification has yet to be commercialized. This work focuses on the techno-economic feasibility of nine BTL plants. The scope was limited to hydrocarbon products as these can be readily incorporated and integrated into conventional markets and supply chains. The evaluated BTL systems were based on pressurised oxygen gasification of wood biomass or bio-oil and they were characterised by different fuel synthesis processes including: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) process and the Topsoe Integrated Gasoline (TIGAS) synthesis. This was the first time that these three fuel synthesis technologies were compared in a single, consistent evaluation. The selected process concepts were modelled using the process simulation software IPSEpro to determine mass balances, energy balances and product distributions. For each BTL concept, a cost model was developed in MS Excel to estimate capital, operating and production costs. An uncertainty analysis based on the Monte Carlo statistical method, was also carried out to examine how the uncertainty in the input parameters of the cost model could affect the output (i.e. production cost) of the model. This was the first time that an uncertainty analysis was included in a published techno-economic assessment study of BTL systems. It was found that bio-oil gasification cannot currently compete with solid biomass gasification due to the lower efficiencies and higher costs associated with the additional thermal conversion step of fast pyrolysis. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was the most promising fuel synthesis technology for commercial production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels since it achieved higher efficiencies and lower costs than TIGAS and MTG. None of the BTL systems were competitive with conventional fossil fuel plants. However, if government tax take was reduced by approximately 33% or a subsidy of £55/t dry biomass was available, transport biofuels could be competitive with conventional fuels. Large scale biofuel production may be possible in the long term through subsidies, fuels price rises and legislation.

Introduction to data analysis

With the latest development in computer science, multivariate data analysis methods became increasingly popular among economists. Pattern recognition in complex economic data and empirical model construction can be more straightforward with proper application of modern softwares. However, despite the appealing simplicity of some popular software packages, the interpretation of data analysis results requires strong theoretical knowledge. This book aims at combining the development of both theoretical and applicationrelated data analysis knowledge. The text is designed for advanced level studies and assumes acquaintance with elementary statistical terms. After a brief introduction to selected mathematical concepts, the highlighting of selected model features is followed by a practice-oriented introduction to the interpretation of SPSS1 outputs for the described data analysis methods. Learning of data analysis is usually time-consuming and requires efforts, but with tenacity the learning process can bring about a significant improvement of individual data analysis skills.

PanTool - software for data harmonization and conversion, Version 1

The program PanTool was developed as a tool box like a Swiss Army Knife for data conversion and recalculation, written to harmonize individual data collections to standard import format used by PANGAEA. The format of input files the program PanTool needs is a tabular saved in plain ASCII. The user can create this files with a spread sheet program like MS-Excel or with the system text editor. PanTool is distributed as freeware for the operating systems Microsoft Windows, Apple OS X and Linux.

Spectral Signature Activity Data

Resources created at the University of Southampton for the module Remote Sensing for Earth Observation

Contrast Stretch Data

Resources created at the University of Southampton for the module Remote Sensing for Earth Observation

WEBS6203 Feedback on Abstract

Spreadsheet of abstracts with comments plus note of general comments applying to whole set. You have to download the spreadsheet to be able to read its contents. Only visible with university login