Modulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle des récepteurs des estrogènes par le récepteur de chimiokine CXCR4

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Modulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle du récepteur aux estrogènes [bêta] par le facteur de transcription SCL/Tal-1

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Effets de la prostaglandine D₂ (PGD₂) sur les réponses inflammatoires et cataboliques dans les chondrocytes humains

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Proteínas que interagem com SnRK1.1 e o seu envolvimento na via de sinalização do ácido abscísico e na resposta ao défice de energia

As plantas são organismos sésseis, incapazes de se movimentar de modo a procurar melhores condições ambientais ou nutricionais. Desenvolveram, assim mecanismos que lhes permitem adaptar-se e sobreviver em condição de stress. O stress parece ser parcialmente descodificado num sinal de défice de energia que desencadeia uma resposta, que envolve a indução da expressão de genes relacionados com processos catabólicos e a repressão de genes envolvidos em processos anabólicos. As proteínas quinases e fosfatases desempenham um papel fundamental na regulação das vias de sinalização de stress e, em particular as quinases da superfamília das SnRK encontram-se envolvidas em vários processos da resposta a stress, principalmente abióticos. Enquanto as SnRK2 e SnRK3 estão sobretudo envolvidas na resposta a ABA e a stress hídrico e salino, as SnRK1 têm sido descritas como reguladores chave da resposta a défice energético. No entanto, um número crescente de estudos tem evidenciado a interligação entre estas duas vias de sinalização. Apesar da importância de SnRK1 na regulação da resposta ao stress e na regulação do crescimento e desenvolvimento em plantas, os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos são ainda pouco conhecidos. Com o objetivo de identificar proteínas que interagem com SnRK1 e que poderão estar envolvidas na sua via de sinalização, foi efetuado um rastreio, pelo método Y2H, utilizando uma biblioteca comercial normalizada construída a partir de mRNA extraído de onze tecidos de Arabidopsis. Foram identificadas 32 proteínas que potencialmente interagem com SnRK1.1, entre as quais MARD1 e NDF4. O estudo destas interações permitiu verificar que MARD1 medeia a interação entre SnRK1.1 e RAPTOR1B, sugerindo que, de forma semelhante à que ocorre em mamíferos, esta interação pode interligar a resposta ao défice energético envolvendo os complexos SnRK1 e TOR. Curiosamente, verificou-se que MARD1 medeia igualmente a interação entre SnRK1.1 e várias das MAPKs de Arabidopsis, o que poderá indicar que estas duas vias de sinalização estão igualmente interligadas. Foi também verificado que, no sistema de Y2H, SnRK1.1 interage, em alguns casos de forma depende de NDF4, com as proteínas DELLA, componentes essências da via de sinalização de giberelinas, o que pode sugerir uma interligação entre estas duas vias de sinalização e, desta forma, explicar parcialmente o papel de SnRK1 no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Um novo mecanismo de interligação entre as vias de sinalização de ABA e energia é sugerida pelos resultados obtidos em ensaios de Y2H mostrando que SnRK1.1 interage com SnRK2.3 e, pela observação de que em plantas que não expressam SnRK1.1/2, a expressão de genes de resposta a ABA é fortemente comprometida, sugerindo que SnRK1 poderá ativar as SnRK2 e, deste modo, ativar a resposta a ABA. No seu conjunto, estes dados evidenciam o papel de SnRK1 como regulador central da resposta ao défice energético em plantas e sugerem alguns dos mecanismos moleculares que poderão estar envidos, nomeadamente através da interação com várias outras vias de sinalização como o complexo TOR (interagindo com RAPTOR1B), as MAPKs, a via de sinalização de ABA (através da interação com SnRK2) e a via de sinalização de giberelinas (através da interação com proteínas DELLA).

Redox regulation of ET-1-induced activation of ERK1/2, PKB and Pyk2 signaling in A-10 vascular smooth muscle cells

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Modulation des cytochromes P450 par l'hypoxie : médiateurs et mécanismes d'action

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Modulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle des récepteurs des estrogènes par le récepteur de chimiokine CXCR4

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Modulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle du récepteur aux estrogènes [bêta] par le facteur de transcription SCL/Tal-1

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Effets de la prostaglandine D₂ (PGD₂) sur les réponses inflammatoires et cataboliques dans les chondrocytes humains

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Rôle de la protéine DUSP5 dans l’autophagie des cardiomyocytes

Résumé: L’autophagie est un processus essentiel au maintien de l’homéostasie cellulaire. Elle permet de dégrader et recycler aussi bien des organelles entières que des composants cytoplasmiques non fonctionnels. De plus, l’augmentation d’autophagie en condition de stress constitue une réponse adaptative favorisant la survie cellulaire. Chez les cardiomyocytes, l’autophagie en condition basale est indispensable au renouvellement, entre autres, des mitochondries et des protéines formant les sarcomères. De plus, les stress tels l’ischémie cardiaque ou la carence en nutriments induisent une augmentation de l’autophagie protectrice. Dans certaines conditions extrêmes, il a été suggéré qu’un surcroît d’autophagie puisse toutefois exacerber la pathologie cardiaque en provoquant la mort des cardiomyocytes. Considérant l’importance de ce processus dans la physiopathologie cardiaque, l’identification des mécanismes signalétiques régulant l’autophagie chez les cardiomyocytes a été le sujet de recherches intenses. À cet effet, l’activation des Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) a été démontrée pour réguler, avec d’autres voies signalétiques, l’autophagie et l’apoptose des cardiomyocytes. Il est donc probable que les Dual-Specificity Phosphatase (DUSP), enzymes clés contrôlant l’activité des MAPK, participent aussi à la régulation de l’autophagie. Afin de vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons induit l’autophagie chez des cardiomyocytes isolés de rats nouveau-nés en culture. L’analyse de marqueurs d’autophagie par immunobuvardage démontre que l’activation des MAPK ERK1/2 et p38 corrèle avec l’activité autophagique chez les cardiomyocytes. Dans ces conditions, la diminution d’expression de la majorité des ARNm encodant les différentes DUSP retrouvées chez les cardiomyocytes contraste de façon marquée avec l’augmentation d’expression de l’ARNm Dusp5. De plus, nous avons démontré par une étude de gain de fonction que l’activation soutenue de p38 par surexpression d’un mutant MKK6 constitutivement actif stimule l’autophagie chez les cardiomyocytes. De façon surprenante, la perte de fonction de p38 obtenue par surexpression d’un mutant p38 dominant négatif n’altère en rien la réponse autophagique initiatrice dans notre modèle in vitro. Nos résultats suggèrent que les DUSP puissent réguler, via leurs actions sur les MAPK, d’importantes étapes du processus autophagique chez les cardiomyocytes.

Papel de C3G y p38α en la regulación de la migración, invasión tumoral en carcinoma de colon. Función de fibulina 3

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most common cancer type and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the western world. CRC results from the accumulation of both acquired genetic and epigenetic changes that transform normal glandular epithelium into adenocarcinoma (Lao and Grady 2011), affecting several genes such as Apc, K-ras, dcc/Smad4 and p53 or DNA mismatch repair genes (Pancione et al. 2012). p38 MAPKs are a subfamily of Serine-Threonine kinases activated by different stimuli that control fundamental cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis (Dhillon et al. 2007, Nebreda and Porras 2000, Wagner and Nebreda 2009). There are four p38 MAPKs isoforms in mammals: α, β, δ and γ. p38α MAPK is ubiquitously expressed and is the most abundant isoform (Cuenda and Rousseau 2007). p38α is involved in the regulation of many cellular functions, among them, cell migration and invasion. In cancer, it can act as either a promoter or a suppressor of tumor growth, playing different roles during tumor progression (del Barco Barrantes and Nebreda 2012). C3G is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) mainly for the Ras family members: Rap1 (Gotoh et al. 1995) and R-Ras (Gotoh et al. 1997), but it can also act through GEF independent mechanisms. C3G regulates several cellular functions such as cell death, adhesion, migration and invasion (Radha et al. 2011). In collaboration with Dr. Carmen Guerrero’s group (Centro del Investigación del Cáncer de Salamanca), our group has found a new functional relationship between C3G and p38α MAPK involved in the regulation of cell death in MEFs (Gutierrez-Uzquiza et al. 2010) and in the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) K562 cell line (Maia et al. 2009). Moreover, C3G and p38α act through a common regulatory pathway to control cell adhesion in K562 cells regulating focal adhesion proteins (Maia et al. 2013)...

Interacción entre quinasas y moléculas apoptóticas en la muerte oligodendroglial excitotóxica

201 p.

Regulation of prostate cancer cell function by activators of AMP-activated protein kinase

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cell energy homeostasis. More recently, it has become apparent that AMPK regulates cell proliferation, migration and inflammation. Previous evidence has suggested that AMPK may influence proliferation and invasion by regulating the pro-proliferative mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). However, the mechanisms underlying this crosstalk between AMPK and MAPK signalling are not fully understood. As AMPK activation has been reported to have anti-proliferative effects, there has been increasing interest in AMPK activation as a therapeutic target for tumourigenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AMPK activation influenced prostate cancer (PC) cell line proliferation, migration and signalling. Therefore, different PC cell lines were incubated with two structurally-unrelated molecules that activate AMPK by different mechanisms, AICAR and A769662. Both chemicals activated AMPK in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cell lines. AMPK activity as assessed by AMPK activating phosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of the AMPK substrate ACC increased along with tumour severity in PC biopsies. Furthermore, both activators of AMPK decreased cell proliferation and migration in the androgen-independent PC cell lines PC3 and DU145. Inhibition of proliferation by A769662 was attenuated in AMPK α1-/- AMPK α2-/- knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) compared to wild type (WT) MEFs, and the inhibitory effect on migration of AICAR lost significance in PC3 cells infected with adenoviruses expressing a dominant negative AMPK α mutant, indicating these effects are partially mediated by AMPK. Furthermore, long-term activation of AMPK was associated with inhibition of both the phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signalling pathway in addition to the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signalling pathway. Indeed, the actions of AMPK activators on PC cell line viability were mimicked by selective inhibitors of Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. In contrast to the effects of prolonged incubation with AMPK activators, short-term incubation with AMPK activators had no effect on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PC cell lines. In addition, AMPK activation did not influence phosphorylation of the other MAPK family members p38 and JNK. Interestingly, both AICAR and A769662 decreased EGF-stimulated ERK5 phosphorylation in PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells as assessed with an anti-phospho-ERK5 antibody. Further characterisation of this effect indicated that prior stimulation with the AMPK activators had no effect on ERK5 phosphorylation stimulated by transient transfection with a constitutively active ERK5 kinase (MEK5DD), which represents the only known canonical kinase for ERK5. Intriguingly, the pattern of EGF-stimulated ERK5 phosphorylation was distinct from that mediated by MEK5DD activation of ERK5. This finding indicates that AMPK activation inhibits EGF-stimulated ERK5 phosphorylation at a point at or above the level of MEK5, although why EGF and constitutively active MEK5 stimulate markedly different immunoreactive species recognised by the anti-phospho-ERK5 antibody requires further study. A769662 had a tendency to reduce EGF-stimulated ERK5 phosphorylation in WT MEFs, yet was without effect in MEFs lacking AMPK. These data indicate that AMPK may underlie the effect of A769662 to reduce EGF-stimulated ERK5 phosphorylation. Prolonged stimulation of PC cell lines with AICAR or A769662 inhibited EGF-stimulated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation, whereas only incubation with A769662 rapidly inhibited Akt phosphorylation. This difference in the actions of the different AMPK activators may suggest an AMPK-independent effect of A769662. Furthermore, AICAR increased phosphorylation of Akt in WT MEFs, an effect that was absent in MEFs lacking AMPK, indicating that this effect of AICAR may be AMPK-dependent. Taken together, the data presented in this study suggest that AMPK activators markedly inhibit proliferation and migration of PC cell lines, reduce EGF-stimulated ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation after prolonged incubation and rapidly inhibit ERK5 phosphorylation. Both AMPK activators exhibit a number of effects that are likely to be independent of AMPK in PC cell lines, although inhibition of ERK1/2, ERK5 and Akt may underlie the effects of AMPK activators on proliferation, viability and migration. Further studies are required to understand the crosstalk between those signalling pathways and their underlying significance in PC progression.