Avaliação de um serviço de atenção primária à saúde: características do rastreamento do câncer de colo de útero em usuárias de 20 a 59 anos

o artigo descreve o programa de rastreamento de câncer de colo de útero em uma população de mulheres de 20-59 anos, usuárias de um serviço de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), em Porto Alegre. Esta coorte histórica de 5 anos foi constituída usando os registros de família de três unidades do Serviço de Saúde Comunitária do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, em Porto Alegre, Brasil. O estudo caracteriza a associação entre a detecção de hipertensão, diabetes, depressão e ansiedade nestas mulheres, e as freqüências de sua captação e adesão ao programa de rastreamento do câncer de colo de útero. As mulheres com 50 anos ou mais tiveram um risco relativo de 1,70 (IC95%=1,40-2,06) de não serem captadas pelo programa de rastreamento, quando comparadas com as mais jovens. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de intensificar o rastreamento de rotina às mulheres de 50 anos ou mais. A captação e a adesão de usuárias poderiam ser usadas como indicadores da qualidade do processo de trabalho. São necessários novos estudos para o estabelecimento de inferência causal e para definir a captação e a adesão como indicadores da qualidade do processo de trabalho em Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Os territórios da saúde e a saúde dos territórios : discutindo o processo de territorialização em saúde a partir do caso de um serviço de atenção primária em Porto Alegre, RS

Tendo como fio condutor a diversidade de abordagens que circunda a temática territorial, particularmente em suas relações históricas com o campo da saúde pública, esta pesquisa se propõe a estudar as diferentes características que constituem o(s) território(s) do Morro da Cruz, em Porto Alegre, e suas relações com o trabalho cotidiano desenvolvido pela Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) local, buscando analisar, por um lado, quanto e como é compreendida a complexidade territorial por aquela equipe e, por outro, de que maneira as práticas assistenciais empreendidas configuram estratégias de territorialização. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, baseada em um estudo de caso observacional, cujos dados foram coletados a partir das técnicas de observação participante, entrevista semiestruturada e análise documental. As informações obtidas permitiram identificar nas práticas de territorialização empreendidas a influência de conceitos referentes aos preceitos da Geografia Tradicional e da Geografia Quantitativa. Da primeira são herdadas a noção de espaço absoluto naturalizado e uma aproximação ao território ratzeliano, que reconhece no Estado o poder que demarca os limites da territorialidade. Da Geografia Quantitativa, por outro lado, deriva uma representação lógico-positivista de espaço, o qual, visto como variável independente, é perpassado por linhas que configuram distâncias e tempos mensuráveis. Ao ignorar os aportes recentes da Geografia Humanista e da Geografia Crítica, o processo de territorialização não apreende as relações de poder e as ligações simbólico-afetivas que configuram a complexidade territorial local. Valendo-se desta base conceitual no campo geográfico e supervalorizando a importância das concepções epidemiológicas para o conhecimento da realidade, as estratégias observadas tendem a produzir, ao mesmo tempo, um modelo de planejamento tradicional, de cunho normativo. Por outro lado, ao desenvolver ações como a prática do acolhimento, trabalhos com grupos e visitas domiciliares, a equipe procura ampliar sua capacidade de entendimento e intervenção, lançando mão de abordagens que buscam compreender a perspectiva do usuário. Assim, valendo-se de estratégias que não buscam diretamente a apropriação do território, a equipe consegue se aproximar da complexidade do mesmo.

Avaliação da integração dos serviços na atenção primária da região leste do município de São Paulo

A integração dos serviços de saúde é atualmente um dos maiores objetivos do sistema de saúde brasileiro. A estratégia adotada pelo Ministério da Saúde para a reorganização assistencial é o fortalecimento dos Serviços de Atenção Primária como porta de entrada do sistema, por meio da introdução do Programa Saúde da Família. Uma das atribuições da Atenção Primária é o adequado encaminhamento a outros níveis de atenção quando necessário. O presente trabalho estudou as ações relacionadas à coordenação do percurso assistencial, à luz do instrumento PCAT - Primary Care Assesment Tool, criado pela Johns Hospkins, e validado no Brasil pela Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. A metodologia utilizada foi a aplicação do instrumento a informantes-chave, na totalidade de Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Região Leste no município de São Paulo, com o objetivo de avaliar a Dimensão Coordenação nos serviços de saúde. Foi realizada análise comparativa entre o desempenho das unidades que incorporaram a estratégia do Programa Saúde da Família e o observado nas unidades sem o programa implementado. Conclusão: Em grande parte das ações avaliadas, foram observados resultados positivos, principalmente nas ações relacionadas à existência de normas específicas preconizadas pelas esferas administrativas federal e municipal. Em relação ao desempenho das diferentes modalidades, não foram observadas diferenças relevantes. Palavras chaves: avaliação, coordenação, int

Atuação das equipes da atenção primária na identificação precoce do câncer infanto-juvenil

Identificar o conhecimento de profissionais da atenção primária sobre a identificação precoce do câncer infanto-juvenil e descrever o desempenho das equipes de saúde antes da realização de treinamentos para identificação precoce do câncer infanto-juvenil. Método: Os dados foram obtidos por um questionário e grupo focal com 30 profissionais de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família, e analisados por temas geradores. Resultados: Os profissionais possuem conhecimentos sobre a identificação do câncer infanto-juvenil, e, demandam conhecer mais sobre os sinais e sintomas para identificação precoce, e a prestação de uma assistência sistematizada. Conclusão: Torna-se fundamental estimular a qualificação dos profissionais da atenção primária para a identificação precoce e o fortalecimento de uma rede de assistência que proporcione atendimento integral e a redução no retardo do diagnóstico de câncer infanto-juvenil

As ações de controle da tuberculose na atenção primária à saúde: a visão do doente

Tuberculosis is a disease of great impact on the world context today. In Brazil, the disease management was directed to the Primary Health Care, due to the determination of the Ministry of Health to decentralize health actions for primary care. Thus, since the actions of diagnosis, treatment and control of the disease should happen in this context, however, there are still many barriers that may hinder the realization of these determinations. This study aims to analyze the development of tuberculosis control activities conducted in the services of primary health care from the patient's vision. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study. The population consists of 517 tuberculosis patients treated in units of Primary Health Care in the city of Natal-RN; the sample consists of 93 TB patients. The collect instrument is structured, based in The Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), validated in Brazil and adapted to assess attention to TB in Brazil, with modifications. This instrument was divided into blocks: the first one describes the socio-demographic information of patients with TB and the second one describes the health services working in control, diagnosis and treatment of TB, and includes issues related to the dimensions of primary care: access, bond, services, coordination of care, guidance to the community and family focus. For quantitative analysis, were built indicators for each item of the instrument. The response patterns are followed according to the Likert scale, which was assigned a value between one and five meant that the degree of preference relation (or agreement) of the statements. Values between 1 and 3 were considered unsatisfactory for the indicator, between 3 and less than 4, regular, and between 4 and 5, satisfactory. The results indicate that 62.37% of patients are male, 27.96% aged 41 to 50 years old, and 34.41% unemployed, with low education and low family income. It was found that the reference hospital services are the front door to the patient (59.14%), and are also the local diagnosis of the disease (72.04%). On access, the conditions satisfactory found are: the number of times the patients need to pick up the health care issue, the marking and the facility to get a consultancy in the HS, assistance provided without harm to the individual's attendance labor and facilities related to the proximity between the residence and services; were considered unsatisfactory conditions related to travel to the HS, and on hours and days of operation of services. As for the cast of services were satisfactory and regular actions related to the request for examination to become viable in the first HS, the availability of pot to perform smear and medicines for the treatment, as well as consultations control and receiving information about the disease and the treatment performed; it is considered unsatisfactory the performance of the home care for patients with TB by the HS that acts as a front door, for implementation of the Directly Observed Treatment (DOT), home visits during treatment, the provision of transportation allowance to the patient and the existence of groups for TB patients. Regarding the coordination of care, resulted in regular the action of referring the patient to other HS to obtain examinations, and as unsatisfactory referral to obtain medications. The relationship bond between patient and health team were considered satisfactory in the majority or regular. As for the family and community focus, is satisfactory only the indicator relating to questions from professionals to the patient about the existence of respiratory symptoms in the family. It is considered that there is need for greater commitment from government entities to the incentives required to TB control, as well as the availability of necessary inputs and training of human resources working in the PHC in the ongoing quest to strengthen primary care, as a place of broader host needs to contact the user with the actions and health professionals. It is recommended the adoption of management mechanisms possible to expand the capacity of the health PHC, promoting the service delivery to the user and ensuring attention to population health.

Validação de protocolo de assistência para pessoas com úlcera venosa na atenção primária

People with venous ulcers constitute as an important public health problem, its treatment is onerous and require assistance provided by trained professionals, systematized through protocols, however what lies in the assistance is that the management of this group of people differs from that preconized in the scientific literature, interfering with wound healing and quality of life of affected. In this sense, the construction of a assistance protocol specific to people with venous ulcers (VU) can help professionals of the Family Health Strategy both in patient assessment as and in establishment of quality assistance. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the validity of a multiprofessional assistance protocol for people with venous ulcers in primary care by health professionals using Delphi technique. This is a quantitative study, the methodological type conducted in two steps: first step related to integrative literature review to subsidize the development of the protocol, then these aspects were organized and proposed to the judges of the study through the Delphi technique. The study was initiated after approval by the Research Ethics Committee. The first step was performed between August and September 2012, in the virtual library of health, in the page of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, of Municipal Health Secretariat and international guidelines of associations and in the subsequent step carried out between September 2012 to January 2013, was performed search by Lattes platform of the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development, in order to identify health professionals in Brazil who act as judges of the instrument and then, via online, the form was submitted to them.The sample for the second step was 51 judges in the first round and 35 for the second round Delphi. The analysis was done by adopting Kappa index ≥ 0.81 and Content Validity Index (CVI)> 0.80. In the first submission for the judges, items that did not reach Kappa and CVI established were: request / realization / test results, demographic data, medical history, risk factors, verification of pain / vital signs / pulse / infection signs / lesion location/ edema and pain treatment. After removal of items which have not obtained Kappa or CVI index established, it was found achieving optimal levels of these index for the categories. In the next step was the ressubmissão of protocol to judges through the Delphi technique in it was found that, of the 15 categories of the protocol, 12 presented higher scores in Delphi 2 phase and the other three categories remained the same Kappa and IVC of the previous phase. As for the average of evaluation requirements of the protocol was found that the scores assigned by the judges were higher in the second phase in nine of the 10 items, remaining the same in only one of the items indicating validity of the instrument before the consensus of the judges. Thus, we accepted the alternative hypothesis in this study, as they were obtained in the second Delphi phase the validity index greater than or equal to the Delphi 1 phase. The formulation of this assistance protocol valid and reproducible will enable a reorganization and redesign of assistance, with standardization of actions and continuity of care for persons with venous ulcers in primary health care

O conhecimento e as atitudes das famílias de pacientes em tratamento em tuberculose na atenção primária à saúde

This study thus sought to examine knowledge about TB and attitudes of patients families in disease treatment in Primary Health Care in Natal- RN. To this end, a cross-sectional study was undertaken through a questionnaire with families of patients diagnosed with TB and follow up by APS from Natal. The study subjects were recruited from a non-probabilistic way, by convenience, contemplating a sample of 50 families. Among the criteria considered for inclusion of subjects, older than 18 years were considered, as well as residing with the TB patient and in Natal and availability to participate in the research. Data collection was performed by own researcher and an assistant, through a questionnaire with families of patients diagnosed with TB following the double independent digitalization of data. In the analytical phase, was initially conducted an exploratory phase and univariate data, with description of the position measurements (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (confidence interval and standard deviation). In bivariate analysis, it was conducted an intersection of dependent variables of knowledge e and changes of attitude dichotomous, with each of the independent variables, using contingency tables and calculating the chi-square test and, when appropriate, the Fisher exact test. In 2x2 tables, calculated the odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals of 95% (95% CI). From the selected sample, 43 (86%) subjects were female, average age and median respectively of 46.64 and 46.50 years, 25 (50%) had elementary school. The knowledge expressed by family members about TB was considered satisfactory. However, the lack of interest of the family (54%) in seeking information about tuberculosis; the wrong way of reply in relation to the organism causing the disease (64%); the water content (62%) and contaminated food (54% ) as a means of spreading TB was a weakness identified in the investigation. Regarding the time of transmission, 90% of respondents indicated not know or answered wrong. From investigated independent variables, only two were associated with lack of knowledge of TB, and they did not have religion (OR: 0.146, 95% CI: 0.027 to 0.800) and income below 1, 7 minimum wages (OR: 0.155, 95% CI: 0.029 to 0.813). Thus they seem to exercise a protective effect on this outcome. As for the changes in attitude, most of the found variables had no association with statistical significance, except no internet access (OR: 0.212, 95% CI: 0,048-0, 935). Most attitudes were positive in relation to TB patient. Results have demonstrated weaknesses in TB care, which has taken on a more individual and welfare character. Data not only express health outcomes produced by health services, but also the political and social situation of the families that are affected by TB

Enfermagem na atenção primária em saúde no screening de adolescentes com excesso de peso

One of the Primary Health Care strategies for adolescent health is the growth and development follow-up and the early detection of overweight adolescents. Even though the School Health Program in Brazil proposes to evaluate the nutritional state of the school population in the corresponding community health units, not all cities have adhered to the Program and many nurses do not recognize overweight as a problem in their territory. The objective of the study was to identify the nurse´s participation in the screening of overweight adolescent students in their work territory. Cross sectional study conducted in eight state supported schools of the municipality of Natal/RN and in four Primary Health Units. The total student population was 27.277. A stratified sample was statistically calculated based on the student population of the four city geographical zones: 112 North , 74 West; 108 East; and 78 South, totalizing 372 adolescents. The students were selected by a probability process where eight schools were first selected, two per district, until the number per subsample in each district was reached. Four primary health nurses, responsible for the health units were included. Two instruments were used for data collection, a screening questionnaire and a semi-structured interview form for questioning of the nurses. The content of both instruments was validated. Anthropometric and health data were collected from the students and analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistics. Interview data were transcribed and submitted to content analysis. The nursing diagnosis of overweight was identified in 50 (13,5%) of the adolescents and its association with consumption of foods that have cardiovascular risk (canned foods, pasta and fried food). An association of the nursing diagnosis was identified with family history (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and kidney disease). The nurses judged that care of overweight adolescents was important but noted difficulties because of the absence of this population in the health units, because of their work overload, and the lack of school articulation. The nurses do not have impacting actions with this population and delegate the responsibility to other professionals. It is concluded that overweight is a nutritional problem relevant to the adolescent school population in Natal/RN, with a 13,5% prevalence and that it is related to food consumption with cardiovascular risk and family health history. The nurses consider overweight as an important public health problem but do not envision ways to maintain linkage with adolescents and with the school to promote the needed care