Hábitos, atitudes e ameaças: a saúde nos livros didáticos brasileiros

Este trabalho analisa como os fatores que influenciam o processo saúde-doença são apresentados nos livros didáticos de ciências para os anos iniciais do ensino fundamental no Brasil e quais são seus principais objetivos pedagógicos relacionados à saúde. Foram analisadas as coleções aprovadas pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático em 2010 para os anos iniciais do ensino fundamental (44 volumes). Esses livros tendem a abordar o tema da perspectiva do indivíduo e seu conjunto de hábitos, de maneira descontextualizada e sempre em contraposição a uma ameaça. Sugere-se que esse material incorpore os avanços conceituais da área da saúde, especialmente os relacionados a sua dimensão coletiva e seus determinantes sociais, com vistas a tornar mais significativas as discussões em sala de aula.

Propostas pedagógicas em livros didáticos:reflexões sobre a pseudoformação

Fundamentando-se na Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, analisa-se como o discurso em prol da formação para a autonomia se consubstancia em propostas de prática pedagógica para os anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Foram analisados cinco livros para o 5º ano do ensino fundamental, de diferentes áreas. Observou-se que, para formar sujeitos autônomos, contraditoriamente, as propostas diluem a autoridade do professor e a obrigatoriedade da transmissão do conhecimento; visando a formar para a convivência pacífica, priorizam-se trabalhos em grupos; para formar cidadãos participativos, os alunos devem propor soluções para problemas da comunidade. Tais propostas concorrem para a falsa autonomia e a falsa criticidade, expressão da pseudoformação a que todos estão submetidos na sociedade atual.

Sociedade da Informação no Brasil e em Portugal: um panorama dos Livros Verdes

Apresentaram-se, neste trabalho, as ações e esforços do Brasil e de Portugal para a construção de uma sociedade da informação. Mediante um estudo do Livro Verde do Brasil e de Portugal, foi possível comparar as ações dos dois países na delineação das estratégias para a implantação da sociedade da informação e também as dificuldades enfrentadas. O Índice da Sociedade da Informação (ISI) é usado para avaliar a capacidade das nações em acessar e absorver informações e tecnologia de informações. É possível concluir que Portugal tem mais chances de ser bem-sucedido em suas políticas em virtude do apoio financeiro concedido pela União Européia e da sua infra-estrutura razoável de telecomunicações, bem como da facilidade para administrar um país pequeno com uma população de aproximadamente 10 milhões de cidadãos.

O método BiblioGrad para avaliação de acervos de livros de graduação: instrumento para gestão de recursos para aquisição em um sistema de bibliotecas universitárias

O artigo apresenta um método criado no âmbito da Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul para a avaliação de acervos de livros que subsidiam as atividades de ensino de graduação. Descreve a fase de montagem do sistema de informações necessário para a elaboração do relatório de avaliação dos acervos. E, por fim, apresenta como os dados do relatório são congregados numa fórmula proposta com a finalidade de distribuir recursos para compra de livros de graduação entre as unidades do sistema de bibliotecas.

Did tool-use evolve with enhanced physical cognitive abilities?

The use and manufacture of tools have been considered to be cognitively demanding and thus a possible driving factor in the evolution of intelligence. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that enhanced physical cognitive abilities evolved in conjunction with the use of tools, by comparing the performance of naturally tool-using and non-tool-using species in a suite of physical and general learning tasks. We predicted that the habitually tool-using species, New Caledonian crows and Galápagos woodpecker finches, should outperform their non-tool-using relatives, the small tree finches and the carrion crows in a physical problem but not in general learning tasks. We only found a divergence in the predicted direction for corvids. That only one of our comparisons supports the predictions under this hypothesis might be attributable to different complexities of tool-use in the two tool-using species. A critical evaluation is offered of the conceptual and methodological problems inherent in comparative studies on tool-related cognitive abilities.

Pre-harvest soil acidification, liming or N fertilization did not significantly affect the survival and growth of young Norway spruce

Abstract

Floods of 2008: How Did Aquatic Life in Streams Fare?

Summary of biological water quality data collected during the Floods of 2008.

Did Dumbo suffer a heart attack? independent association between earlobe crease and cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Earlobe crease (ELC) has been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or risk factors (CVRF) and could be a marker predisposing to CVD. However, most studies studied only a small number of CVRF and no complete assessment of the associations between ELC and CVRF has been performed in a single study. METHODS: Population-based study (n = 4635, 46.7 % men) conducted between 2009 and 2012 in Lausanne, Switzerland. RESULTS: Eight hundred six participants (17.4 %) had an ELC. Presence of ELC was associated with male gender and older age. After adjusting for age and gender (and medication whenever necessary), presence of ELC was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with higher levels of body mass index (BMI) [adjusted mean ± standard error: 27.0 ± 0.2 vs. 26.02 ± 0.07 kg/m(2)], triglycerides [1.40 ± 0.03 vs. 1.36 ± 0.01 mmol/L] and insulin [8.8 ± 0.2 vs. 8.3 ± 0.1 μIU/mL]; lower levels of HDL cholesterol [1.61 ± 0.02 vs. 1.64 ± 0.01 mmol/L]; higher frequency of abdominal obesity [odds ratio and (95 % confidence interval) 1.20 (1.02; 1.42)]; hypertension [1.41 (1.18; 1.67)]; diabetes [1.43 (1.15; 1.79)]; high HOMA-IR [1.19 (1.00; 1.42)]; metabolic syndrome [1.28 (1.08; 1.51)] and history of CVD [1.55 (1.21; 1.98)]. No associations were found between ELC and estimated cardiovascular risk, inflammatory or liver markers. After further adjustment on BMI, only the associations between ELC and hypertension [1.30 (1.08; 1.56)] and history of CVD [1.47 (1.14; 1.89)] remained significant. For history of CVD, further adjustment on diabetes, hypertension, total cholesterol and smoking led to similar results [1.36 (1.05; 1.77)]. CONCLUSION: In this community-based sample ELC was significantly and independently associated with hypertension and history of CVD.

Managing the crises : how did local governments react to the financial crisis in 2008 and what explains the differences ? The case of Swiss municipalities

Swiss municipalities are, to a large extent, responsible for their financial resources. Since these resources primarily depend on income and property taxes from individuals and enterprises, municipality budgets are likely to be directly affected by the current crisis in the financial sector and the economy. This article investigates how municipalities perceived this threat and how they reacted to it. In a nationwide survey conducted at the end of 2009 in all 2596 Swiss municipalities, we asked local secretaries which measures had been launched in order to cope with expected losses in tax income and a possible increase in welfare spending. Did the municipalities rely on Keynesian measures increasing public spending and accepting greater deficits, or did they try to avoid further deficits by using austerity measures and a withdrawal of planned investments? Our results show that only a few municipalities - mainly the bigger ones - expected to be greatly affected by the crisis. Their reactions, however, did not reveal any clear patterns that theory would lead one to expect. Preferences for austerity measures and deficit spending become visible but many municipalities took measures from both theories. The strongest explanatory factors for determining how/why municipalities react are: the municipality's level of affectedness followed by whether or not the municipality belongs to the French-speaking part of the country. Size also has an impact, whereas the strength of the Social Democrat party is negligible. Explaining what kind of measures municipalities are likely to take is more difficult. However, the more a municipality is affected, the more likely it is to stick to austerity measures.

A dinâmica de analisar livros didáticos com os professores de química

This work evidences a survey conducted during a teacher professional qualification in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This survey analysed the textbooks used by these teachers. The dynamics consisted of choosing the analytic criteria used by teachers, and adding new criteria for examining their difficulties and ways to choose textbooks. This article emphasises the problematics and difficulties teachers have to make choices and their loss of skills and authority to consider these books more profoundly.

Estabilidade relativa de alcenos: análise dos critérios encontrados nos livros textos de graduação e uma proposta de explicação operacional para alcenos dissubstituídos

Despite of being used as thermodynamic criterion to rank alkene stability in a number of undergraduate textbooks, the heat of hydrogenation does not describe adequately the relative stability of disubstituted alkenes. In this work, both the heat of formation and the heat of combustion were used as thermodynamic criteria to rank correctly the stability of alkenes according to the degree of alkyl substitution and also in the disubstituted series (geminal > trans > cis). An operational model based on molecular orbital and valence bond representations of hyperconjugation is proposed to show how this effect can explain the order of stability of this class of compounds.

Eletrodo de hidrogênio: o que há nos livros didáticos além de E¸ = 0?

The results of an exercise on electrochemistry for General Chemistry students are presented. The difficulty encountered by students in predicting the shift in the potential of the hydrogen electrode under non-standard conditions prompted a search in textbooks on how the subject is developed. Besides several instances of inconsistencies in defining the standard state, such as including the temperature in the definition, a number of incorrect depictions of the hydrogen electrode were discovered. Of the 28 General Chemistry books, 16 Physical Chemistry books and 24 Internet pages, 30, 20 and 46%, respectively, showed devices that would not work in practice.

Investigando a presença da história da ciência em livros didáticos de Química Geral para o ensino superior

This paper aims at analyzing the history of science content of three general chemistry textbooks used in Brazilian universities: the translations of Kotz and Treichel's Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, Atkins and Jones's Chemical Principles, and Garritz and Chamizo's Química. Results revealed different trends for the inclusion of history of science in chemistry teaching. Kotz & Treichel and Atkins & Jones used history mainly as curiosity and ornament. Garritz & Chamizo adopted the historical approach as one of the organizing axis of their textbook. Nevertheless, the historical content of the three textbooks may be criticized from current historiographical standpoint.