Analysis of the 3D zone of flow establishment from a ship’s propeller

In the present study an experimental investigation of the time-averaged velocity and turbulence intensity distributions from a ship’s propeller, in “bollard pull” condition (zero speed of advance), is reported. Previous studies have focused mainly on the velocity profile of not a rotating ship propeller but a plain jet. The velocity profile of a propeller is investigated experimentally in this study.
The velocity measurements were performed in laboratory by using a Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). The measurements demonstrated two-peaked ridges velocity profile with a low velocity core at the centre within the near wake. The two-peaked ridges combined to be one-peaked ridge at 3.68 diameters downstream indicating the end of the zone of flow establishment. The study
provides useful information from a rotating ship’s propeller rather than a simplified plain jet to researchers investigating flow velocity generated from a propeller and probably resulting local scouring.

Role of nitric oxide in maintenance of basal oral tissue blood flow in anesthetized cats

Experiments were undertaken to determine if nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in regulation of basal blood flow in the oral cavity of pentobarbital anesthetized cats and, if so, to quantify this effect using dose-response relationships. Blood flow was continuously measured from the surface of the tongue and mandibular gingiva (laser-Doppler flowmetry) and from the lingual artery (ultrasonic flowmetry). Cardiovascular parameters also were recorded. Administration of the nonselective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), L-NAME (0.08-20 mg/kg i.v.), produced a dose-related increase of blood pressure associated with decreases of blood flow at all three measurement sites. Maximal blood flow depression of 50-60% was seen 30-60 min after administration of 1.25 mg/kg of L-NAME. D-NAME (1.25 mg/kg i.v.) was inactive at all sites. Subsequent administration of L-arginine partially reversed effects of L-NAME in the lingual artery and tongue, but not in the gingival circulation. The neuronally selective NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, 30 mg/kg i.p.), was devoid of effect on any of the measured parameters. These results suggest that endothelial (but not neuronally derived) NO plays an important role in control of basal blood flow in oral tissues of the cat.

Susceptibility of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinal function and ocular blood flow to acute intraocular pressure challenge.

PURPOSE: To consider whether STZ-induced hyperglycemia renders rat retinal function and ocular blood flow more susceptible to acute intraocular pressure (IOP) challenge.

METHODS: Retinal function (electroretinogram, ERG) was measured during acute IOP challenge (10-100 mmHg, 5 mmHg increments, 3 min/step, vitreal cannulation) in adult Long-Evans rats (6-week old, citrate: n=6, STZ: n=10) 4 weeks after citrate buffer or streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg, blood glucose > 15 mmol/l) injection. At each IOP, dim and bright flash (-4.56, -1.72 log cd.s.m^-2) ERG responses were recorded to measure inner retinal and ON-bipolar cell function, respectively. Ocular blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry, citrate; n=6, STZ; n=10) was also measured during acute IOP challenge. Retinae were isolated for qPCR analysis of nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression endothelial, eNos; inducible, iNos; neuronal, nNos).

RESULTS: STZ-induced diabetes increased the susceptibility of inner retinal (IOP at 50% response, 60.1, CI: 57.0-62.0 mmHg vs. citrate: 67.5, CI: 62.1-72.4 mmHg) and ON-bipolar cell function (STZ: 60.3, CI: 58.0-62.8 mmHg vs. citrate: 65.1, CI: 58.0-62.78 mmHg) and ocular blood flow (43.9, CI: 40.8-46.8 vs. citrate: 53.4, CI: 50.7-56.1 mmHg) to IOP challenge. Citrate eyes showed elevated eNos mRNA (+49.7%) after IOP stress, an effect not found in STZ-diabetic eyes (-5.7%, P<0.03). No difference was observed for iNos or nNos (P>0.05) following IOP elevation.

CONCLUSIONS: STZ-induced diabetes increased functional susceptibility during acute IOP challenge. This functional vulnerability is associated with a reduced capacity for diabetic eyes to upregulate eNOS expression and to autoregulate blood flow in response to stress.

Predicting axial velocity profiles within a diffusing marine propeller jet

A full understanding of the hydrodynamic processes within the jet produced by a manoeuvring ship’s propeller is essential in the development and maintenance of ports, docks and harbours. In this study the predominant axial velocity component of a diffusing propeller jet was studied. The flow fields formed by four propellers, each operating at four power levels (speeds of rotation), were investigated under bollard pull conditions within a large free surface tank using Laser Doppler Anemometry. Comparison were made to existing methodologies by which a prediction of the magnitudes of the axial velocity can be made, and where deficient modifications to the methodologies have been developed. The jets were found to produce a maximum axial velocity along the initial efflux plane at a location near the blade mid-span. The position and magnitude of the axial velocity was seen to decrease as the jet entrained more flow and transitioned from the zone of flow establishment into the zone of established flow.

Adipose stromal vascular fraction cell sheets as vascular strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications

Tese de mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica e Biofísica, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2015

Sensitive bi-enzymatic biosensor based on polyphenoloxidases–gold nanoparticles–chitosan hybrid film–graphene doped carbon paste electrode for carbamates detection

A bi-enzymatic biosensor (LACC–TYR–AuNPs–CS/GPE) for carbamates was prepared in a single step by electrodeposition of a hybrid film onto a graphene doped carbon paste electrode (GPE). Graphene and the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were morphologically characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry. The electrodeposited hybrid film was composed of laccase (LACC), tyrosinase (TYR) and AuNPs entrapped in a chitosan (CS) polymeric matrix. Experimental parameters, namely graphene redox state, AuNPs:CS ratio, enzymes concentration, pH and inhibition time were evaluated. LACC–TYR–AuNPs–CS/GPE exhibited an improved Michaelis–Menten kinetic constant (26.9 ± 0.5 M) when compared with LACC–AuNPs–CS/GPE (37.8 ± 0.2 M) and TYR–AuNPs–CS/GPE (52.3 ± 0.4 M). Using 4-aminophenol as substrate at pH 5.5, the device presented wide linear ranges, low detection limits (1.68×10− 9 ± 1.18×10− 10 – 2.15×10− 7 ± 3.41×10− 9 M), high accuracy, sensitivity (1.13×106 ± 8.11×104 – 2.19×108 ± 2.51×107 %inhibition M− 1), repeatability (1.2–5.8% RSD), reproducibility (3.2–6.5% RSD) and stability (ca. twenty days) to determine carbaryl, formetanate hydrochloride, propoxur and ziram in citrus fruits based on their inhibitory capacity on the polyphenoloxidases activity. Recoveries at two fortified levels ranged from 93.8 ± 0.3% (lemon) to 97.8 ± 0.3% (orange). Glucose, citric acid and ascorbic acid do not interfere significantly in the electroanalysis. The proposed electroanalytical procedure can be a promising tool for food safety control.

Desensitization of thermal hyperemia in the skin is reproducible.

OBJECTIVE: Local heating increases skin blood flow SkBF (thermal hyperemia). In a previous study, we reported that a first local thermal stimulus could attenuate the hyperemic response to a second one applied later on the same skin spot, a phenomenon that we termed desensitization. However, other studies found no evidence for desensitization in similar conditions. The aim of the present work was to test whether it was related to differences in instrumentation. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy young males were studied. Two pairs of heating chambers, one custom-made (our study) and one commercial (other groups), were affixed to forearm skin. SkBF was measured with single-point laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) (780nm) in one pair, and laser-Doppler imaging (LDI) (633nm) in the other. A temperature step from 34 to 41°C, was applied for 30minutes and repeated after two hours. RESULTS: During the second thermal challenge, the plateau SkBF was lower than during the first thermal and was observed with each of the four combinations of SkBF measurement techniques and heating equipment (p<0.05 for all conditions, range -9% to -16% of the initial value). CONCLUSION: Desensitization of thermal hyperemia is not specific to peculiar operating conditions.

Low-Dose Vascular Photodynamic Therapy Decreases Tumor Interstitial Fluid Pressure, which Promotes Liposomal Doxorubicin Distribution in a Murine Sarcoma Metastasis Model.

INTRODUCTION: Solid tumors are known to have an abnormal vasculature that limits the distribution of chemotherapy. We have recently shown that tumor vessel modulation by low-dose photodynamic therapy (L-PDT) could improve the uptake of macromolecular chemotherapeutic agents such as liposomal doxorubicin (Liporubicin) administered subsequently. However, how this occurs is unknown. Convection, the main mechanism for drug transport between the intravascular and extravascular spaces, is mostly related to interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and tumor blood flow (TBF). Here, we determined the changes of tumor and surrounding lung IFP and TBF before, during, and after vascular L-PDT. We also evaluated the effect of these changes on the distribution of Liporubicin administered intravenously (IV) in a lung sarcoma metastasis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma cell line was implanted subpleurally in the lung of Fischer rats. Tumor/surrounding lung IFP and TBF changes induced by L-PDT were determined using the wick-in-needle technique and laser Doppler flowmetry, respectively. The spatial distribution of Liporubicin in tumor and lung tissues following IV drug administration was then assessed in L-PDT-pretreated animals and controls (no L-PDT) by epifluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: L-PDT significantly decreased tumor but not lung IFP compared to controls (no L-PDT) without affecting TBF. These conditions were associated with a significant improvement in Liporubicin distribution in tumor tissues compared to controls (P < .05). DISCUSSION: L-PDT specifically enhanced convection in blood vessels of tumor but not of normal lung tissue, which was associated with a significant improvement of Liporubicin distribution in tumors compared to controls.

Acute endotoxemia inhibits microvascular nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in humans.

Nitric oxide (NO) is crucial for the microvascular homeostasis, but its role played in the microvascular alterations during sepsis remains controversial. We investigated NO-dependent vasodilation in the skin microcirculation and plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a potent endogenous inhibitor of the NO synthases, in a human model of sepsis. In this double-blind, randomized, crossover study, microvascular NO-dependent (local thermal hyperemia) and NO-independent vasodilation (post-occlusive reactive hyperemia) assessed by laser Doppler imaging, plasma levels of ADMA, and l-arginine were measured in seven healthy obese volunteers, immediately before and 4 h after either a i.v. bolus injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS; 2 ng/kg) or normal saline (placebo) on two different visits at least 2 weeks apart. LPS caused the expected systemic effects, including increases in heart rate (+43%, P < 0.001), cardiac output (+16%, P < 0.01), and rectal temperature (+1.4°C, P < 0.001), without change in arterial blood pressure. LPS affected neither baseline skin blood flow nor post-occlusive reactive hyperemia but decreased the NO-dependent local thermal hyperemia response, l-arginine, and, to a lesser extent, ADMA plasma levels. The changes in NO-dependent vasodilation were not correlated with the corresponding changes in the plasma levels of ADMA, l-arginine, or the l-arginine/ADMA ratio. Our results show for the first time that experimental endotoxemia in humans causes a specific decrease in endothelial NO-dependent vasodilation in the microcirculation, which cannot be explained by a change in ADMA levels. Microvascular NO deficiency might be responsible for the heterogeneity of tissue perfusion observed in sepsis and could be a therapeutic target.

Examining the roles of core and local temperature on forearm skin blood flow

The interaction between local and reflexive control of skin blood flow (SkBF) is unclear. This thesis isolated the roles of rectal (Tre) and local (Tloc) temperature on forearm SkBF regulation at normal and elevated body temperatures, and to investigate the interaction between local and reflexive SkBF control. While either normothermic (Tre ~37.0°C) or hyperthermic (∆Tre +1.1°C), SkBF was assessed on the dorsal aspect of each forearm in 10 participants while Tloc was manipulated in an A-B-A-B fashion between neutral (33.0°C) and hot (38.5°C). Finally, local heating to 44°C was performed to elicit maximal SkBF. Data are presented as a percentage of maximal cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), calculated as laser-Doppler flux divided by mean arterial pressure. Tloc manipulations performed during normothermia had significantly greater effects on CVC than during hyperthermia. The decreased modification to SkBF from the Tloc changes during hyperthermia suggests that strong reflexive vasodilation attenuates local SkBF control mechanisms.

Altération du couplage neurovasculaire par l'angiotensine II : évaluation du rôle de la signalisation calcique astrocytaire

Le couplage neurovasculaire (CNV) est un mécanisme d’homéostasie cérébrale régulant le débit sanguin cérébral (CBF) en fonction de l’activité neuronale. La manière dont il est altéré par l’angiotensine II (Ang II), une hormone synthétisée et relâchée dans la circulation systémique ou, alternativement, produite dans le cerveau grâce aux astrocytes, demeure à élucider. Ces cellules expriment le récepteur AT1 (rAT1) et participent à l’orchestration du CNV en relâchant des agents vasoactifs suivant la réponse calcique astrocytaire. Nous avons donc étudié le rôle de cette réponse dans l’altération du CNV induite par l’Ang II. Nous avons trouvé par fluxmétrie par laser Doppler que l’Ang II atténue (p<0.05) la réponse du CBF engendrée par l’activation des récepteurs métabotropes du glutamate du groupe I (mGluRI) du cortex chez la souris C57BL/6. De manière similaire, l’Ang II diminue l'élévation du CBF induite par la stimulation des vibrisses (p<0.05). Sur tranches de cerveaux en aiguë, la polarité de la réponse vasculaire induite par un agoniste mGluRI dans les artérioles parenchymateuses a été significativement renversée par l’Ang II de la vasodilatation vers la vasoconstriction. En parallèle, l’Ang II a augmenté les niveaux de calcium astrocytaire basaux et l’amplitude des réponses calciques (p<0.05). L’altération des réponses vasculaires et calciques maximales a été prévenue par le candesartan, antagoniste des rAT1. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’Ang II potentialise via les rAT1 la réponse calcique qui atteint un seuil favorisant la vasoconstriction par rapport à la vasodilatation, altérant ainsi l’augmentation du CBF en réponse à l’activité neuronale.

Qualitative und quantitative Schwingungsmessung und -analyse mittels Digital-Shearografie

Speckle Pattern Shearing Interferometrie (Shearografie) ist eine speckle-interferometrische Messmethode und zeichnet sich durch die ganzflächige, berührungslose Arbeitsweise, hohe räumliche Auflösung und hohe Messempfindlichkeit aus. Diese Dissertation beinhaltet die neue bzw. weitere Entwicklung der Shearografie zur qualitativen Schwingungsbeobachtung und zur quantitativen Schwingungsmessung. Für die qualitative Schwingungsbeobachtung in Echtzeit werden die Optimierung des Zeitmittelungsverfahrens und die neue entwickelte Online-Charakterisierung von Streifenmustern mit statistischen Verfahren vorgestellt. Auf dieser Basis können sowohl eine genaue Fehlstellen-Detektion bei der zerstörungsfreien Materialprüfung als auch eine präzise Resonanzuntersuchung zeitsparend und vollautomatisch durchgeführt werden. Für die quantitative Schwingungsmessung wird eine sog. dynamische Phasenschiebe-Technik neu entwickelt, welche durch die Einführung eines synchron zum Objekt schwingenden Referenzspiegels realisiert wird. Mit dieser Technik ermöglicht das Zeitmittelungsverfahren die Amplituden und Phasen einer Objektschwingung quantitativ zu ermitteln. Auch eine Weiterentwicklung des stroboskopischen Verfahrens in Kombination mit zeitlicher Phasenverschiebung wird in der Arbeit präsentiert, womit der gesamte Prozess der Schwingungsmessung und -rekonstruktion beschleunigt und automatisch durchgeführt wird. Zur Bestimmung des Verschiebungsfeldes aus den gemessenen Amplituden und Phasen des Verformungsgradienten stellt diese Arbeit auch eine Weiterentwicklung des Summationsverfahrens vor. Das Verfahren zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass die Genauigkeit des ermittelten Verschiebungsfelds unabhängig von der Sheargröße ist und gleichzeitig das praktische Problem - Unstetigkeit - gelöst wird. Eine quantitative Messung erfordert eine genaue Kalibrierung der gesamten Messkette. Ein auf dem Least-Square-Verfahren basierendes Kalibrierverfahren wird in der Arbeit zur Kalibrierung der statischen und dynamischen Phasenverschiebung vorgestellt. Auch die Ermittelung der Sheargröße mit Hilfe der 1D- bzw. 2D-Kreuz-Korrelation wird präsentiert. Zum Schluss wurde die gesamte Entwicklung durch eine Vergleichsmessung mit einem handelsüblichen Scanning-Laser-Doppler-Vibrometer experimentell verifiziert.

Estudo da acção de um creme hidratante através de métodos estáticos e dinâmicos

O presente artigo descreve uma metodologia não invasiva, compreendendo abordagens estáticas e dinâmicas realizadas in vivo com o objectivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação na pele deumcreme hidratante contendo ureia. Participaram no estudo 15 voluntárias, que aplicaram o produto (Kératosane15©, Uriage, França) na região lateral exterior frontal da perna durante 15 dias.Ametodologia dinâmica de avaliação de eficácia consistiu na aplicação de nicotinato de etilo seguida de medição através de fluxometria de laser doppler (FLD). Nas estratégias estáticas utilizaram-se as técnicas de medição da perda transepidérmica de água e da hidratação cutânea, esta última recorrendo a dois aparelhos diferentes. Na FLD não se observou diferença nos resultados obtidos da zona tratada para a zona controlo. Também na PTEA não se verifica diferença estatisticamente significativa nos locais em estudo. Nas variáveis relacionadas com a hidratação existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas, sendo o estado de hidratação superior no local tratado face ao controlo. Concluiu-se que o creme não melhora significativamente a função de barreira cutânea mas proporciona um bom estado de hidratação à pele quando usado regularmente. Ambos os aparelhos de medição da hidratação são adequados ao estudo da eficácia do produto, mas o MoistureMeter-SC permite observar diferenças de uma forma mais clara.

Avaliação do efeito da temperatura sobre a dinâmica da resposta microcirculatória cutânea

De há muito que se conhecem as influências da variação da temperatura da pele sobre a microcirculação embora os mecanismos e vias envolvidos nesta resposta reflexa não estejam totalmente identificados, pelo que os autores entenderam estudar a resposta da pele in vivo ao aquecimento local. O estudo foi realizado no antebraço de 10 voluntários saudáveis (mulheres, entre os 20 e 35 anos de idade média: 25 ± 3,7). Após aclimatação as voluntárias foram submetidas a um protocolo de aquecimento a duas temperaturas (42 e 44ºC) durante 40 minutos, sendo as variações seguidas por meios não invasivos (PTEA perda trans-epidérmica de água e LDF perfusão sanguínea por fluxometria de laser doppler).A resposta medida por LDF foi diferente nas temperaturas de 42 e de 44 ºC.A42ºC a resposta é bifásica (resposta típica) ao contrário do que sucede aquando do aquecimento a 44ºC. Neste caso, para além da intensidade ser maior é atingido de imediato um platô, sugerindo a presença de um outro mecanismo regulatório local. Relativamente à PTEAverificou-se um aumento semelhante em ambas as temperaturas, não tendo sido observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. O aquecimento a diferentes temperaturas parece colocar em evidência diferentes mecanismos de regulação da temperatura local.

Acerca do impacto da administração transdérmica de um inibidor da NO-sintetase (L-NAME) : uma abordagem preliminar

O L-NAME, um dos inibidores do NO mais utilizados para o estudo da função microcirculatória na hiperémia cutânea, é normalmente administrado por microdiálise, uma técnica invasiva e traumática com reconhecidas limitações. Neste contexto, procurou-se avaliar, ainda que de forma preliminar, o interesse da aplicação transdérmica deL-NAMEemexperiências de indução de hiperémia local. O estudo consistiu na aplicação (durante 2 horas) de um sistema oclusivo contendo L-NAME (40 ) a 10mM, ou 100mM e um controlo com água destilada, no antebraço de voluntários saudáveis (n=5). Após a oclusão os voluntários foram submetidos a um protocolo de aquecimento local da pele a 42ºC durante 20 minutos, com a resposta hiperémica avaliada por Fluxometria de Laser Doppler (LDF).A análise estatística das várias concentrações de inibidor, involveu a comparação das diferentes fases do estudo com o controlo através de estatística não paramétrica. A aplicação de 100mM de L-NAME desencadeou a inibição de toda a resposta microcirculatória, o que constitui um bom indício para que esta metodologia continue a ser desenvolvida.