Generation of metallosupramolecular polymer gels from multiply functionalized grid-type complexes

A ditopic ligand (1), containing two tridentate bis(acylhydrazone) subunits and bearing both long alkyl chains and hydrogen-bonding groups, has been synthesised. Metal cation binding in the presence of a base leads to hierarchical self-assembly, forming first a neutral [2 x 2] grid-type complex (2) that hierarchically assembles into metallosupramolecular polymer gels in toluene.

FKBPL Is a Critical Antiangiogenic Regulator of Developmental and Pathological Angiogenesis

OBJECTIVE: The antitumor effects of FK506-binding protein like (FKBPL) and its extracellular role in angiogenesis are well characterized; however, its role in physiological/developmental angiogenesis and the effect of FKBPL ablation has not been evaluated. This is important as effects of some angiogenic proteins are dosage dependent. Here we evaluate the regulation of FKBPL secretion under angiogenic stimuli, as well as the effect of FKBPL ablation in angiogenesis using mouse and zebrafish models.

APPROACH AND RESULTS: FKBPL is secreted maximally by human microvascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and this was specifically downregulated by proangiogenic hypoxic signals, but not by the angiogenic cytokines, VEGF or IL8. FKBPL's critical role in angiogenesis was supported by our inability to generate an Fkbpl knockout mouse, with embryonic lethality occurring before E8.5. However, whilst Fkbpl heterozygotic embryos showed some vasculature irregularities, the mice developed normally. In murine angiogenesis models, including the ex vivo aortic ring assay, in vivo sponge assay, and tumor growth assay, Fkbpl(+/-) mice exhibited increased sprouting, enhanced vessel recruitment, and faster tumor growth, respectively, supporting the antiangiogenic function of FKBPL. In zebrafish, knockdown of zFkbpl using morpholinos disrupted the vasculature, and the phenotype was rescued with hFKBPL. Interestingly, this vessel disruption was ineffective when zcd44 was knocked-down, supporting the dependency of zFkbpl on zCd44 in zebrafish.

CONCLUSIONS: FKBPL is an important regulator of angiogenesis, having an essential role in murine and zebrafish blood vessel development. Mouse models of angiogenesis demonstrated a proangiogenic phenotype in Fkbpl heterozygotes.

Complexos de inclusão de fármacos com ciclodextrinas e cucurbiturilos. Aplicações farmacoterapêuticas

Esta monografia tem por objectivo analisar a contribuição da Química Supramolecular no desenvolvimento de aplicações farmacoterapêuticas. É apresentada uma revisão e é feita uma análise detalhada das propriedades e aplicações já existentes das ciclodextrinas e também de novos nano-contentores que possam ter estas aplicações no futuro, com destaque para os cucurbiturilos. A Química Supramolecular é o ramo da Química que se foca no estudo das interacções não covalentes. Segundo Jean-Marie Lehn, Prémio Nobel da Química em 1987, a Química Supramolecular é o campo da ciência que estuda os conceitos químicos, físicos e biológicos de espécies químicas de grande complexidade que se mantêm unidas e organizadas através de interacções não covalentes. Relacionado com a Química Supramolecular está o conceito drug delivery, o processo de administração de fármacos com finalidade terapêutica. Neste processo podem ser utilizados complexos moleculares que aprisionam um fármaco, protegendo-o e alterando o seu perfil de libertação, absorção, distribuição e eliminação. Desta forma o fármaco chega ao local de interesse de uma forma mais eficaz e segura. As Ciclodextrinas são estruturas da família dos ciclo-oligossacarídeos correntemente usadas nestas aplicações terapêuticas. Possuem uma cavidade relativamente apolar no seu interior, com a capacidade de encapsular componentes hidrofóbicos. O exterior é hidrofílico, sendo pois solúveis em água. Possuem baixa toxicidade, dependendo da via de administração. São usadas em aplicações farmacêuticas, nomeadamente como forma de melhorar a biodisponibilidade do fármaco. Os Cucurbiturilos são uma família de contentores moleculares que podem encapsular uma variedade de espécies catiónicas e neutras com alta afinidade. Por esta razão mostram grande potencial em drug delivery. Foram feitos vários estudos no sentido de avaliar a toxicidade e estabilidade destas moléculas transportadoras. Até agora todos os resultados apontam para um futuro promissor dos cucurbiturilos em aplicações farmacoterapêuticas.

Portraying persons who inject drugs recently infected with hepatitis C accessing antiviral treatment : a cluster analysis

Objectives. To empirically determine a categorization of people who inject drug (PWIDs) recently infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), in order to identify profiles most likely associated with early HCV treatment uptake. Methods.The study population was composed of HIV-negative PWIDs with a documented recent HCV infection. Eligibility criteria included being 18 years old or over, and having injected drugs in the previous 6 months preceding the estimated date of HCV exposure. Participant classification was carried out using a TwoStep cluster analysis. Results. FromSeptember 2007 to December 2011, 76 participants were included in the study. 60 participants were eligible for HCV treatment. Twenty-one participants initiated HCV treatment.The cluster analysis yielded 4 classes: class 1: Lukewarm health seekers dismissing HCV treatment offer; class 2: multisubstance users willing to shake off the hell; class 3: PWIDs unlinked to health service use; class 4: health seeker PWIDs willing to reverse the fate. Conclusion. Profiles generated by our analysis suggest that prior health care utilization, a key element for treatment uptake, differs between older and younger PWIDs. Such profiles could inform the development of targeted strategies to improve health outcomes and reduce HCV infection among PWIDs.

CarolFest 2008, December 2, 2008

Concert Program for CarolFest 2008, December 2, 2008

Should the U.S. adapt to the world? The first debate on american exceptionalism and its impact on the founding of the United States

This paper aims at putting into perspective the recent, post 9/11 debate on the United States‘ alleged exceptionalism and its impact on the definition of American foreign policy. It reminds the readers that the United States was born as a result of a similar debate, at a time when a crucial choice for its future was to be made. Indeed, the Founding Fathers discarded the revolutionary idea that America was altogether different from other (European) nations and, as such, could succeed in saving republicanism and concentrate on domestic affairs. As Gordon Wood and Harvey Mansfield have shown, the 1787 version of republicanism stood as a departure from its earlier version, and such a change was necessary to the creation of a full-fledged federation, therefore paving the way to the current powerful Federal Republic. The early failure of the exceptionalist creed did not cause its disappearance, as the contemporary form of exceptionalism demonstrates, but created conditions that made an enduring and powerful influence very difficult.