Metodología de evaluación de la seguridad vial en intersecciones basada en el análisis cuantitativo de conflictos entre vehículos

El modo tradicional de estimar el nivel de seguridad vial es el registro de accidentes de tráfico, sin embargo son altamente variables, aleatorios y necesitan un periodo de registro de al menos 3 años. Existen metodologías preventivas en las cuales no es necesario que ocurra un accidente para determinar el nivel de seguridad de una intersección, como lo es la técnica de los conflictos de tráfico, que introduce las mediciones alternativas de seguridad como cuantificadoras del riesgo de accidente. El objetivo general de la tesis es establecer una metodología que permita clasificar el riesgo en intersecciones interurbanas, en función del análisis de conflictos entre vehículos, realizado mediante las variables alternativas o indirectas de seguridad vial. La metodología para el análisis y evaluación temprana de la seguridad en una intersección, estará basada en dos medidas alternativas de seguridad: el tiempo hasta la colisión y el tiempo posterior a la invasión de la trayectoria. El desarrollo experimental se realizó mediante estudios de campo, para la parte exploratoria de la investigación, se seleccionaron 3 intersecciones interurbanas en forma de T donde se obtuvieron las variables que caracterizan los conflictos entre vehículos; luego mediante técnicas de análisis multivariante, se obtuvo los modelos de clasificación del riesgo cualitativo y cuantitativo. Para la homologación y el estudio final de concordancia entre el índice propuesto y el modelo de clasificación, se desarrollaron nuevos estudios de campo en 6 intersecciones interurbanas en forma de T. El índice de riesgo obtenido resulta una herramienta muy útil para realizar evaluaciones rápidas conducentes a estimar la peligrosidad de una intersección en T, debido a lo simple y económico que resulta obtener los registros de datos en campo, por medio de una rápida capacitación a operarios; la elaboración del informe de resultados debe ser por un especialista. Los índices de riesgo obtenidos muestran que las variables originales más influyentes son las mediciones de tiempo. Se pudo determinar que los valores más altos del índice de riesgo están relacionados a un mayor riesgo de que un conflicto termine en accidente. Dentro de este índice, la única variable cuyo aporte es proporcionalmente directo es la velocidad de aproximación, lo que concuerda con lo que sucede en un conflicto, pues una velocidad excesiva se manifiesta como un claro factor de riesgo ya que potencia todos los fallos humanos en la conducción. Una de las principales aportaciones de esta tesis doctoral a la ingeniería de carreteras, es la posibilidad de aplicación de la metodología por parte de administraciones de carreteras locales, las cuales muchas veces cuentan con recursos de inversión limitados para efectuar estudios preventivos, sobretodo en países en vías de desarrollo. La evaluación del riesgo de una intersección luego de una mejora en cuanto a infraestructura y/o dispositivos de control de tráfico, al igual que un análisis antes – después, pero sin realizar una comparación mediante la ocurrencia de accidentes, sino que por medio de la técnica de conflictos de tráfico, se puede convertir en una aplicación directa y económica. Además, se pudo comprobar que el análisis de componentes principales utilizado en la creación del índice de riesgo de la intersección, es una herramienta útil para resumir todo el conjunto de mediciones que son posibles de obtener con la técnica de conflictos de tráfico y que permiten el diagnóstico del riesgo de accidentalidad en una intersección. En cuanto a la metodología para la homologación de los modelos, se pudo establecer la validez y confiabilidad al conjunto de respuestas entregadas por los observadores en el registro de datos en campo, ya que los resultados de la validación establecen que la medición de concordancia de las respuestas entregadas por los modelos y lo observado, son significativas y sugieren una alta coincidencia entre ellos. ABSTRACT The traditional way of estimating road safety level is the record of occurrence of traffic accidents; however, they are highly variable, random, and require a recording period of at least three years. There are preventive methods which do not need an accident to determine the road safety level of an intersection, such as traffic conflict technique, which introduces surrogate safety measures as parameters for the evaluation of accident risks. The general objective of the thesis is to establish a methodology that will allow the classification of risk at interurban intersections as a function of the analysis of conflicts between vehicles performed by means of surrogate road safety variables. The proposal of a methodology for the analysis and early evaluation of safety at an intersection will be based on two surrogate safety measures: the time to collision and the post encroachment time. On the other hand, the experimental development has taken place by means of field studies in which the exploratory part of the investigation selected three interurban T-intersections where the application of the traffic conflict technique gave variables that characterize the conflicts between vehicles; then, using multivariate analysis techniques, the models for the classification of qualitative and quantitative risk were obtained. With the models new field studies were carried out at six interurban Tintersections with the purpose of developing the homologation and the final study of the agreement between the proposed index and the classification model. The risk index obtained is a very useful tool for making rapid evaluations to estimate the hazard of a T-intersection, as well as for getting simply and economically the field data records after a fast training of the workers and then preparing the report of results by a specialist. The risk indices obtained show that the most influential original variables are the measurements of time. It was determined that the highest risk index values are related with greater risk of a conflict resulting in an accident. Within this index, the only variable whose contribution is proportionally direct is the approach speed, in agreement with what happens in a conflict, because excessive speed appears as a clear risk factor at an intersection because it intensifies all the human driving faults. One of the main contributions of this doctoral thesis to road engineering is the possibility of applying the methodology by local road administrations, which very often have limited investment resources to carry out these kinds of preventive studies, particularly in developing countries. The evaluation of the risk at an intersection after an improvement in terms of infrastructure and/or traffic control devices, the same as a before/after analysis, without comparison of accident occurrence but by means of the traffic conflict technique, can become a direct and economical application. It is also shown that main components analysis used for producing the risk index of the intersection is a useful tool for summarizing the whole set of measurements that can be obtained with the traffic conflict technique and allow diagnosing accident risk at an intersection. As to the methodology for the homologation of the models, the validity and reliability of the set of responses delivered by the observers recording the field data could be established, because the results of the validation show that agreement between the observations and the responses delivered by the models is significant and highly coincident.

Risk analysis for UAV safe operations: a rationalization for an agricultural environment

The road to the automation of the agricultural processes passes through the safe operation of the autonomous vehicles. This requirement is a fact in ground mobile units, but it still has not well defined for the aerial robots (UAVs) mainly because the normative and legislation are quite diffuse or even inexistent. Therefore, to define a common and global policy is the challenge to tackle. This characterization has to be addressed from the field experience. Accordingly, this paper presents the work done in this direction, based on the analysis of the most common sources of hazards when using UAV's for agricultural tasks. The work, based on the ISO 31000 normative, has been carried out by applying a three-step structure that integrates the identification, assessment and reduction procedures. The present paper exposes how this method has been applied to analyze previous accidents and malfunctions during UAV operations in order to obtain real failure causes. It has allowed highlighting common risks and hazardous sources and proposing specific guards and safety measures for the agricultural context.

Bayesian model selection of structural explanatory models: Application to road accident data

Using the Bayesian approach as the model selection criteria, the main purpose in this study is to establish a practical road accident model that can provide a better interpretation and prediction performance. For this purpose we are using a structural explanatory model with autoregressive error term. The model estimation is carried out through Bayesian inference and the best model is selected based on the goodness of fit measures. To cross validate the model estimation further prediction analysis were done. As the road safety measures the number of fatal accidents in Spain, during 2000-2011 were employed. The results of the variable selection process show that the factors explaining fatal road accidents are mainly exposure, economic factors, and surveillance and legislative measures. The model selection shows that the impact of economic factors on fatal accidents during the period under study has been higher compared to surveillance and legislative measures.

A vision based aerial rbot solution for the IARC 2014 by the Technical University of Madrid

The IARC competitions aim at making the state of the art in UAV progress. The 2014 challenge deals mainly with GPS/Laser denied navigation, Robot-Robot interaction and Obstacle avoidance in the setting of a ground robot herding problem. We present in this paper a drone which will take part in this competition. The platform and hardware it is composed of and the software we designed are introduced. This software has three main components: the visual information acquisition, the mapping algorithm and the Aritificial Intelligence mission planner. A statement of the safety measures integrated in the drone and of our efforts to ensure field testing in conditions as close as possible to the challenge?s is also included.

Diseño arquitectónico y protección en caso de incendio: desarrollo normativo español en materia de evacuación en los siglos XIX y XX

Esta es la búsqueda de respuestas a esa duda constante: De dónde venimos y que hemos ido dejando por el camino. ¿Está todo claro en este recorrido o hemos actuado por acumulación de errores heredados de procesos anteriores? Es la investigación a través del descubrimiento de nuestro pasado, de nuestros orígenes en materia de seguridad de protección contra incendios, y sobre todo de ejecución de una arquitectura pensada para ser recorrida con mayor seguridad y ser evacuada en un tiempo razonable. El trabajo investiga, a nivel nacional, la evolución de la sociedad y sus efectos sobre la manera de interpretar el problema de la seguridad contra incendios en los edificios. El interés fundamentalmente es poner en claro todos aquellos aspectos que afectan a la evacuación de las personas. Para ello se han estudiado los principales hitos de actuación, las preocupaciones principales surgidas en cada momento y las soluciones adoptadas. Se ha comprobado su aplicación o su demora hasta que se ha producido el siguiente gran suceso que ha motivado una nueva revisión de los procedimientos de diseño y control. En primer lugar, tratando de relacionar los incendios fundamentales que han influido en nuestra forma de abordar el problema en distintos momentos de la historia de España. En segundo lugar, haciendo un recorrido sobre la figura del arquitecto y su participación en los medios de control y legislación sobre la manera de intervenir en el servicio de incendios o de resolver los edificios en materia de protección contra incendios o evacuación de sus ocupantes. En definitiva, descubriendo los escritos de algunos especialistas, fundamentales para entender nuestra manera de abordar el problema de la protección en los edificios, a lo largo de la historia. Se ha revisado como se han producido los siniestros más importantes en teatros y otros locales públicos .Analizando la forma en que los arquitectos implicados han tratado de resolver las posibles deficiencias ante el riesgo. Se trata de la tipología edificatoria donde, por primera vez, surge la preocupación por adoptar medidas y procedimientos de seguridad en caso de incendio. Resultan locales con una importante siniestralidad, donde se desarrolla la principal actividad lúdica del momento, y que por el importante número de personas que albergan, son fuente de preocupación entre el público y las autoridades. Otras cuestiones en un tema tan amplio, que quedan simplemente esbozadas en este trabajo de investigación, son los procedimientos de los sistemas de extinción, la estructura organizativa de la ciudad, las primeras sociedades de seguros de incendios, la aparición de patentes a partir del desarrollo industrial del siglo XIX. Todo ello, con el hilo conductor de la reglamentación que se ha ido elaborando al respecto. Al principio, sobre espectáculos públicos, acotando el punto de partida en la materia de nuestra reglamentación. Anticipando sistemas constructivos y datos dimensionales de la evacuación. Llegados a mediados del siglo XX, abordando otros usos. Haciendo seguimiento de la modernización de los procesos edificatorios y la reglamentación sectorial. Recabando información de las organizaciones profesionales que comienzan a reclamar una coordinación nacional de los sistemas preventivos y que desemboca en el Proyecto de Reglamento de prevención contra el fuego que nunca será publicado. Toda esta etapa, plagada de documentos de carácter voluntario u obligatorio, local y nacional, van definiendo los criterios dimensionales con los que debe resolverse los elementos arquitectónicos susceptibles de servir para la evacuación. Se trata de una etapa intensa en documentación, cambiante, sujeta a los criterios que establecen los países del entorno más avanzados en la materia. Las dos últimas décadas del siglo, acotadas por la transición política y varios siniestros de graves consecuencias, definen el proceso normativo que culmina con el código técnico de la edificación que hoy conocemos. Es un periodo de aprendizaje y asimilación del capítulo de la seguridad, donde los métodos son variados. Donde la intencionalidad última es trasladar un sistema prescriptivo a un modelo prestacional propio de la madurez en el análisis del tema y en las corrientes de los países del entorno. ABSTRACT This is the search for answers to that constant question: Where do we come from and what have left along the way? Has everything been clear on this journey, or have we acted as a result of a collection of errors learned from prior processes? This has been research through exploration of our past, of our origins regarding fire protection safety, and, above all, of the endeavour to utilize architecture aimed at offering the highest level of safety and evacuation in a reasonable time. This project has researched society’s change nationwide and its effects on how to interpret the difficulty of fire protection safety in buildings. Its focus has fundamentally been to clarify those aspects that affect the evacuation of people. To this end, the main milestones of action, the principal concerns that have arisen at each step, and the solutions taken have all been studied. A check was performed on their application; or their delay until a significant event occurred that prompted a new revision of design and control procedures. Firstly, this was done by attempting to connect the main fires that have influenced how we handle the problem at different times in Spain’s history. Secondly, an examination was done on the figure of the architect and his participation in the means of control and legislation on how to intercede in fire services, or how the architect finds solutions for buildings in terms of fire protection, or the evacuation of their occupants. In short, the written works of certain specialists, who are essential to our understanding of how to deal with the problem of protection in buildings, were explored throughout history. A study was done on the most significant disasters in theatres and other public establishments. This was done by analysing the way the architects involved have aimed to solve possible points liable to risk. It is a classification of building where, for the first time, the concern arose to adopt safety measures and procedures in the event of fires. Public establishments with considerable accident rates emerged. Here the main entertainment activities of the time took place. These spaces were a source of worry among the public and authorities due to the high number of persons they accommodated. Other issues in such an extensive subject, which are only outlined in this research study, are procedures in extinguishing systems, the organizational structure of cities, the first fire insurance companies, and the appearance of patents after the industrial development of the 19th century. All of these aspects are joined by the common thread of regulations that have been created in this matter. At the beginning, these regulations were for public shows, thus defining the starting point for our regulations. This was done in anticipation of structural systems and size data of evacuations. With the arrival of the mid-20th century, different uses were addressed. A modernization of construction processes and the industry regulations were tracked. Information was gathered from professional organizations that began to demand a national coordination of prevention systems which led to the Regulation Project on fire prevention which will never be published. Throughout this stage, replete with voluntary and compulsory documents, both on the local and national level, the dimensional criteria to be used in the resolution of architectural elements open to use in evacuation were defined. This was a period that was filled with documentation, change, and subject to the criteria that the most advanced countries in the field established in this regard. The final two decades of the century, marked by political transition and several accidents with grave consequences, defined the regulation process that culminated with the building technical code known today. This was a period of learning and understanding in the chapter of safety, where the methods are varied. In this chapter, the ultimate goal is to insert a prescriptive-based standard into a performance-based code suitable for cultivated experience in analysis of the subject and the tendencies in countries dealing with this field.

A Regulatory Compliance Plan for Decommissioning a Sodium Phosphate Manufacturing Plant

Sodium phosphates are a class of chemicals that have been widely employed in commercial and consumer applications. However, declining use of these chemicals due to environmental concerns has lead to restructuring within the industry that has caused, and is likely to continue to cause, reduction of sodium phosphate production capacity. Closure of a sodium phosphate manufacturing plant necessitates decommissioning and decontamination activities that are subject to a variety of federal, state, and local regulations. A compliance plan was developed to provide a blueprint for ensuring that all federal regulatory requirements are met, however, site dependent state and local requirements were excluded. The compliance plan provides a framework that addresses project team formation and project planning, regulatory requirements, identification of affected processing equipment, plant pre-shutdown activities, waste stream identification and waste management facilities, safety, training, and emergency preparedness planning, and project decommissioning remedial actions. This regulatory compliance plan will enable sodium phosphate plant operators to complete decontamination and decommissioning work in a timely, efficient, compliant, and cost effective manner.

Trends in mortality due to motor vehicle traffic accident injuries between 1987 and 2011 in a Spanish region (Comunitat Valenciana)

Objective: To analyse the time evolution of the rates of mortality due to motor vehicle traffic accidents (MVTA) injuries that occurred among the general population of Comunitat Valenciana between 1987 and 2011, as well as to identify trend changes by sex and age group. Methods: An observational study of annual mortality trends between 1987 and 2011. We studied all deaths due to MVTA injuries that occurred during this period of time among the non-institutionalised population residing in Comunitat Valenciana (a Spanish Mediterranean region that had a population of 5,117,190 inhabitants in 2011). The rates of mortality due to MVTA injuries were calculated for each sex and year studied. These rates were standardised by age for the total population and for specific age groups using the direct method (age-standardised rate – ASR). Joinpoint regression models were used in order to detect significant trend changes. Additionally, the annual percentage change (APC) of the ASRs was calculated for each trend segment, which is reflected in statistically significant joinpoints. Results: For all ages, ASRs decrease greatly in both men and women (70% decrease between 1990 and 2011). In 1990 and 2011, men have rates of 36.5 and 5.2 per 100,000 men/year, respectively. In the same years, women have rates of 8.0 and 0.9 per 100,000 women/year, respectively. This decrease reaches up to 90% in the age group 15–34 years in both men and women. ASR ratios for men and women increased over time for all ages: this ratio was 3.9 in 1987; 4.6 in 1990; and 5.8 in 2011. For both men and women, there is a first significant segment (p < 0.05) with an increasing trend between 1987 and 1989–1990. After 1990, there are 3 segments with a significant decreasing APC (1990–1993, 1993–2005 and 2005–2011, in the case of men; and 1989–1996, 1999–2007 and 2007–2011, in the case of women). Conclusion: The risk of death due to motor vehicle traffic accidents injuries has decreased significantly, especially in the case of women, for the last 25 years in Comunitat Valenciana, mainly as of 2006. This may be a consequence of the road-safety measures that have been implemented in Spain and in Comunitat Valenciana since 2004. The economic crisis that this country has undergone since 2008 may have also been a contributing factor to this decrease. Despite the decrease, ASR ratios for men and women increased over time and it is still a high-risk cause of death among young men. It is thus important that the measures that helped decrease the risk of death are maintained and improved over time.

Acidentes com perfurocortantes em profissionais da assistência do SAMU, Maceió

Introdução – Os acidentes de trabalho envolvendo material biológico entre profissionais de saúde são frequentes e constituem um problema de saúde pública, pois representam uma preocupação constante das instituições e dos profissionais de saúde. Os profissionais do pré hospitalar tornam-se mais expostos pela tensão emocional vivida, pela natureza e circunstâncias do seu exercício profissional. Objetivos – Identificar a ocorrência de acidentes ocupacionais com materiais perfurocortantes nos profissionais de saúde do SAMU Maceió; identificar os acidentes mais frequentes, os períodos em que ocorrem e avaliar as condutas tomadas após o acidente. Métodos – Estudo descritivo com orientação analítico-descritiva desenvolvido numa amostra de 40 profissionais de saúde, Enfermeiro socorrista, Técnico Enfermagem e Médicos Socorristas. A recolha de informação foi suportada num questionário elaborado para o efeito. Resultados – A nossa amostra apresentou uma média de idades de 39,2 anos, o sexo feminino foi maioritário com 70,0% e 50,0% trabalha entre 6 a 10 anos na unidade. A maioria dos acidentes perfuro cortantes foram provocados por agulhas (75,0%) e dos quais não resultou incapacidade em 75%. A maioria dos acidentes ocorreram no verão e no turno da noite. Grande número de profissionais (70%) não cumpriu com as normas de procedimentos após o acidente e 80,0% dos profissionais não realizaram a quimioprofilaxia, não cumprindo com o protocolo do Ministérios da Saúde do Brasil. O paciente-fonte foi identificado em 87,5% dos casos mas verificamos uma subnotificação dos acidentes pois 45,0% dos profissionais não o fizeram. Nenhum profissional frequentou formação específica sobre acidentes de trabalho Conclusões – Verificamos uma alta incidência de acidentes perfurocortantes entre os profisionais do SAMU. Existe uma subnotificação do acidente e um déficite nas condutas apropriadas após o acidente. A população estudada necessita de uma maior sensibilização/formação quanto às medidas preventivas de segurança no ambiente de trabalho e motivação para o controle e prevenção dos acidentes ocupacionais no exercício de sua profissão. Palavras-chave: Acidente de trabalho. Materiais biológicos. Materiais perfurocortantes.

Tritium handling : a literature search /

Included are 157 references to reports, journals, and other literature related to the problems and techniques of tritium handling. The subject scope embraces analytical and monitoring procedures and instruments, physiological effects, and safety measures and standards.

Railroad crossing corridor improvements: a model program based on field reviews in six states. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.

Bus and passenger accident prevention. Final report.

Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C.

Rural road accidents in Iran: analysis, comparison and the cost

In the general introduction of the road-accident phenomenon inside and outside Iran, the results of previous research-works and international conferences and seminars on road-safety have been reviewed. Also a sample-road between Tehran and Mashad has been investigated as a case-study. Examining the road-accident data and iriformation,first: the information presented in road-accident report-forms in developed countries is discussed and, second: the procedures for road-accident data collection in Iran are investigated in detail. The data supplied by Iran Road-Police Central Statistics Office, is analysed, different rates are computed, due comparisons with other nations are made, and the results are discussed. Also such analysis and comparisons are presented for different provinces of Iran. It is concluded that each province with its own natural, geographical, social and economical characteristics possesses its own reasons for the quality and quantity of road-accidents and therefore must receive its own appropriate remedial solutions. The question~ of "what is the cost of road-accidents", "why and how evaluate the cost", "what is the appropriate way of approach to such evaluation" are all discussed and then "the cost of road-accidents in Iran" based on two different approaches: "Gross National Output"and "court award" is computed. It is concluded that this cost is about 1.5 per cent of the country's national product. In Appendix 3 an impressive example is given of the trend of costs and benefits that can be attributed to investment in road-safety measures.