Detection of Rabies Virus Antibodies in Brazilian Free-Ranging Wild Carnivores

Rabies virus is a pathogen of major concern in free-ranging wild carnivores in several regions of the world, but little is known about its circulation in Brazilian wild carnivores. Sera from 211 free-ranging wild carnivores, captured from 2000 to 2006 in four locations of two Brazilian biomes (Pantanal and Cerrado), were tested for rabies antibodies. Twenty-six individuals (12.3%) had neutralizing antibody titers >= 0.10 IU/ml. The four sampled locations had antibody-positive animals, suggesting that Rabies virus circulates in all of these regions. Results underscore the risk posed by rabies for conservation of Brazilian carnivores and the possibility of the animals acting as reservoirs for the Rabies virus.

Rabies virus in insectivorous bats: Implications of the diversity of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes for molecular epidemiology

Insectivorous bats are the main reservoirs of rabies virus (RABV) in various regions of the world. The aims of this study were to (a) establish genealogies for RABV strains from different species of Brazilian insectivorous bats based on the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes, (b) investigate specific RABV lineages associated with certain genera of bats and (c) identify molecular markers that can distinguish between these lineages. The genealogic analysis of N and G from 57 RABV strains revealed seven genus-specific clusters related to the insectivorous bats Myotis, Eptesicus, Nyctinomops, Molossus, Tadarida, Histiotus and Lasiurus. Molecular markers in the amino acid sequences were identified which were specific to the seven clusters. These results, which constitute a novel finding for this pathogen, show that there are at least seven independent epidemiological rabies cycles maintained by seven genera of insectivorous bats in Brazil. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Single early prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure prevents subsequent airway inflammation response in an experimental model of asthma

Aims: There has been emerging interest in the prenatal determinants of respiratory disease. In utero factors have been reported to play a role in airway development, inflammation, and remodeling. Specifically, prenatal exposure to endotoxins might regulate tolerance to allergens later in life. The present study investigated whether prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration alters subsequent offspring allergen-induced inflammatory response in adult rats. Main methods: Pregnant Wistar rats were treated with LPS (100 mu g/kg, i.p.) on gestation day 9.5 and their ovariectomized female offspring were sensitized and challenged with OVA later in adulthood. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, peripheral blood, bone marrow leukocytes and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis were evaluated in these 75-day-old pups. Key findings: OVA sensitized pups of NaCl treated rats showed an increase of leucocytes in BAL after OVA challenge. This increase was attenuated, when mothers were exposed to a single LPS injection early in pregnancy. Thus, LPS prenatal treatment resulted in (1) lower increased total and differential (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes) BAL cellularity count; (2) increased number of total, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in the peripheral blood; and (3) no differences in bone marrow cellularity or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Significance: In conclusion, female pups treated prenatally with LPS presented an attenuated response to experimentally-induced asthma. We observed reduced immune cell migration from peripheral blood to the lungs, with no effect on the production of bone marrow cells or antibodies. It was suggested that inflammatory events such as exposure to LPS in early fetal life can attenuate allergic inflammation in the lung, which is a common symptom in asthma. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A comparison of the clinical anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 0.5% bupivacaine (both with 1 : 200,000 epinephrine) for lower third molar removal

Objective: This study compared the clinical efficacy of 4% articaine (A200) and 0.5% bupivacaine (B200), both with 1: 200,000 epinephrine, for lower third molar removal. Study design: Fifty patients underwent removal of symmetrically positioned lower third molars, in 2 separate appointments, under local anesthesia either with A200 or B200, in a double-blind, randomized, and crossover manner. Time to onset, duration of postoperative analgesia, duration of anesthetic action on soft tissues, intraoperative bleeding, and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated. Results: A statistically significant difference between the time to onset of A200 (1.66 +/- 0.13 minutes) and B200 (2.51 +/- 0.21 minutes) was found (P < .05). There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of analgesia, whether the patient was subjected to osteotomy or not, regardless of the local anesthetic used (3 to 4 hours; P < .05). However, when patients received B200 they experienced a statistically significant longer period of anesthesia on the soft tissues as compared with when they had received A200 (around 5 hours and 4 hours, respectively, P < .05). The surgeon`s rating of intraoperative bleeding was considered very close to minimal for both anesthetics. In the surgeries with osteotomy, the comparison between A200 and B200 showed statistically significant differences in the diastolic (64 mm Hg and 68 mm Hg, respectively, P = .001) and mean arterial pressure (86 mm Hg and 89 mm Hg, respectively, P = .031) when data from all the surgical phases were pooled. Additionally, the mouth opening at the suture removal was statistically different for A200 and B200 solutions (91.90% +/- 3.00% and 88.57% +/- 2.38% of the preoperative measure, respectively) when surgeries required bone removal (P < .05). Conclusions: In comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine, 4% articaine (both with 1: 200,000 epinephrine) provided a shorter time to onset and comparable hemostasis and postoperative pain control with a shorter duration of soft tissue anesthesia in lower third molar removal.

Resting energy expenditure and body composition in children with myelomeningocele

Purpose : Myelomeningocele is a complex disease often complicated by obesity for reasons not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine body composition and energy expenditure of children with MMC. Methods : Resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition and anthropometry were measured in 19 children with MMC (12 M, 7 F). Total energy expenditure (TEE) was estimated using a 3-day activity record. Energy intake (EI) was measured in seven children (5 M, 2 F) with MMC. Data were then compared with predicted values. Results : Mean REE ( n = 19) was 4680 ±1452 kJ/day (96.1 ±18.1% of predicted REE). The range was large (45.8-125.7% of predicted REE). TEE ( n = 7) was 4344 ±2376 kJ/day, hence only 73 34% of predicted TEE. EI ( n = 7) was 6560 ±1329 kJ/day, approximating a normal energy requirement. Overall, BCM was lower than expected values. Conclusions : REE in children with MMC is variable when compared to predicted values. TEE was found to be lower in children with MMC than predicted values and EI was similar to predicted values in this group of seven children. BCM is reduced in children with MMC when compared to expected values.

Avaliação do processamento auditivo em crianças com síndrome da apnéia/hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono

INTRODUÇÃO: síndrome da apnéia/hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) é uma desordem de respiração durante o sono e tem sido descrita como uma condição relativamente comum em crianças. OBJETIVO: Verificar se existe relação entre a presença da Síndrome da Apnéia/Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono e alteração de processamento auditivo. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 3 grupos de crianças na faixa etária de 5 a 11 anos, incluindo um grupo controle. Vinte indivíduos que constituíram o grupo de estudo foram submetidos à avaliação otorrinolaringológica e ao exame de polissonografia (PSG) e foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo I (RO) constituído por 10 indivíduos respiradores orais e PSG normal e Grupo II (SAS) constituído por 10 indivíduos respiradores orais e PSG alterado. O desempenho destes indivíduos foi comparado a um terceiro grupo - Grupo III (REN) composto de 10 crianças sem queixas otorrinolaringológicas. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos à avaliação audiológica básica e à avaliação do PA. RESULTADOS: Quanto à avaliação otorrinolaringológica, houve diferença estatisticamente significante no que se refere à avaliação dos cornetos nasais e das tonsilas palatinas. No grupo II, verificou-se maior número de indivíduos com hipertrofia de cornetos nasais grau II e III (p < 0,001) e com hipertrofia de tonsila palatina grau III e IV (p 0,007). Em relação à avaliação de PA, os resultados mostraram que houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001) no teste dicótico de dígitos, tendo o grupo II apresentado pior desempenho do que o grupo III e, no resultado do teste de memória para sons não-verbais em seqüência (p < 0,022), tendo o grupo II apresentado pior desempenho do que o grupo I. CONCLUSÃO: A presença da SAHOS relacionou-se positivamente com a alteração de processamento auditivo.

Avaliação do almoço servido a participantes do programa de alimentação do trabalhador

OBJETIVO: Face à expansão do Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador no País e sua atualização na normatização dos aspectos nutricionais, foi avaliado o consumo alimentar de trabalhadores participantes do programa, por meio da análise nutricional do almoço servido e do estado nutricional da população atendida. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal com amostra representativa dos trabalhadores participantes do Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador no Distrito Federal (n=1.044) que almoçam em 52 Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição. Foram avaliadas variáveis socioeconômicas e sociodemográficas, medidas antropométricas para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal e o consumo alimentar obtido pelo método da pesagem e pela observação direta da montagem dos pratos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 43% da população estudada apresentam excesso de peso, sendo 33,7% com sobrepeso e 9,3% com obesidade, com maiores percentuais no sexo masculino. A mediana do valor energético do almoço foi de 515 Kcal para as mulheres e de 736 Kcal para os homens. O consumo mediano de fibras foi de 6,0 g para o sexo feminino e de 8,3 g para o sexo masculino, e o consumo mediano de colesterol foi acima de 90 mg nos indivíduos com excesso de peso. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam risco nutricional nessa população, tradicionalmente considerada sadia, devendo a mesma ser alvo de estratégias com foco na promoção da saúde, salientado-se, assim, a atribuição de educador do nutricionista.

Show me your body and I tell you how hold you are: a non-invasive methodto define 6 life history-classes in Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), using an identified trial population in the Atlantic

European Cetacean Society Conference Workshop, Galway, Ireland, 25th March 2012.

Spatial segregation of calving and nursing Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), and its conservation implications

"Conhecer o Mar dos Açores III - Fórum científico de apoio à decisão". Biblioteca Pública e Arquivo Regional João José da Graça, Horta, Faial, Açores, 19-20 de setembro de 2013.

Habitat differentiation between groups of Risso's dolphins as evidence of coastal nursery areas

26th Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society, Galway, Ireland 26-28 March 2012.

The presence of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) around the Azores: a study of re-sightings from 2003-2012

27th Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society. Setúbal, Portugal, 8-10 April 2013.

Data analysis model selection for estimating local population size of the Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) in the Azores

27th Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society. Setúbal, Portugal, 8-10 April 2013.

Vírus da raiva em quirópteros naturalmente infectados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Identificar as espécies de morcegos envolvidas na manutenção do ciclo da raiva, verificar a distribuição do vírus da raiva em tecidos e órgãos de morcegos e os períodos de mortalidade dos camundongos inoculados. MÉTODOS: A positividade para o vírus da raiva foi avaliada por imunofluorescência direta em morcegos de municípios do Estado de São Paulo, de abril de 2002 a novembro de 2003. A distribuição do vírus nos morcegos foi avaliada pela inoculação de camundongos e infecção de células N2A, com suspensões a 20% preparadas a partir de fragmentos de diversos órgãos e tecidos, além de cérebro e glândula salivar. A mortalidade dos camundongos foi observada diariamente, após inoculação intracerebral. RESULTADOS: Dos 4.393 morcegos pesquisados, 1,9% foram positivos para o vírus da raiva, pertencentes a dez gêneros, com predomínio de insetívoros. A média do período máximo de mortalidade dos camundongos pós-inoculação a partir de cérebros e glândulas salivares de morcegos hematófagos foi de 15,33±2,08 dias e 11,33±2,30 dias; insetívoros, 16,45±4,48 dias e 18,91±6,12 dias; e frugívoros, 12,60±2,13 dias e 15,67±4,82 dias, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: As espécies infectadas com o vírus da raiva foram: Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus sp., Myotis nigricans, Myotis sp., Eptesicus sp., Lasiurus ega, Lasiurus cinereus, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Histiotus velatus, Molossus rufus, Eumops sp. e Desmodus rotundus. A pesquisa de vírus em diferentes tecidos e órgãos mostrou-se que os mais apropriados para o isolamento foram cérebro e glândulas salivares.

Sexo, renda e escolaridade associados ao nível de atividade física de trabalhadores

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos associados ao nível de atividade física de trabalhadores. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no Distrito Federal, de 2000 a 2001, com amostra representativa de trabalhadores de ambos os sexos, vinculados ao Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador, envolvendo 1.044 trabalhadores. Utilizou-se a regressão logística binária para determinação dos possíveis fatores de risco associados ao nível de atividade física e selecionados pelo processo de "backward elimination". Efeitos interativos das variáveis foram verificados no modelo final por meio da razão de chances, para nível de atividade física >1,4. RESULTADOS: O modelo final incluiu o sexo, a renda e a escolaridade. Indivíduos do sexo masculino que cursaram apenas o primeiro grau e ganhavam menos de quatro salários mínimos eram os que tinham mais chances de apresentar nível de atividade física >1,4. A estimativa das razões de chances indicou que os homens tinham cinco vezes mais chances de apresentar nível de atividade física >1,4, níveis inferiores aos das mulheres. Indivíduos que cursaram apenas o primeiro grau e com renda igual ou inferior a quatro salários mínimos tinham duas vezes mais chances de nível de atividade física >1,4 do que indivíduos com renda superior a quatro salários mínimos e curso superior ou pós-graduação. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam que os fatores associados ao nível de atividade física de trabalhadores são: sexo masculino, escolaridade primeiro grau e renda menor que quatro salários mínimos.

HIV rapid testing as a key strategy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of HIV rapid testing for pregnant women at maternity hospital admission and of subsequent interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. METHODS: Study based on a convenience sample of women unaware of their HIV serostatus when they were admitted to delivery in public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, Brazil, between March 2000 and April 2002. Women were counseled and tested using the Determine HIV1/2 Rapid Test. HIV infection was confirmed using the Brazilian algorithm for HIV infection diagnosis. In utero transmission of HIV was determined using HIV-DNA-PCR. There were performed descriptive analyses of sociodemographic data, number of previous pregnancies and abortions, number of prenatal care visits, timing of HIV testing, HIV rapid test result, neonatal and mother-to-child transmission interventions, by city studied. RESULTS: HIV prevalence in women was 6.5% (N=1,439) in Porto Alegre and 1.3% (N=3.778) in Rio de Janeiro. In Porto Alegre most of women were tested during labor (88.7%), while in Rio de Janeiro most were tested in the postpartum (67.5%). One hundred and forty-four infants were born to 143 HIV-infected women. All newborns but one in each city received at least prophylaxis with oral zidovudine. It was possible to completely avoid newborn exposure to breast milk in 96.8% and 51.1% of the cases in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Injectable intravenous zidovudine was administered during labor to 68.8% and 27.7% newborns in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Among those from whom blood samples were collected within 48 hours of birth, in utero transmission of HIV was confirmed in 4 cases in Rio de Janeiro (4/47) and 6 cases in Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSIONS: The strategy proved feasible in maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre. Efforts must be taken to maximize HIV testing during labor. There is a need of strong social support to provide this population access to health care services after hospital discharge.