Mg-Al-NO_3层状双金属氢氧化物电性质研究

采用电泳法和电势滴定法测定出不同电解质(LiCl,NaCl和KCl）溶液中Mg-Al-NO_3层状双金属氢氧化物（Mg-Al-NO_3LDH)颗粒的$\Xi$电位、等电点、永久电荷密度以及零电荷点等电化学物理量，探讨了电解质、pH和样品化学组成对Mg-Al-NO_3LDH电性质的影响。研究发现一价阳离子Li+，Na+,K+对Mg-Al-NO_3LDH颗粒的等电点有影响，使等电点依次降低；由于永久电荷的存在，等电点与零电荷点不一致。随着样品中Al含量的增加，永久电荷密度依次增加，零电荷点依次增大，而等电点依次降低。

Fertilidad del suelo en tres sistemas de manejo en café (Coffea arabica L.) y su efecto en el rendimiento, Masatepe - Masaya

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la influencia de tres sistemas de manejo en café sobre la fertilidad física, química y biológica del suelo y el rendimiento en café oro en el municipio de Masatepe, departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua en el período de julio del 2009 a enero del 2010. El tratamiento uno (orgánico intensivo) estuvo conformado por dos especies leguminosas como sombra, Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd (guaba) y Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill (genízaro), más aplicaciones por planta de 2.27 kg de pulpa de café (9 080 kg ha-1) e igual cantidad de gallinaza. El tratamiento dos (orgánico extensivo) involucra 2.27 kg de pulpa de café bajo las mismas especies arbóreas y un tercer tratamiento a plena exposición solar (convencional extensivo) con aplicaciones por planta de 17 gramos (68 kg ha-1) de fertilizante 27-9-18 en junio, 35 gramos (140 kgha-1) de 12-30-10 en septiembre y 20 gramos (80 kg ha-1) de urea más 5 gramos (20 kg ha-1) de KCl en octubre. Se utilizó un arreglo unifactorial en diseño de bloques completo al azar, evaluándose las variables materia orgánica, nitrógeno total, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, porosidad, retención de humedad, y diversidad de la macrofauna del suelo. Se efectuaron un muestreo de suelo en el mes de julio de 2009 y otro en enero de 2010. Los resultados fueron analizados por diferencias mínimas significativas y en el caso de la macrofauna a través del índice de Shannon-Wiener. Los programas estadísticos utilizados fueron InfoStat profesional y Past versión 1.29, éste último para el análisis de la biodiversidad del suelo. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en los componentes de la fertilidad física y química del suelo, pero se observa una tendencia a disminuir en el sistema manejado convencionalmente. La mayor diversidad de macrofauna se presentó en los sistemas manejados orgánicamente. El rendimiento de café oro se comport ó de forma variada, siendo mejor estadísticamente el sistema convencional extensivo en el primer ciclo agrícola (2002-2003), con un rendimiento de 305kg ha-1. Posteriormente en el resto de los ciclos no se presentan diferencias significativas pero se observa un comportamiento alterno de mayor rendimiento entre el sistema orgánico intensivo y el convencional extensivo.

Sistemas de manejo en café (Coffea arabica L.) y su efecto en la fertilidad del suelo y el rendimiento del café oro, Masatepe, Masaya

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la influencia de tres sistemas de manejo en café sobre la fertilidad física, química y biológica del suelo y el rendimiento en café oro en el municipio de Masatepe, departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua en el período de julio del 2009 a enero del 2010. El tratamiento orgánico intensivo (OI) estuvo conformado por dos especies leguminosas como sombra, Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd (guaba) y Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill (genízaro), más aplicaciones por planta de 2.27 kg de pulpa de café (9 080 kg ha -1 ) e igual cantidad de gallinaza. El tratamiento orgánico extensivo (OE) involucra 2.27 kg de pulpa de café bajo las mismas especies arbóreas y un tercer tratamiento a plena exposición solar denominado convencional extensivo (CE) con aplicaciones por planta de 17 gramos (68 kg ha -1 ) de fertilizante 27- 9-18 en junio, 35 gramos (140 kg ha -1 ) de 12-30-10 en septiembre y 20 gramos (80 kg ha -1 ) de urea más 5 gramos (20 kg ha -1 ) de KCl en octubre. Se utilizó un arreglo unifactorial en diseño de bloques completo al azar, evaluándose las variables materia orgánica, nitrógeno total, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, porosidad, retención de humedad, y diversidad de la macrofauna del suelo. Se efectuaron un muestreo de suelo en el mes de julio de 2009 y otro en enero de 2010. Los resultados fueron analizados por diferencias mínimas significativas y en el caso de la macrofauna a través del índice de Shannon-Wiener. Los programas estadísticos utilizados fueron InfoStat profesional y Past versión 1.29, éste último para el análisis de la biodiversidad del suelo. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en los componentes de la fertilidad física y química del suelo, pero se observa una tendencia a disminuir en el sistema manejado convencionalmente. La mayor diversidad de macrofauna se presentó en los sistemas manejados orgánicamente. El rendimiento de café oro se comportó de forma variada, siendo mejor estadísticamente el sistema convencional extensivo en el primer ciclo agrícola (2002-2003), con un rendimiento de 305 kg ha -1 . Posteriormente en el resto de los ciclos no se presentan diferencias significativas pero se observa un comportamiento alterno de mayor rendimiento entre el sistema orgánico intensivo y el convencional extensivo.

微小晶体生长过程的光学诊断实验研究

将光学干涉技术与显微技术相结合，应用计算机技术、图像处理技术发展形成一种实时细观诊断的实验方法——光学细观干涉诊断技术；实时观测了KCl晶体在容积为3mm * 3mm * 4.5mm的生长池内的结晶过程，得到了该过程的晶体的表面形貌、生长速率、以及晶体生长尺寸与时间、浓度与时间的定量的关系，观测到由重力引起的浮力对流现象，它直接影响晶体的生长。实验表明重力对晶体生长形态有很大的影响；生长速率与浓度存在很大的依赖关系。

Release of Sulfur and Chlorine during Cofiring RDF and Coal in an Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed

An internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) was applied to investigate the behavior of chlorine and sulfur during cofiring RDF and coal. The pollutant emissions in the flue gas were measured by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry (Gasmet DX-3000). In the tests, the concentrations of the species CO, CO2, HCl, and SO2 were measured online. Results indicated when cofiring RDF and char, due to the higher content of chlorine in RDF, the formation of HCl significantly increases. The concentration of SO2 is relatively low because alkaline metal in the fuel ash can absorb SO2. The concentration of CO emission during firing pure RDF is relatively higher and fluctuates sharply. With the CaO addition, the sulfur absorption by calcium quickly increases, and the desulfuration ratio is bigger than the dechlorination ratio. The chemical equilibrium method is applied to predict the behavior of chlorine. Results show that gaseous HCl emission increases with increasing RDF fraction, and gaseous KCl and NaCl formation might occur.

Release of Sulfur and Chlorine During Cofiring Rdf and Coal In An Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed

An internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) was applied to investigate the behavior of chlorine and sulfur during cofiring RDF and coal. The pollutant emissions in the flue gas were measured by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry (Gasmet DX-3000). In the tests, the concentrations of the species CO, CO2, HCl, and SO2 were measured online. Results indicated when cofiring RDF and char, due to the higher content of chlorine in RDF, the formation of HCl significantly increases. The concentration Of SO2 is relatively low because alkaline metal in the fuel ash can absorb SO2. The concentration of CO emission during firing pure RDF is relatively higher and fluctuates sharply. With the CaO addition, the sulfur absorption by calcium quickly increases, and the desulfuration ratio is bigger than the dechlorination ratio. The chemical equilibrium method is applied to predict the behavior of chlorine. Results show that gaseous HCl emission increases with increasing RDF fraction, and gaseous KCl and NaCl formation might occur.

Structural studies of the hipersaline adaptation of proteins belonging to halophilic archaea

183 p.

植物14-3-3基因家族的进化和功能分析

14-3-3蛋白家族结构非常保守，被认为广泛存在于所有真核生物的各组织器官中。已有研究表明，14-3-3蛋白可以和上百种蛋白进行相互作用,作为许多细胞进程的重要调节因子参与植物生长发育、细胞周期调节、细胞凋亡和信号转导等多个调控网络。植物14-3-3蛋白家族包括两大类：Epsilon group和Non-epsilon group。我们对这两类蛋白序列进行了进一步的分析，发现这两类蛋白有明显的更小亚类分布，并且不同的亚类包含有不同的模体。从对水稻和拟南芥中的14-3-3基因的分析结果来看，这两类基因在染色体上的分布以及外显子数目明显不同，我们认为这两类蛋白有着不同的进化历史。达尔文正选择在蛋白进化过程中起着很重要的作用，我们对两类蛋白受到的正选择进行分析，分别发现了一些受到正选择的位点，这些位点可能在两类蛋白的进化过程中起着关键作用。水稻是最主要的粮食作物之一，水稻14-3-3基因包含8个成员：GF14a、GF14b、GF14c、GF14d、GF14e、GF14f、GF14g和GF14h。我们选取其中的OsGF14c作为研究对象，对水稻14-3-3的功能做一定探讨。OsGF14c基因位于水稻8号染色体上，cDNA全长1154bp,编码256个氨基酸。序列分析表明该基因与酵母同源基因BMH2有71%的同源性，我们将OsGF14c转入BMH2缺陷型酵母中，发现可以互补酵母14-3-3缺陷的表型。同时对OsGF14c所做的酵母双杂交实验表明，蛋白本身在体外可以形成同源二聚体。GFP融合基因稳定表达结果显示，OsGF14c定位在细胞质中。为了更好的研究该基因的功能，我们通过构建的过表达载体异源转化拟南芥，得到纯合体后我们进行了一系列的胁迫和激素处理。激素、PEG8000、LiCl和甘露醇处理的植株均未表现出明显的表型，而NaCl、KCl处理后的植株表现出盐敏感的表型。

贵州喀斯特森林优势木本植物水力结构特征

水力结构就是植物在特定的自然环境条件下，为适应生存竞争的需要所形成的不同形态结构和水分运输供给策略，它对于植物物种的分布、抗逆能力等方面起关键性作用。喀斯特常绿阔叶林生长的特有植物种类以其独特的形态解剖特征和生理适应性，很好的适应了喀斯特地区独特的水分和土壤环境，以维持自身的生存和最适生长。植物的水分关系是喀斯特地区特有植物种类适应环境的核心生理生态学问题之一。贵州喀斯特地区石漠化正日益加剧，因此，对贵州植物水力结构和环境适应性进行研究具有重要的意义。 目前，国内外学者在“冲洗法”中使用的不同冲洗溶质可能对植物木质部水力结构的测定结果等产生较大影响，因此本文首先研究了三种溶质的冲洗溶液对毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)枝条的水力导度和抵抗空穴化能力的影响。实验结果表明: 相对于去离子水，用0.01 M 的草酸和0.03 M KCl溶液作为冲洗溶液，均导致毛白杨木质部导管和油松管胞的水力导度测定值的增大。KCl导致毛白杨和油松木质部抵抗空穴化能力的测定值提高，草酸导致杨树抵抗空穴化能力测定值增强但导致油松抗空穴化能力测定值显著(P<0.01)减弱。小枝水平上，毛白杨和油松的水分运输效率和抗空穴化能力之间没有显著相关性。另外，在截枝实验中发现毛白杨小枝木质部水力导度随长度增加变化不大，而油松枝条的木质部水力导度有逐渐增大的趋势。以上的实验结果表明不同溶质下毛白杨和油松枝条的木质部水力导度和抵抗空穴化能力不同，草酸和KCl可能对木质部管道系统及纹孔处的果胶等产生作用，从而使毛白杨和油松的水力结构发生变化。毛白杨与油松水力结构在去离子水、草酸和KCl的作用下的不同结果及两物种截枝试验下水力导度的不同变化趋势，表明导管运输系统和管胞运输系统可能具有不同的水分运输影响因素。 在贵州花江、普定、荔波等地选择当地森林中39种优势木本植物作为研究对象，对其枝条的水力结构进行研究，结果表明: 该地区优势木本植物的水力结构与其他森林类型相比，其木质部抗栓塞化能力介于热带雨林和热带干热森林之间，而水力导度高于各森林类型的平均值。在石漠化程度不同的地区，植物总体的水力导度和水分运输的安全性没有呈现出明显的规律，但是同种植物在较为干旱的严重石漠化地区，其木质部安全性较高，植物在周围环境的影响下木质部水力结构朝着更适应周围环境的方向发展。 贵州喀斯特地区常绿植物和落叶植物的水力结构差异较为明显(P<0.05)。落叶树种主要在夏季生长，其最大水力导度较高，而冬季依靠落叶等方式度过不利的生长环境，因此其木质部安全性较常绿树种更为脆弱。总体而言，贵州喀斯特森林优势木本植物的在水力导度与安全性之间存在权衡关系，说明在大尺度水平上随着水力导度的提高即水分运输效率的提高，植物木质部抗空穴化的能力降低。

菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶的研究

本实验以菠菜叶片为材料，分离并纯化了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（BADH，EC 1.2.1.8），并对其某些性质进行了研究。此外，还提取并纯化了poly (A)+RNA，并对其完整性进行了分析，主要结果如下： 1.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶存在于60％硫酸铵沉淀部分，70％硫酸铵沉淀部分未检出其活性。用层析法纯化该酶，使纯化倍数达到405.3倍。菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶有两个同工酶。 2.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶主要定位于胞液中。其中，在过氧化物酶体及微粒体中有一定量活性存在，但在叶绿体中未检出其活性。 3.菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶活性有较广的pH值范围，其最适pH范围为9.5左右。该酶以NAD作为特异性辅酶，其Km值为8.0×10-6M, Vmax为0.143nmol/min。该酶以甜菜碱醛作为特异性底物，其Km值为1.82×10-4M，Vmax为0.182nmol/min。该酶活性为0.125～1M的NaCl、KCl和脯氨酸所抑制，但0.125～1M的蔗糖及甜菜碱对其活性没有影响。 4.PCMB和Mersalyl抑制该酶的活性，DTT可逐步恢复被抑制的活性。稀土元素LaCl3对该酶活性没有影响，但CeCl则使其完全失活。另外，Mn2+和Mo6+离子对其活性没有影响，Mg2+离子可增加其活性。 5.菠菜叶片中有菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶的抑制因子存在，该因子可能是一种小分子化合物。 6.应用酚-氯仿方法分离了菠菜叶片的poly (A)+RNA，并在-80℃低温下长期贮存。

盐胁迫对光合作用的影响

盐害对植物光合作用的影响机理的研究目前还仅仅处于初步阶段，对于许多关键性问题远没有达成共识。本论文研究了盐胁迫对光合作用的影响途径和原初作用部位，对光合作用的各个分过程影响的先后关系，盐胁迫与光胁迫的协同作用，植物光合作用对盐胁迫的适应等基础理论问题，为盐胁迫下提高植物光合作用速率，改良植物种质提供了一定的理论依据。 1．采用荧光动力学的方法区分盐胁迫中的渗透因素和离子因素。用五种等渗Hogland培养液(分别含NaCl，KCl，NaN03，KN03和PEG)对冬小麦进行处理。结果，与对照相比，NaCl处理引起PSII受体侧电子库含量(CA／Fm)、PSII活性(Fv／Fo)、原初光能转化效率(Fv／Fm)、量子产量(Yield)与荧光光化学猝灭系数(qP)下降;QB-非还原性PSII反应中心含量增加。然而，等渗的PEG处理并不产生类似的伤害。这表明渗透因素不是盐胁迫对光合作用造成伤害的主要原因。鉴于NaCl和NaNO3处理却使QA含量、PSII活性、原初光能转化效率下降和QB-非还原性PSII反应中心的增加，KN03处理对光合作用不产生伤害;而等渗的PEG和KCl处理并不产生类似的伤害，这暗示Na+可能是盐胁迫影响光合作用的主要毒害离子。 2．用荧光动力学的方法研究了不同浓度的NaCl处理对PSII光能利用和耗散的影响。结果表明，与对照、100mmol/L和200mmol/L NaCl处理相比，经300mmol/L和400mmol/L NaCl处理的小麦，其荧光光化学猝灭效率明显降低，荧光非光化学猝灭效率较高，Fo猝灭系数较大，QB-非还原性PSII反应中心含量较大，然而，其荧光非光化学猝灭效率，QB-非还原性PSII反应中心含量和Fo猝灭系数潜在增高能力较弱。随着NaCl处理浓度的增加，PSII吸收过多的光能可能首先通过热耗散和状态转换逸散，而后阻断PSII从QA到QB的电子传递，最后损伤PSII反应中心。 3．研究了轻度(200mmol/L)和重度(400mmol/L)NaCl胁迫对光抑制和光恢复进程的影响。结果表明：1)轻度盐胁迫对光合放氧和碳同化速率的影响相对较小，而重度盐胁迫大大降低了光合放氧和碳同化速率，同时明显降低光合放氧和碳同化的光饱和点。2)碳同化是盐胁迫对光合作用造成伤害的敏感位点。3)轻度盐胁迫对PSII的光抑制进程影响较小;而重度盐胁迫则促进光抑制的产生，同时抑制PSII的修复过程，从而使得PSII受到光抑制的伤害更大。 4 为探讨盐胁迫下植物减轻或避免光抑制的机制，研究了盐胁迫对光能在PSI和PSII之间的分配的影响。结果表明，盐胁迫提高了Chla/Chlb比值和单位鲜重叶片中Chla的含量，降低了单位鲜重叶片Chlb的含量;提高了PSI的电子传递速度，能量储存;同时降低了PSII的电子传递和能量储存。这表明盐胁迫提高了光能在PSI的分配分额和PSI的含量，降低PSII对光能的吸收和利用，这对于植物在盐胁迫下减轻或避免光抑制对PSII的破坏有重要意义。

Improved handling and preservation of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii for producing safe and wholesome products

Studies were undertaken to evaluate the quality changes in freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii during various storage conditions of handling and preservation and producing safe and quality products. The samples kept in ice immediately after catch with head-on and head-less condition were found to be acceptable for 6 days and 7 days, respectively. Delaying of icing considerably shortened the shelf-life. The pH value increased from 6.36 to 8.0 after 10 days in ice. The initial average TVB-N value of sample increased from below 10 mg/100 g to 25 mg/100 g with the lapse of storage period. The Ca++ ATPase activity in presence of 0.1M KCl slightly decreased at the end of 10 days of ice storage. Immediately after harvest, initial aerobic plate count (APC) was 2.88x10^6 CFU/g which gradually increased to 1.12x10^8 CFU/g after 6 days in ice storage and showed early signs of spoilage. Initial bacterial genera in the prawn iced at 0 hours were comprised of Coryneform (22.21 %), Bacillus (7.40%), Micrococcus (11.11 %), Achromobacter (48.14%), Flavobacterium/Cytophaga (7.40%), Pseudomonas (3.70%) and Aeromonas (3.70%). During ice storage Coryneforms and Bacillus were always dominating along with less prominent ones - Micrococcus, Achromobacter and Flavobacterium. Studies were conducted on the stability of myofibrillar protein of M. rosenbergii under different storage and pH conditions. The influence of a wide range of pH on the remaining Ca++ ATPase activity of M. rosenbergii muscle myofibrils after storage at -20°C for 2 days, at 0°C for 2 days and at 35°C for 30 minutes demonstrated that ATPase activities were lower in acidic and alkaline pH regions and the activity remained relatively high. Mg++ ATPase activities both in presence and absence of Ca++ remained high at neutral pH compared to those of acidic and alkaline region. The solubility of myofibrillar protein decreased gradually both in acidic and alkaline pH regions. The study also examined the bacteriological quality of freshly harvested M. rosenbergii, pond sediment and pond water from four commercial freshwater prawn farms at Fulpur and Tarakanda upazilas in the district of Mymensingh. The study included aerobic plate count (APC), total coliform count, detection, isolation and identification of suspected public health hazard bacteria and their seasonal variation, salt tolerance test, antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates and washing effect of chlorinated water on the bacterial load in the prawn samples. APC in sediment soil and water of the farm and gill and hepatopancreas of freshly harvested prawns varied considerably among the farms and between summer and winter season. The range of coliform count in water, gill and hepatopancreas ranged between 6 - 2.8x10^2 CFU/ml, 1.2x10^2 - 3.32x10^2 CFU/g and 1.43x10^2 - 3.89 x10^3 CFU/g, respectively. No coliform was detected in pond sediment sample. Suspected health hazard bacteria isolated and identified from pond sediment, water, gill and hepatopancreas included Streptococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Klebsialla, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. Bacillus, Salmonella and Staphyloccus [sic], and were found to be highly salt tolerant and capable of growing at 10% NaCl. The antibiotic discs with different concentration of antibiotics were used for the sensitivity test. The organisms were found to be most sensitive against Tetracyclin and Gentamycin.

Denaturation of Labeo rohita (rohu) actomyosin on frozen storage: preventive effect of dicarboxylic acids

The preventive effect of fumarate, maleate, tartrate and oxalate on the denaturation of frozen rohu actomyosin at -20°C in 0.7 M KCl for 7 weeks was examined using an in vitro test model. The rate of denaturation was followed by estimating percentage salt extractability, Ca²+ ATP-ase activity and the clearing response test. Fumarate, maleate and tartrate showed cryoprotective effect for higher concentration of pre-rigor rohu actomyosin of 10 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml. At actomyosin concentration of 6 mg/ml, maleate and tartrate showed some preventive effect whereas fumarate enhanced denaturation. Oxalate showed poor cryoprotective action. Post-rigor rohu actomyosin was preserved frozen without denaturation to a greater extent than pre-rigor actomyosin.

星形胶质细胞存在L-型钙通道的新证据

下载PDF阅读器以纯化培养的小鼠星形胶质细胞(Astrocyte,AS)为实验材料,采用激光共聚焦钙成像和荧光分光光度计技术,探讨钙激动剂Bay k8644和钙拮抗剂nimodipine对星形胶质细胞胞内钙离子浓度的影响.结果显示,Bay k8644在0.0001、0.001和0.01 mmol/L浓度下均可显著增加星形胶质细胞的细胞内钙水平,而nimodipine在0.001、0.01和0.1 mmol/L浓度下均可显著降低星形胶质细胞胞内钙水平,并阻止KCl引起的细胞内钙升高.上述结果表明星形胶质细胞对L-型钙通道激动剂和拮抗剂的反应与神经元的反应相似,提示星形胶质细胞胞膜上也存在L-型钙通道.

Cross-comparison of fast reactor concepts with various coolants

Four fast reactor concepts using lead (LFR), liquid salt, NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 (LSFR), sodium (SFR), and supercritical CO2 (GFR) coolants are compared. Since economy of scale and power conversion system compactness are the same by virtue of the consistent 2400 MWt rating and use of the S-CO2 power conversion system, the achievable plant thermal efficiency, core power density and core specific powers become the dominant factors. The potential to achieve the highest efficiency among the four reactor concepts can be ranked from highest to lowest as follows: (1) GFR, (2) LFR and LSFR, and (3) SFR. Both the lead- and salt-cooled designs achieve about 30% higher power density than the gas-cooled reactor, but attain power density 3 times smaller than that of the sodium-cooled reactor. Fuel cycle costs are favored for the sodium reactor by virtue of its high specific power of 65 kW/kgHM compared to the lead, salt and gas reactor values of 45, 35, and 21 kW/kgHM, respectively. In terms of safety, all concepts can be designed to accommodate the unprotected limiting accidents through passive means in a self-controllable manner. However, it does not seem to be a preferable option for the GFR where the active or semi-passive approach will likely result in a more economic and reliable plant. Lead coolant with its superior neutronic characteristics and the smallest coolant temperature reactivity coefficient is easiest to design for self-controllability, while the LSFR requires special reactivity devices to overcome its large positive coolant temperature coefficient. The GFR required a special core design using BeO diluent and a supercritical CO2 reflector to achieve negative coolant void worth-one of the conditions necessary for inherent shutdown following large LOCA. Protected accidents need to be given special attention in the LSFR and LFR due to the small margin to freezing of their coolants, and to a lesser extent in the SFR. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.