Llibertat i suïcidi en l'obra de Sartre

Treball de recerca realitzat per un alumne d’ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l’any 2006. El debat filosòfic sobre el lliure albir dels éssers humans per a decidir els seus actes, s’ha centrat aquí en el problema de la llibertat de triar la pròpia mort com a màxima manifestació de lliberta. Aquesta reflexió té també com a objectiu retre homenatge a la figura i obra del filòsof Jean Paul Sartre en el centenari del seu naixement. Es defineix i situa el concepte de llibertat humana en el marc de la discussió. En segon lloc, s’exposa de quina forma l'acte de suïcidi esdevé la manifestació suprema del lliure albir de l'individu. Un cop plantejats els eixos mestres de la discussió, es porta l'atenció cap a la reflexió de Sartre sobre la llibertat, acompanyada dels precedents filosòfics i existencials que van configurar la doctrina del filòsof francès. Es conclou que la llibertat com a acte de tria conscient de les persones es troba radicalment arrelada a la condició humana que, portada per l'angoixa i la desesperança de la seva capacitat de tria, aliena la seva llibertat a instàncies d'àmbit social, tot i que la consciència de llibertat depassa aquest marc social i aboca a la reflexió final de l'individu, que pot triar entre ésser i no ésser, opció aquesta que passa per la voluntat de triar la pròpia mort.

A novel merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum (MSP-3) identified by cellular-antibody cooperative mechanism antigenicity and biological activity of antibodies

We report the identification of a 48kDa antigen targeted by antibodies which inhibit Plasmodium falciparum in vitro growth by cooperation with blood monocytes in an ADCI assay correlated to the naturally acquired protection. This protein is located on the surface of the merozoite stage of P. falciparum, and is detectable in all isolates tested. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that peptides derived from the amino acid sequence of MSP-3 contain potent B and T-cell epitopes recognized by a majority of individuals living in endemic areas. Moreover human antibodies either purified on the recombinant protein, or on the synthetic peptide MSP-3b, as well as antibodies raised in mice, were all found to promote parasite killing mediated by monocytes.

From allergy to schistosomes: role of Fc receptors and adhesion molecules in eosinophil effector function

The dual function of eosinophils has been evidenced in protective immunity against parasites as well as in pathological manifestations during allergic disorders. We have demonstrated that a new class of IgE receptors, FcepsilonRII/CD23, was involved in the functional duality of eosinophils and other proinflammatory cells. More recently, we have shown that FcepsilonRI, the high affinity IgE receptor thought to be only expressed by basophils and mast cells, was involved in eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity against schistosomes as well as in mediator release. These results favour the view that both IgE and its receptors have been primarily associated to a protective immune response, rather than to pathology. Not only IgE receptors but also members belonging to the family of adhesion molecules can participate as co-receptors in eosinophil effector function. The inhibitory role of monoclonal antibodies to LewisX (LeX, CD15) or to selectins in eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity towards schistosomes and the detection of LeX and 'selectin-like' molecules on schistosomula surface indicate a double interaction mediated by selectins and their carbohydrate ligands between eosinophils and schistosomula. These results suggest new functions for these adhesion molecules, previously known to be involved mainly in cell infiltration.

Regulatory assessment of in vitro skin corrosion and irritation data within the European framework: Workshop recommendations

Validated in vitro methods for skin corrosion and irritation were adopted by the OECD and by the European Union during the last decade. In the EU, Switzerland and countries adopting the EU legislation, these assays may allow the full replacement of animal testing for identifying and classifying compounds as skin corrosives, skin irritants, and non irritants. In order to develop harmonised recommendations on the use of in vitro data for regulatory assessment purposes within the European framework, a workshop was organized by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health together with ECVAM and the BfR. It comprised stakeholders from various European countries involved in the process from in vitro testing to the regulatory assessment of in vitro data. Discussions addressed the following questions: (1) the information requirements considered useful for regulatory assessment; (2) the applicability of in vitro skin corrosion data to assign the corrosive subcategories as implemented by the EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation; (3) the applicability of testing strategies for determining skin corrosion and irritation hazards; and (4) the applicability of the adopted in vitro assays to test mixtures, preparations and dilutions. Overall, a number of agreements and recommendations were achieved in order to clarify and facilitate the assessment and use of in vitro data from regulatory accepted methods, and ultimately help regulators and scientists facing with the new in vitro approaches to evaluate skin irritation and corrosion hazards and risks without animal data.

A conservação de tartarugas marinhas baseada na comunidade: contribuição para a gestão dos recursos costeiros das ilhas de Santo Antão, São Vicente e São Nicolau, Cabo Verde

Embora cada vez mais assumida como um imperativo institucional pelo mundo todo, em Cabo Verde, as experiencias de participação das comunidades locais na gestão da biodiversidade e recursos naturais são até hoje, muito fracas. No entanto, embora legalmente protegidas, ano após ano as populações de tartarugas marinhas vem-se cada vez mais reduzidas, com os respectivos habitats degradados. Num contexto em que importantes recursos da pesca artesanal se encontram em franca diminuição, ou já não são comercialmente viáveis,as comunidades piscatórias enfrentam cada dia condições adversas face a globalização do desenvolvimento económico. Consequentemente, a introdução de sistemas de gestão de recursos costeiros, mais inclusivos, eficazes e eficientes e que reforcem a participação das comunidades, constituem um imperativo. Dessa forma, a conservação das tartarugas marinhas na região de Barlavento, mais propriamente nas ilhas à Noroeste, foi concebida para promover o envolvimento de comunidades costeiras na preservação dessas espécies e de outros recursos marinhos ameaçados, tudo isto em prol do desenvolvimento rural sustentável e redução da pobreza. Os resultados indicam que a abordagem é eficaz, traduzindo-se em 1) Redução efectiva das capturas e consumo local de tartarugas marinhas; 2) Identificação local das espécies, sua distribuição e, identificação das ameaças que enfrentam. Assim, a população de fêmeas da Caretta caretta em São Nicolau, foi identificada como uma das mais abundantes do arquipélago. 3) Trabalhos relevantes no reforço da consciência ambiental da população no geral. As comunidades piscatórias têm livremente apoiado não só na redução da captura de tartarugas mas também tem estado envolvidas em acções de vigilância e fiscalização de praias, prevenindo mesmo a extracção de areia em zonas de postura. Internamente, têm promovido luta contra práticas irresponsáveis de pesca, tais como o uso de dinamite na pesca de pequenos pelágicos. 4) Adopção de instrumentos integradores promovendo a participação interinstitucional e multidisciplinar e, particularmente, a mobilização de recursos, criando espaços para o envolvimento directo das comunidades na concepção e planificação de acções e planos locais de conservação. 5) Investigação participativa, apropriadamente articulada com a comunicação social e fiscalização como responsabilidade compartilhada, enquanto escola eficaz de aprendizagem interactiva de formas alternativas de gestão e utilização sustentável de recursos naturais costeiros. Os desafios resumem na 1) necessidade de um contexto político e legal que oriente e regulamente a implementação de iniciativas de conservação de tartarugas marinhas baseadas na comunidade, em regimes de gestão concertada (co-gestão); 2) no engajamento e apropriação efectiva, assim como a devida articulação institucional e, 3) sustentabilidade económica das acções.

Patient versus general practitioner perception of problems with treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes: from adherence to concordance.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of problems with treatment adherence among type-2 diabetic patients with regards to medication, dietary advice, and physical activity; to identify the associated clinical and psychosocial factors; and to investigate the degree of agreement between patient-perceived and GP-perceived adherence. METHODS: Consecutive patients were solicited during visits to 39 GPs. In total, 521 patients self-reported on treatment adherence, anxiety and depression, and disease perception. The GPs reported clinical and laboratory data and patients' adherence. A multivariate analysis identified the factors associated with adherence problems. RESULTS: Problems of adherence to medication, dietary advice, and physical activity recommendations were reported by 17%, 62%, and 47% of the patients, respectively. Six independent factors were found associated with adherence problems: young age, body-mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m(2), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) > 8%, single life, depression, and perception of medication as a constraint. Agreement between patients' and GPs' assessments of treatment problems reached 70%. CONCLUSION: In type 2 diabetes, problems with dietary advice or physical activity are far more frequent than problems with medication, and not all physicians are fully aware of patients' problems. More active listening and shared decision-making should enhance adherence and improve outcomes.

Rab27a: A key to melanosome transport in human melanocytes

Normal pigmentation depends on the uniform distribution of melanin-containing vesicles, the melanosomes, in the epidermis. Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by an immune deficiency and a partial albinism that has been ascribed to an abnormal melanosome distribution. GS maps to 15q21 and was first associated with mutations in the myosin-V gene. However, it was demonstrated recently that GS can also be caused by a mutation in the Rab27a gene. These observations prompted us to investigate the role of Rab27a in melanosome transport. Using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy studies, we show that in normal melanocytes Rab27a colocalizes with melanosomes. In melanocytes isolated from a patient with GS, we show an abnormal melanosome distribution and a lack of Rab27a expression. Finally, reexpression of Rab27a in GS melanocytes restored melanosome transport to dendrite tips, leading to a phenotypic reversion of the diseased cells. These results identify Rab27a as a key component of vesicle transport machinery in melanocytes.