La traduzione turistica nel web: proposta di traduzione del sito turistico di Mamoiada

Questa tesi si incentra sulla traduzione dall’italiano all’inglese di un insieme di testi turistici estrapolati dal sito web www.mamoiada.org di Raffaele Ballore. Si tratta di uno dei pochi siti dedicati alla promozione del mio paese natale, Mamoiada. I testi che ho tradotto ricoprono diversi domini linguistici: si inizia fornendo delle informazioni tecniche su come raggiungere l’abitato, per poi proseguire con testi relativi alla storia, alle tradizioni e alle usanze tipiche, e concludersi con testi di carattere gastronomico. Mamoiada è un piccolo paese situato nell’entroterra della Sardegna, ricco di storia e tradizioni. Ha vissuto l’occupazione di diversi popoli, fra cui i Romani, ed è conosciuto per le sue feste, in particolare per il Carnevale. Chi si reca a Mamoiada si può inoltre deliziare il palato con i piatti tipici di cui si parlerà nei testi.

Impersonificazione e sicurezza su rete

In questo lavoro di tesi, si è cercato di approfondire l’impersonificazione e ciò che ne consegue nel mondo del web nella sue versione dalla 1.0 alla 2.0. Si andranno ad analizzare i vari aspetti con l’aggiunta di informazioni riguardanti i vari attacchi che si possono subire utilizzando un terminale connesso ad internet e le modalità di difesa. Nello specifico verrà illustrato come funziona un noto programma per Microsoft Windows “Elite Keylogger”.

Applicazione di un protocollo di screening differenziale nel sistema Vitis vinifera per l’identificazione di peptidi con attività antimicrobica

Le piante e gli animali presentano elementi comuni nel loro sistema di difesa contro gli agenti patogeni, come la sintesi diretta di enzimi idrolitici (chitinasi, glucanasi, proteinasi e ossidasi) e di peptidi antimicrobici (AMPs). Gli AMPs sono peptidi ampiamente espressi negli organismi animali (vertebrati e invertebrati) e nelle piante. Possono essere espressi costitutivamente o rapidamente indotti inseguito ad uno stimolo biotico, a differenti livelli cellulari, per interagire direttamente con l’agente infettante e/o per modulare la risposta immunitaria contro i patogeni. Tali peptidi sono oggi classificati in relazione alle loro caratteristiche biochimiche (carica netta) e/ o alle loro caratteristiche strutturali (composizione amminoacidica, struttura lineare o circolare). In base a queste caratteristiche le molecole possono essere distinte nei seguenti gruppi: 1) peptidi lineari ad alfa elica; 2) peptidi ciclici con β-sheets e due o più ponti disolfuro; 3) peptidi con alfa elica e β-sheets stabilizzati da ponti disolfuro; 4) peptidi con hairpin o loop stabilizzati da ponti disolfuro; 5) peptidi lineari con residui aminoacidici ripetuti, come prolina, glicina, triptofano o istidina; 6) piccoli peptidi con struttura avvolta o con una struttura secondaria non definita. Nonostante la loro diversità strutturale, i peptidi antimicrobici presentano la caratteristica comune di inibire la crescita di un largo spettro di microbi, quali Gram-positivi, Gram-negativi, funghi e in alcuni casi anche virus, tanto da far coniare il termine di “antibiotici naturali”. Negli ultimi anni è notevolmente incrementato l’interesse verso tali peptidi dal momento che dati scientifici hanno mostrato che questi non inducono lo sviluppo di meccanismi di resistenza nei microrganismi patogeni. Gli AMPs quindi potrebbero costituire una valida alternativa non solo in ambito sanitario, per la sostituzione di antibiotici di sintesi chimica e di origine microbiologica, ma potrebbero avere un importante utilizzo in campo industriale e nello sviluppo di nuovi sistemi di conservazione degli alimenti al fine di incrementare la loro “shelf-life”.

Seismic Response Analysis of a Full-Scale Base-Isolated Structure via Measurements and Modeling

The full-scale base-isolated structure studied in this dissertation is the only base-isolated building in South Island of New Zealand. It sustained hundreds of earthquake ground motions from September 2010 and well into 2012. Several large earthquake responses were recorded in December 2011 by NEES@UCLA and by GeoNet recording station nearby Christchurch Women's Hospital. The primary focus of this dissertation is to advance the state-of-the art of the methods to evaluate performance of seismic-isolated structures and the effects of soil-structure interaction by developing new data processing methodologies to overcome current limitations and by implementing advanced numerical modeling in OpenSees for direct analysis of soil-structure interaction.

This dissertation presents a novel method for recovering force-displacement relations within the isolators of building structures with unknown nonlinearities from sparse seismic-response measurements of floor accelerations. The method requires only direct matrix calculations (factorizations and multiplications); no iterative trial-and-error methods are required. The method requires a mass matrix, or at least an estimate of the floor masses. A stiffness matrix may be used, but is not necessary. Essentially, the method operates on a matrix of incomplete measurements of floor accelerations. In the special case of complete floor measurements of systems with linear dynamics, real modes, and equal floor masses, the principal components of this matrix are the modal responses. In the more general case of partial measurements and nonlinear dynamics, the method extracts a number of linearly-dependent components from Hankel matrices of measured horizontal response accelerations, assembles these components row-wise and extracts principal components from the singular value decomposition of this large matrix of linearly-dependent components. These principal components are then interpolated between floors in a way that minimizes the curvature energy of the interpolation. This interpolation step can make use of a reduced-order stiffness matrix, a backward difference matrix or a central difference matrix. The measured and interpolated floor acceleration components at all floors are then assembled and multiplied by a mass matrix. The recovered in-service force-displacement relations are then incorporated into the OpenSees soil structure interaction model.

Numerical simulations of soil-structure interaction involving non-uniform soil behavior are conducted following the development of the complete soil-structure interaction model of Christchurch Women's Hospital in OpenSees. In these 2D OpenSees models, the superstructure is modeled as two-dimensional frames in short span and long span respectively. The lead rubber bearings are modeled as elastomeric bearing (Bouc Wen) elements. The soil underlying the concrete raft foundation is modeled with linear elastic plane strain quadrilateral element. The non-uniformity of the soil profile is incorporated by extraction and interpolation of shear wave velocity profile from the Canterbury Geotechnical Database. The validity of the complete two-dimensional soil-structure interaction OpenSees model for the hospital is checked by comparing the results of peak floor responses and force-displacement relations within the isolation system achieved from OpenSees simulations to the recorded measurements. General explanations and implications, supported by displacement drifts, floor acceleration and displacement responses, force-displacement relations are described to address the effects of soil-structure interaction.

Seismic characterization and dynamic site response of a municipal solid waste landfill in Bangalore, India

Seismic design of landfills requires an understanding of the dynamic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the dynamic site response of landfill waste during seismic events. The dynamic response of the Mavallipura landfill situated in Bangalore, India, is investigated using field measurements, laboratory studies and recorded ground motions from the intraplate region. The dynamic shear modulus values for the MSW were established on the basis of field measurements of shear wave velocities. Cyclic triaxial testing was performed on reconstituted MSW samples and the shear modulus reduction and damping characteristics of MSW were studied. Ten ground motions were selected based on regional seismicity and site response parameters have been obtained considering one-dimensional non-linear analysis in the DEEPSOIL program. The surface spectral response varied from 0.6 to 2g and persisted only for a period of 1s for most of the ground motions. The maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) obtained was 0.5g and the minimum and maximum amplifications are 1.35 and 4.05. Amplification of the base acceleration was observed at the top surface of the landfill underlined by a composite soil layer and bedrock for all ground motions. Dynamic seismic properties with amplification and site response parameters for MSW landfill in Bangalore, India, are presented in this paper. This study shows that MSW has less shear stiffness and more amplification due to loose filling and damping, which need to be accounted for seismic design of MSW landfills in India.

Seismic characterization and dynamic site response of a municipal solid waste landfill in Bangalore, India

Seismic design of landfills requires an understanding of the dynamic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the dynamic site response of landfill waste during seismic events. The dynamic response of the Mavallipura landfill situated in Bangalore, India, is investigated using field measurements, laboratory studies and recorded ground motions from the intraplate region. The dynamic shear modulus values for the MSW were established on the basis of field measurements of shear wave velocities. Cyclic triaxial testing was performed on reconstituted MSW samples and the shear modulus reduction and damping characteristics of MSW were studied. Ten ground motions were selected based on regional seismicity and site response parameters have been obtained considering one-dimensional non-linear analysis in the DEEPSOIL program. The surface spectral response varied from 0.6 to 2g and persisted only for a period of 1s for most of the ground motions. The maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) obtained was 0.5g and the minimum and maximum amplifications are 1.35 and 4.05. Amplification of the base acceleration was observed at the top surface of the landfill underlined by a composite soil layer and bedrock for all ground motions. Dynamic seismic properties with amplification and site response parameters for MSW landfill in Bangalore, India, are presented in this paper. This study shows that MSW has less shear stiffness and more amplification due to loose filling and damping, which need to be accounted for seismic design of MSW landfills in India.

Utilizzo di dispositivi isteretici per l'isolamento di piano: strategie per una progettazione sismica di tipo multi-prestazionale

Con la presente tesi si è inteso studiare le possibilità applicative di una particolare tipologia strutturale dotata di isolamento sismico “di piano”, intendendosi con ciò una struttura in cui l'intero piano terra, tramite l'inserimento di opportuni elementi dissipativi isteretici ed in analogia al consueto isolamento sismico di base, agisce da “strato” di protezione passiva per i piani sovrastanti. A riguardo, fra le possibili soluzioni per realizzare effettivamente tale isolamento "di piano" è stata considerata la disposizione di particolari elementi dissipativi isteretici di controvento detti Crecent-Shaped Braces, caratterizzati da una forma bilatera o curva, tale comunque da presentare un'eccentricità non nulla fra l'asse del controvento stesso e la linea congiungente gli estremi.

Isolamento, variabilità ed espressione del gene PIMT in Girasole

Il vigore è un aspetto rilevante della qualità delle sementi, strettamente connesso al loro status fisiologico, al genotipo e alle condizioni di stoccaggio. Stress ossidativi e danni alle macromolecole sono alla base del deterioramento del seme, che è equipaggiato con sistemi protettivi e di riparazione. Uno di questi coinvolge l’L-isoaspartil metiltransferasi (PIMT) che ripara i misfolding proteici catalizzando la riconversione in aspartato dell’isoaspartile anomalo accumulato. Scopo di questo studio era valutare il possibile ruolo del meccanismo di riparazione di PIMT nel vigore del seme in girasole. Per questo il relativo gene è stato isolato e caratterizzato, la variabilità allelica determinata su un campione di linee inbred e l’espressione genica misurata in risposta all’invecchiamento accelerato (aging) e al priming. La sequenza codificante ottenuta è costituita da 4 esoni e contiene i 5 domini caratteristici delle metiltransferasi. Il gene mostra elevata similarità con gli ortologhi vegetali e scarsa diversità nucleotidica nei genotipi coltivati rappresentativi della variabilità della specie. Nella sequenza aminoacidica, comunque, sono state rinvenute tre sostituzioni che potrebbero influenzare la funzionalità enzimatica. Dal punto di vista fisiologico i genotipi considerati hanno esibito notevole variabilità di risposte ai trattamenti, sia in termini di vigore che di espressione genica. Aging e priming hanno prodotto generalmente gli effetti attesi, rispettivamente negativi e positivi, sulla germinabilità e sulla sua velocità. In generale l’espressione di PIMT è risultata massima nel seme secco, come riportato altrove, e ridotta dall’aging. Anche il priming ha diminuito l’espressione rispetto al seme quiescente, mentre il suo effetto dopo l’aging è risultato genotipo-dipendente. Tuttavia, nelle condizioni descritte, non si sono evidenziate correlazioni significative tra vigore ed espressione di PIMT, tali da suggerire un chiaro ruolo di questo meccanismo nella qualità fisiologica del seme.

Strumenti per la valutazione dello stato conservativo e per la manutenzione programmata dei ponti della Provincia di Bologna

La tesi tratta di strumenti finalizzati alla valutazione dello stato conservativo e di supporto all'attività di manutenzione dei ponti, dai più generali Bridge Management Systems ai Sistemi di Valutazione Numerica della Condizione strutturale. Viene proposto uno strumento originale con cui classificare i ponti attraverso un Indice di Valutazione Complessiva e grazie ad esso stabilire le priorità d'intervento. Si tara lo strumento sul caso pratico di alcuni ponti della Provincia di Bologna. Su un ponte in particolare viene realizzato un approfondimento specifico sulla determinazione approssimata dei periodi propri delle strutture da ponte. Si effettua un confronto dei risultati di alcune modellazioni semplificate in riferimento a modellazioni dettagliate e risultati sperimentali.

Valutazione della risposta sismica di edifici mediante modelli anelastici equivalenti

Nella presente tesi è proposta una metodologia per lo studio e la valutazione del comportamento sismico di edifici a telaio. Il metodo prevede la realizzazione di analisi non-lineari su modelli equivalenti MDOF tipo stick, in accordo alla classificazione data nel report FEMA 440. Gli step per l’applicazione del metodo sono descritti nella tesi. Per la validazione della metodologia si sono utilizzati confronti con analisi time-history condotte su modelli tridimensionali dettagliati delle strutture studiate (detailed model). I parametri ingegneristici considerati nel confronto, nell’ottica di utilizzare il metodo proposto in un approccio del tipo Displacement-Based Design sono lo spostamento globale in sommità, gli spostamenti di interpiano, le forze di piano e la forza totale alla base. I risultati delle analisi condotte sui modelli stick equivalenti, mostrano una buona corrispondenza, ottima in certi casi, con quelli delle analisi condotte sui modelli tridimensionali dettagliati. Le time-history realizzate sugli stick model permettono però, un consistente risparmio in termini di onere computazionale e di tempo per il post-processing dei risultati ottenuti.

The tectonically-confined Firenzuola turbidite system (Miocene, Marnoso-arenacea Formation, northern Apennines, Italy): an example of facies variations related to the basin morphology

The Firenzuola turbidite system formed during a paroxysmal phase of thrust propagation, involving the upper Serravallian deposits of the Marnoso-arenacea Formation (MAF). During this phase the coeval growth of two major tectonic structures, the M. Castellaccio thrust and the Verghereto high, played a key role, causing a closure of the inner basin and a coeval shift of the depocentre to the outer basin. This work focuses on this phase of fragmentation of the MAF basin; it is based on a new detailed high-resolution stratigraphic framework, which was used to determine the timing of growth of the involved structures and their direct influence on sediment dispersal and on the lateral and vertical turbidite facies distribution. The Firenzuola turbidite system stratigraphy is characterized by the occurrence of mass-transport complexes (MTCs) and thick sandstone accumulation in the depocentral area, which passes to finer drape over the structural highs; the differentiation between these two zones increases over time and ends with the deposition of marly units over the structural highs and the emplacement of the Visignano MTC. According to the stratigraphic pattern and turbidite facies characteristics, the Firenzuola System has been split into two phases, namely Firenzuola I and Firenzuola II: the former is quite similar to the underlying deposits, while the latter shows the main fragmentation phase, testifying the progressive isolation of the inner basin and a coeval shift of the depocentre to the outer basin. The final stratigraphic and sedimentological dataset has been used to create a quantitative high-resolution 3D facies distribution using the Petrel software platform. This model allows a detailed analysis of lateral and vertical facies variations that can be exported to several reservoirs settings in hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation areas, since facies distributions and geometries of the reservoir bodies of many sub-surface turbidite basins show a significant relationship to the syndepositional structural activity, but are beyond seismic resolution.

Estimation of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration for South India with local site effects: probabilistic approach

In this work an attempt has been made to evaluate the seismic hazard of South India (8.0 degrees N-20 degrees N; 72 degrees E-88 degrees E) based on the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). The earthquake data obtained from different sources were declustered to remove the dependent events. A total of 598 earthquakes of moment magnitude 4 and above were obtained from the study area after declustering, and were considered for further hazard analysis. The seismotectonic map of the study area was prepared by considering the faults, lineaments and the shear zones in the study area which are associated with earthquakes of magnitude 4 and above. For assessing theseismic hazard, the study area was divided into small grids of size 0.1 degrees x0.1 degrees, and the hazard parameters were calculated at the centre of each of these grid cells by considering all the seismic sources with in a radius of 300 km. Rock level peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) and spectral acceleration (SA) values at 1 corresponding to 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years have been calculated for all the grid points. The contour maps showing the spatial variation of these values are presented here. Uniform hazard response spectrum (UHRS) at rock level for 5% damping and 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years were also developed for all the grid points. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) at surface level was calculated for the entire South India for four different site classes. These values can be used to find the PGA values at any site in South India based on site class at that location. Thus, this method can be viewed as a simplified method to evaluate the PGA values at any site in the study area.

Probabilistic Seismic Design of Pile Foundations in Non Liquefiable Soil by Response Spectrum Approach

The behavior of pile foundations in non liquefiable soil under seismic loading is considerably influenced by the variability in the soil and seismic design parameters. Hence, probabilistic models for the assessment of seismic pile design are necessary. Deformation of pile foundation in non liquefiable soil is dominated by inertial force from superstructure. The present study considers a pseudo-static approach based on code specified design response spectra. The response of the pile is determined by equivalent cantilever approach. The soil medium is modeled as a one-dimensional random field along the depth. The variability associated with undrained shear strength, design response spectrum ordinate, and superstructure mass is taken into consideration. Monte Carlo simulation technique is adopted to determine the probability of failure and reliability indices based on pile failure modes, namely exceedance of lateral displacement limit and moment capacity. A reliability-based design approach for the free head pile under seismic force is suggested that enables a rational choice of pile design parameters.

Semi-active vibration isolation using a near-zero-spring-rate device:steady state analysis of a single-degree-of-freedom model

A vibration isolator is described which incorporates a near-zero-spring-rate device within its operating range. The device is an assembly of a vertical spring in parallel with two inclined springs. A low spring rate is achieved by combining the equivalent stiffness in the vertical direction of the inclined springs with the stiffness of the vertical central spring. It is shown that there is a relation between the geometry and the stiffness of the individual springs that results in a low spring rate. Computer simulation studies of a single-degree-of-freedom model for harmonic base input show that the performance of the proposed scheme is superior to that of the passive schemes with linear springs and skyhook damping configuration. The response curves show that, for small to large amplitudes of base disturbance, the system goes into resonance at low frequencies of excitation. Thus, it is possible to achieve very good isolation over a wide low-frequency band. Also, the damper force requirements for the proposed scheme are much lower than for the damper force of a skyhook configuration or a conventional linear spring with a semi-active damper.

Seismic response of submarine slopes

The geological profile of submerged slopes on the continental shelf typically includes soft cohesive soils with thicknesses ranging from a few meters to tens or hundreds of meters. The response of these soils in simple shear tests is largely influenced by the presence of an initial consolidation shear stress, inducing anisotropic stress-strain-strength properties which depend also on the direction of shear. In this paper, a new simplified effective-stress-based model describing the behavior of normally to lightly overconsolidated cohesive soils is used in conjunction with a one-dimensional seismic site response analysis computer code to illustrate the importance of accounting for anisotropy and small strain nonlinearity. In particular, a simple example is carried out to compare results for different slope inclinations. Depth profiling of the maximum shear strains and permanent deformations provide insight into the mechanisms of deformation during a seismic event, and the effects of sloping ground conditions.