Sístoles e diástoles no financiamento da saúde em Minas Gerais:período pós-Constituição de 1989

Esta tese tem como objeto o estudo do financiamento da saúde pública no Estado de Minas Gerais, no período compreendido entra a promulgação da Constituição mineira, em 21 de setembro de 1989, e o ano de 2005. Seu texto analisa também o financiamento da saúde pública no federalismo trino, em Minas Gerais, e, diferentes momentos de vinculação constitucional: na vigência do ordenamento constitucional determinado pelo 1 do art. 158 da Constituição estadual de 19989 e na vigência da Emenda n 29, de 13 de setembro de 2000, da Constituição da República. A presente tese constrói a série histórica de 1989 a 2005, com os valores do gasto em saúde pelo Estado de Minas Gerais, a partir dos Balanços Gerais do Estado. Através desses dados, comprova-se que a aplicação de recursos em ações e serviços públicos de saúde não se elevou com a vigência da EC-29, ao contrário, constatamos uma diminuição do aporte realizado em 2005 quando comparado ao valor aplicado em 1995 (15,62%). A construção da série histórica de gastos municipais em saúde total despendido pelo conjunto dos 853 municípios mineiros no período 1996-2005, demonstra que Minas Gerais no período analisado o aporte dos governos locais e, na média anual expressa em real de 2005 (13,22%), menor no quinquênio 2000-2005 do que no quadriênio 1996-1999 que antecede a vigência da EC-29. Este estudo pioneiro, já que o Siops disponibiliza dados municipais até o primeiro semestre de 2003, recomenda a necessidade de verificação em outros estados, pois em Minas Gerais a EC-29 se revela ferramenta incapaz de garantir maiores aportes ao financiamento das ações e serviços públicos de saúde. Verificamos, também que, nos últimos quatro anos, há coerência entre as quatro leis que formam o arcabouço do planejamento orçamentário (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) e os respectivos Balanços Gerais do Estado, mas o Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES não é a unidade orçamentária que realiza a maior parte dos gastos na função saúde.

Rebuilding coastal fisheries livelihoods after the Tsunami: key lessons from past experience

Fishing communities around the Indian Ocean were severely affected by the December 2004 tsunamis. Programs for rebuilding coastal fisheries livelihoods need to address the pre-tsunami situation that was characterized by overfishing and degraded natural resources. Adopting appropriate strategies to ensure sustainable livelihoods will require community involvement, as well as cross-sectoral, integrated planning and management at ascending government levels. Key recommendations from the WorldFish Center study Sustainable Management of Coastal Fish Stocks in Asia are presented to encourage discussion and debate.

Evidence-informed development of engineering practical work: Effecting change through staff and student engagement

This paper discusses innovations in curriculum development in the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge as a participant in the Teaching for Learning Network (TFLN), a teaching and learning development initiative funded by the Cambridge-MIT Institute a pedagogic collaboration and brokerage network. A year-long research and development project investigated the practical experiences through which students traditionally explore engineering disciplines, apply and extend the knowledge gained in lectures and other settings, and begin to develop their professional expertise. The research project evaluated current practice in these sessions and developed an evidence-base to identify requirements for new activities, student support and staff development. The evidence collected included a novel student 'practice-value' survey highlighting effective practice and areas of concern, classroom observation of practicals, semi-structured interviews with staff, a student focus group and informal discussions with staff. Analysis of the data identified three potentially 'high-leverage' strategies for improvement: development of a more integrated teaching framework, within which practical work could be contextualised in relation to other learning; a more transparent and integrated conceptual framework where theory and practice were more closely linked; development of practical work more reflective of the complex problems facing professional engineers. This paper sets out key elements of the evidence collected and the changes that have been informed by this evidence and analysis, leading to the creation of a suite of integrated practical sessions carefully linked to other course elements and reinforcing central concepts in engineering, accompanied by a training and support programme for teaching staff.

开放式实时环境中的集成调度框架

开放式实时环境中的多类型实时任务并存的情况给实时调度机制带来了新的需求和挑战 提出了一种适用于开放式实时环境的 3层集成调度框架 ,它基于服务器方式的实时调度理论 ,把 5种既有相关性又有功能互补特征的服务器有机的集成到统一的调度机制中 可支持多种类型的实时任务及非实时任务共存于同一系统的混合调度 ,并且根据它们的属性自动选择最合适的服务器与之搭配 相对于现有方法 ,该调度框架可支持的调度对象类型更广泛 ,易于进行服务质量控制 ,并且有良好的可扩展性 因此 ,更适合于开放式实时环境

基于拉格朗日松弛的供应链合作生产计划模型研究

为解决供应链生产计划协调问题,通过市场价格和中间库存因素使供应链上下游企业结合成一个整体,建立一种供应链上下游一体化计划模型,从整体考虑供应链合作计划问题.为获取问题的可行解,采用拉格朗日松弛技术进行优化,为供应链上下游企业在信息共享条件下实现"多赢"目标,提供了理论依据.仿真结果验证了模型和算法的有效性。

基于盆地地下水模型与山区地表水模型耦合的济源盆地地下水模拟研究

The aim of this study is to increase the precision of groundwater modeling. The way is use the distributed model calculate the mountain basin groundwater lateral discharge and the river runoff. With appropriate technique help, the groundwater model can couple the distributed model results. This paper’s study object is makeing the distributed hydrological model HEC-HMS coupled to the popular groundwater model Visual MODFLOW. The application example is Jiyuan basin which is a typical basin of North China. HEC-HMS can calculate the surface runoff and subsurface runoff at mountain-pass. The subsurface runoff can turn to recharge well straightly. The water level - runoff course and Trial method is used to back analyze the parameters of surface runoff to Visual MODFLOW. So the distributed hydrological model can coupled to the groundwater model. The research proved that base on couple the distributed surface water model the groundwater model’s results are notability improved. The example is Jiyuan basin where use the distributed model coupled to the groundwater model. On the base of the coupled model applied to Jiyuan basin groundwater modeling. The paper estimates the groundwater change in the study area. Then, by use the water resources integrated planning results, the article calculate the basin groundwater can be development and utilization quantity and potential.

State building as strategy: An interrogation of NATO's comprehensive approach in Afghanistan between 2006 and 2011

The core of this thesis is the study of NATO’s Comprehensive Approach strategy to state building in Afghanistan between 2006 and 2011. It argues that this strategy sustained operational and tactical practices which were ineffective in responding to the evolved nature of the security problem. The thesis interrogates the Comprehensive Approach along ontological, empirical and epistemological lines and concludes that the failure of the Comprehensive Approach in the specific Afghan case is, in fact, indicative of underlying theoretical and pragmatic flaws which, therefore, generalize the dilemma. The research is pragmatic in nature, employing mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) concurrently. Qualitative methods include research into primary and secondary literature sources supplemented with the author’s personal experiences in Afghanistan in 2008 and various NATO HQ and Canadian settings. Quantitative research includes an empirical case study focussing on NATO’s Afghan experience and its attempt at state building between 2006 and 2011. This study incorporates a historical review of NATO’s evolutionary involvement in Afghanistan incorporating the subject timeframe; offers an analysis of human development and governance related data mapped to expected outcomes of the Afghan National Development Strategy and NATO’s comprehensive campaign design; and interrogates the Comprehensive Approach strategy by means of an analysis of conceptual, institutional and capability gaps in the context of an integrated investigational framework. The results of the case study leads to an investigation of a series of research questions related to the potential impact of the failure of the Comprehensive Approach for NATO in Afghanistan and the limits of state building as a means of attaining security for the Alliance.

Finite volume methods applied to the computational modelling of welding phenomena

This paper presents the computational modelling of welding phenomena within a versatile numerical framework. The framework embraces models from both the fields of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational solid mechanics (CSM). With regard to the CFD modelling of the weld pool fluid dynamics, heat transfer and phase change, cell-centred finite volume (FV) methods are employed. Additionally, novel vertex-based FV methods are employed with regard to the elasto-plastic deformation associated with the CSM. The FV methods are included within an integrated modelling framework, PHYSICA, which can be readily applied to unstructured meshes. The modelling techniques are validated against a variety of reference solutions.

Optimization and finite element analysis for reliable electronic packaging

This paper demonstrates a modeling and design approach that couples computational mechanics techniques with numerical optimisation and statistical models for virtual prototyping and testing in different application areas concerning reliability of eletronic packages. The integrated software modules provide a design engineer in the electronic manufacturing sector with fast design and process solutions by optimizing key parameters and taking into account complexity of certain operational conditions. The integrated modeling framework is obtained by coupling the multi-phsyics finite element framework - PHYSICA - with the numerical optimisation tool - VisualDOC into a fully automated design tool for solutions of electronic packaging problems. Response Surface Modeling Methodolgy and Design of Experiments statistical tools plus numerical optimisaiton techniques are demonstrated as a part of the modeling framework. Two different problems are discussed and solved using the integrated numerical FEM-Optimisation tool. First, an example of thermal management of an electronic package on a board is illustrated. Location of the device is optimized to ensure reduced junction temperature and stress in the die subject to certain cooling air profile and other heat dissipating active components. In the second example thermo-mechanical simulations of solder creep deformations are presented to predict flip-chip reliability and subsequently used to optimise the life-time of solder interconnects under thermal cycling.

Response Surface Modeling and Optimisation for Reliable Electronic Products

The aim of integrating computational mechanics (FEA and CFD) and optimization tools is to speed up dramatically the design process in different application areas concerning reliability in electronic packaging. Design engineers in the electronics manufacturing sector may use these tools to predict key design parameters and configurations (i.e. material properties, product dimensions, design at PCB level. etc) that will guarantee the required product performance. In this paper a modeling strategy coupling computational mechanics techniques with numerical optimization is presented and demonstrated with two problems. The integrated modeling framework is obtained by coupling the multi-physics analysis tool PHYSICA - with the numerical optimization package - Visua/DOC into a fuJly automated design tool for applications in electronic packaging. Thermo-mechanical simulations of solder creep deformations are presented to predict flip-chip reliability and life-time under thermal cycling. Also a thermal management design based on multi-physics analysis with coupled thermal-flow-stress modeling is discussed. The Response Surface Modeling Approach in conjunction with Design of Experiments statistical tools is demonstrated and used subsequently by the numerical optimization techniques as a part of this modeling framework. Predictions for reliable electronic assemblies are achieved in an efficient and systematic manner.

A Hybrid Forward Algorithm for RBF Neural Network Construction

This paper proposes a novel hybrid forward algorithm (HFA) for the construction of radial basis function (RBF) neural networks with tunable nodes. The main objective is to efficiently and effectively produce a parsimonious RBF neural network that generalizes well. In this study, it is achieved through simultaneous network structure determination and parameter optimization on the continuous parameter space. This is a mixed integer hard problem and the proposed HFA tackles this problem using an integrated analytic framework, leading to significantly improved network performance and reduced memory usage for the network construction. The computational complexity analysis confirms the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, and the simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness

A novel continuous forward algorithm for RBF neural modelling

A continuous forward algorithm (CFA) is proposed for nonlinear modelling and identification using radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. The problem considered here is simultaneous network construction and parameter optimization, well-known to be a mixed integer hard one. The proposed algorithm performs these two tasks within an integrated analytic framework, and offers two important advantages. First, the model performance can be significantly improved through continuous parameter optimization. Secondly, the neural representation can be built without generating and storing all candidate regressors, leading to significantly reduced memory usage and computational complexity. Computational complexity analysis and simulation results confirm the effectiveness.

Methadone as Social Control: Institutionalized Stigma and the Prospect of Recovery

Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is an intervention used to treat opioid (heroin) dependence. Several investigators have found that MMT is effective in reducing heroin use and other behaviors; however, a disproportionate number of MMT clients leave treatment prematurely. Moreover, MMT outcome variables are often limited in terms of their measurement. Utilizing an integrated theoretical framework of social control and stigma, we focused on the experiences of methadone maintenance from the perspective of clients. We pooled interview data from four qualitative studies in two jurisdictions and found linkages between social control and institutional stigma that serve to reinforce "addict" identities, expose undeserving customers to the public gaze, and encourage clients to be passive recipients of treatment. We discuss the implications for recovery and suggest recommendations for change.

Automated nonlinear system modelling with multiple neural networks

This article discusses the identification of nonlinear dynamic systems using multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs). It focuses on both structure uncertainty and parameter uncertainty, which have been widely explored in the literature of nonlinear system identification. The main contribution is that an integrated analytic framework is proposed for automated neural network structure selection, parameter identification and hysteresis network switching with guaranteed neural identification performance. First, an automated network structure selection procedure is proposed within a fixed time interval for a given network construction criterion. Then, the network parameter updating algorithm is proposed with guaranteed bounded identification error. To cope with structure uncertainty, a hysteresis strategy is proposed to enable neural identifier switching with guaranteed network performance along the switching process. Both theoretic analysis and a simulation example show the efficacy of the proposed method.

Employer occupation of regulatory space of the Employee Information and Consultation (I&C) Directive in liberal market economies

This article shows how both employers and the state have influenced macro-level processes and structures concerning the content and transposition of the European Union (EU) Employee Information and Consultation (I&C) Directive. It argues that the processes of regulation occupied by employers reinforce a voluntarism which marginalizes rather than shares decision-making power with workers. The contribution advances the conceptual lens of ‘regulatory space’ by building on Lukes’ multiple faces of power to better understand how employment regulation is determined across transnational, national and enterprise levels. The research proposes an integrated analytical framework on which ‘occupancy’ of regulatory space can be evaluated in comparative national contexts.