Copyleft , software livre e Creative Commons: a nova feição dos Direitos Autorais e as Obras Colaborativas Direitos Autorais e as obras colaborativas

Como se sabe, a lei brasileira de direitos autorais, Lei 9.610/98 (doravante designada LDA), é tida pelos especialistas no assunto como uma das mais restritivas de todo o mundo. Ao proibir a cópia integral de obra alheia, condutas que se afiguram corriqueiras no mundo contemporâneo são, a rigor, contrárias à lei. Por exemplo, diante dos termos estritos da LDA, quando uma pessoa adquire um CD numa loja, não pode copiar o conteúdo do CD para seu iPod, o que configura proibição incoerente com o mundo em que vivemos e com as facilidades da tecnologia digital. Dentro de um sistema jurídico que tem a Constituição Federal como filtro interpretativo (como é o nosso caso, no Brasil), é indispensável que as leis infraconstitucionais passem pelas lentes da Constituição. No entanto, nem sempre a reinterpretação das leis infraconstitucionais a partir do prisma constitucional será suficiente para aferir a legitimidade do uso de obras de terceiros, diante dos termos rígidos da LDA. É necessário buscar novos mecanismos para dar segurança jurídica a quem queira se valer de obras alheias. Como exemplo desses mecanismos, podemos mencionar as licenças públicas. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar soluções que, ainda que incipientes se comparadas à estrutura secular e insatisfatória dos princípios legais do direito autoral vigente, encontram-se já ao alcance de todos e abrangem todos os tipos de obras de arte, indistintamente.

Creative Commons, mídia e as transformações recentes do direito da propriedade intelectual

O presente artigo busca apresentar as licenças gerais públicas desenvolvidas no seio do projeto Creative Commons, contextualizando a razão de ser de regimes alternativos de licenciamento de direitos autorais, em razão das mudanças tecnológicas por que tem passado a comunidade internacional quanto ao tráfego, compartilhamento e utilização de informação.

O que é Creative Commons?: novos modelos de direito autoral em um mundo mais criativo

Os direitos autorais encontram-se no centro do mundo. Se antes interessavam apenas a quem publicava livros, gravava músicas ou produzia filmes, hoje os direitos autorais dizem respeito a todos os que acessam a internet. Afinal, o recente desenvolvimento tecnológico passou a permitir que obras culturais sejam produzidas e distribuídas diariamente no universo digital. Contudo, as leis de direitos autorais no Brasil não estão adequadas às práticas do tempo presente. Por isso, iniciativas inovadoras, que surgem em conformidade com a lei e que têm por objetivo aproximar o artista do público, vêm ganhando importância. Este livro é sobre uma dessas iniciativas - as licenças Creative Commons. Por meio das licenças Creative Commons o autor pode comunicar ao público o modo como ele permite que sua obra seja usada. A partir de uma variedade de seis licenças (que permitem desde a simples cópia até a exploração comercial da obra, conforme escolha do autor), as obras licenciadas podem fomentar a educação, incentivar a criação de obras derivadas ou permitir projetos colaborativos. Tudo de acordo com a vontade do autor e em favor de um mundo mais criativo.

Informational spillovers in the pre-1914 London sovereign debt market

We document a novel type of international financial contagion whose driving force is shared financial intermediation. In the London peripheral sovereign debt market during pre-1914 period financial intermediation played a major informational role to investors, most likely because of the absence of international monitoring agencies and the substantial agency costs. Using two events of financial distress – the Brazilian Funding Loan of 1898 and the Greek Funding Loan of 1893 – as quasi-natural experiments, we document that, following the crises, the bond prices of countries with no meaningful economic links to the distressed countries, but shared the same financial intermediary, suffered a reduction relative to the rest of the market. This result is true for the mean, median and the whole distribution of bond prices, and robust to an extensive sensitivity analysis. We interpret it as evidence that the identity of the financial intermediary was informative, i.e, investors extracted information about the soundness of a debtor based on the existence of financial relationships. This spillover, informational in essence, arises as the flip-side of the relational lending coin: contagion arises for the same reason why relational finance, in this case, underwriting, helps alleviate informational and incentive problems.

Informational synergies in consumer credit

Lenders can tap into multiple sources of private information to assess consumer credit risk but little is known about the informational synergies between these sources. Using unique panel data on checking accounts and credit card accounts from the same customers during 2007-2014, we find that activity measures from both account types contain information beyond credit scores and other controls. Checking accounts display warning indications earlier and more accurately than credit card accounts. We also investigate the consistency of information, the reasons for defaults, and selection effects. The evidence highlights sizeable informational synergies that lenders can use to manage credit relationships.

The informational turn in Philosophy: any novelty in the study of Mind?

The concept of information is analyzed starting from Adams' hypothesis in The Informational Turn in Philosophy, according to which there has been a far-reaching turn in Philosophy following the publication of Turing's article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Adams maintains that new guidelines are being indicated in philosophical research, having the concept of "information" as the basis for treatment of classical problems, such as the relationships between mind-body, perception-action, and the nature of knowledge, amongst others. Partially agreeing with Adams, we believe, however, that his hypothesis faces difficulties, the most fundamental of which concerns the different meanings given to the concept of information. We argue that even though the concept of information underlying the mechanicist proposal of Turing, according to which "to think is to compute", is indeed being employed in Philosophy, this is not because of its mechanistic nature, but mainly due to the representationist presupposition dominant in this area. From this point of view, the informational turn in philosophy would not provide any great novelty, given that since the earliest days philosophical approaches to the nature of mind have always been mainly representationist. The novelty would not lie specifically in the Turing thesis, but in reflections on the nature of information, especially ecological information, and its relation to action.

Informação na Web colaborativa: um olhar para o direito autoral e as alternativas emergentes

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - FFC

Lei e ordem econômica no pensamento de John R. Commons

The paper has analyzed John R. Commons' contribution to the comprehension of Law and Economics relationship. In contrast to the orthodox economics, Commons has shown that the capitalist economic order emerges and functions regulated by laws and institutions. These approaches made possible to him to understand the nature of the modern capitalist wealth and the problems that time introduces in economic transactions.

Ab initio protein folding simulations using atomic burials as informational intermediates between sequence and structure

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Web colaborativa: inovação na criação, proteção e uso legal de informação

In the contemporary world, the Internet enables the development of a Collaborative Web where the decentralization and sharing of information and knowledge generate new cultural configurations of increasing representation in informational flows. In this environment, collaboration and remix practices are covered by a legislation established for another context, and an imbalance is created between what is provided by the technology and what is established by Copyright. Therefore, it is necessary to address, under the perspective of the third time in Information Science, contemporary issues concerning creation, recreation, use, reuse, sharing and dissemination of intellectual content under the legislation which regulates them. This article seeks to highlight the dilemma that contemporaneity is experiencing and how important is for both society as a whole and specially the professional of Information Science to know the legal conditions for the processes of generating, processing, using, recovering and, especially, re-using information on the Web at a larger scale. The Creative Commons licenses are emerging alternatives that offer individuals options to become not only users but also holders and creators of intellectual content under legal conditions.

Brands Analysis Using Informational Ergonomics Concepts: A Proposal

Currently, a lot of visual information present in all media is form vehemently, for example, in print media and interfaces used for publicity in conjunction with informational design. This visual information has great influence in the life of human beings, since the vision of these individuals is the most used sense. Studies on visual identity have not explored this issue in a satisfactory manner, favoring thus the subject of this small development projects in the area. It is noted the need for analyzes to enable implementation principles of project, making them accessible to the comprehension of most individuals. This study aimed to propose an evaluation of visual identities, which were analyzed by means of visual concepts of usability, design methodologies and Gestalt. We contacted design firms specialized in visual identity projects, places where interviews were conducted to collect the brands allowed for analysis. The results point to a frequent demand for the employment of visual usability principles, design methodologies and Gestalt design in visual identities.

Comunicação científica: agregação, compartilhamento e reuso de elementos informacionais

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - FFC