Inference of chromosomal inversion dynamics from Pool-Seq data in natural and laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster.

Sequencing of pools of individuals (Pool-Seq) represents a reliable and cost-effective approach for estimating genome-wide SNP and transposable element insertion frequencies. However, Pool-Seq does not provide direct information on haplotypes so that, for example, obtaining inversion frequencies has not been possible until now. Here, we have developed a new set of diagnostic marker SNPs for seven cosmopolitan inversions in Drosophila melanogaster that can be used to infer inversion frequencies from Pool-Seq data. We applied our novel marker set to Pool-Seq data from an experimental evolution study and from North American and Australian latitudinal clines. In the experimental evolution data, we find evidence that positive selection has driven the frequencies of In(3R)C and In(3R)Mo to increase over time. In the clinal data, we confirm the existence of frequency clines for In(2L)t, In(3L)P and In(3R)Payne in both North America and Australia and detect a previously unknown latitudinal cline for In(3R)Mo in North America. The inversion markers developed here provide a versatile and robust tool for characterizing inversion frequencies and their dynamics in Pool-Seq data from diverse D. melanogaster populations.

Counterfactuals and causal inference: Methods and principles for social research

"Most quantitative empirical analyses are motivated by the desire to estimate the causal effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Although the randomized experiment is the most powerful design for this task, in most social science research done outside of psychology, experimental designs are infeasible. (Winship & Morgan, 1999, p. 659)." This quote from earlier work by Winship and Morgan, which was instrumental in setting the groundwork for their book, captures the essence of our review of Morgan and Winship's book: It is about causality in nonexperimental settings.

Trabalho informal, gênero e raça no Brasil do início do século XXI

O artigo analisa a evolução do trabalho informal no Brasil, de 2001 a 2009, com base nas Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílio. Questões como "onde estão" os informais, "quem são", "quanto ganham" orientaram o estudo, tendo, além da comparação entre setor formal e informal, o gênero como foco. A heterogeneidade, marca do setor informal, é visível nos diversos setores econômicos, nas diferentes posições na ocupação, nas desiguais oportunidades de mulheres e negros em relação a homens e brancos. Apesar de o trabalho informal ter diminuído no Brasil durante a década, o pequeno crescimento registrado deveu-se ao ingresso das mulheres e, particularmente, das negras.

What drives invasibility? A multi-model inference test and spatial modelling of alien plant species richness patterns in northern Portugal

Understanding and anticipating biological invasions can focus either on traits that favour species invasiveness or on features of the receiving communities, habitats or landscapes that promote their invasibility. Here, we address invasibility at the regional scale, testing whether some habitats and landscapes are more invasible than others by fitting models that relate alien plant species richness to various environmental predictors. We use a multi-model information-theoretic approach to assess invasibility by modelling spatial and ecological patterns of alien invasion in landscape mosaics and testing competing hypotheses of environmental factors that may control invasibility. Because invasibility may be mediated by particular characteristics of invasiveness, we classified alien species according to their C-S-R plant strategies. We illustrate this approach with a set of 86 alien species in Northern Portugal. We first focus on predictors influencing species richness and expressing invasibility and then evaluate whether distinct plant strategies respond to the same or different groups of environmental predictors. We confirmed climate as a primary determinant of alien invasions and as a primary environmental gradient determining landscape invasibility. The effects of secondary gradients were detected only when the area was sub-sampled according to predictions based on the primary gradient. Then, multiple predictor types influenced patterns of alien species richness, with some types (landscape composition, topography and fire regime) prevailing over others. Alien species richness responded most strongly to extreme land management regimes, suggesting that intermediate disturbance induces biotic resistance by favouring native species richness. Land-use intensification facilitated alien invasion, whereas conservation areas hosted few invaders, highlighting the importance of ecosystem stability in preventing invasions. Plants with different strategies exhibited different responses to environmental gradients, particularly when the variations of the primary gradient were narrowed by sub-sampling. Such differential responses of plant strategies suggest using distinct control and eradication approaches for different areas and alien plant groups.

Experience of meaning in life in bereaved informal caregivers of palliative care patients.

PURPOSE: Providing care for terminally ill family members places an enormous burden on informal caregivers. Meaning in life (MiL) may be a protective factor, but is jeopardised in caregiving and bereavement. This study evaluates the following questions: To what extent do bereaved informal caregivers of palliative care (PC) patients experience meaning in their lives? What differences emerge in carers compared to the general German population? How does MiL relate to well-being in former caregivers? METHODS: Eighty-four bereaved PC caregivers completed the Schedule for Meaning in Life Evaluation, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the WHOQOL-BREF, a single-item numerical rating scale of quality of life, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The experience of MiL of bereaved caregivers was compared to a representative population sample (n=977). RESULTS: The overall MiL fulfillment of bereaved caregivers (69 % female, age 55.5 ± 12.9 years) was significantly lower than in the general population (68.5 ± 19.2 vs. 83.3 ± 14, p<.001), as was the overall importance ascribed to their meaning framework (76.6 ± 13.6 vs. 85.6 ± 12.3, p< .001). PC caregivers are far more likely to list friends, leisure, nature/animals, and altruism. Higher MiL was correlated with better life satisfaction and quality of life. CONCLUSION: Coping with the loss of a loved one is associated with changes in MiL framework and considerably impairs a carer's experience of MiL fulfillment. Individual MiL is associated with well-being in PC caregivers during early bereavement. Specific interventions for carers targeted at meaning reconstruction during palliative care and bereavement are needed to help individuals regain a sense of meaning and purpose.

Uses of also in oral semi-informal German

In recent grammars and dictionaries also (`therefore, so, well¿) continues to be preferably presented as an adverb with a conclusive-consecutive connective function that essentially corresponds to its use in formal written German. Its function as a modal particle is documented, however, since the beginnings of what is known as Partikelforschung, though not all its uses have been systematically investigated contrasting oral and written German, either in mode or concept. In this article we analyse the uses of also in semi-informal oral interactions on the basis of empirical data (from a subsample of the VARCOM corpus). Specifically, we will analyse the presence and frequency of also at the beginning of a sentence or sequence, the functions it serves as a logical-semantic connector or discourse and interaction marker and the interrelations between these functions, in order to contrast these results with the description of also provided by current reference works.

Cuidado informal, redes de apoyo y políticas de vejez

El sector informal como recurso, se refiere a la red de provisión, que en un rol amplio, ayuda a resolver problemas identificados en el sector formal de salud y sociosanitario. Se refiere a diferentes tipos de arreglos cotidianos que las personas desarrollan o ponen en práctica, para cuidarse y atenderse entre sí. La autora centra su reflexión en los dilemas y límites, individuales y sociales que plantea el cuidado informal, y tiene especialmente en cuenta el impacto e importancia desde la perspectiva de género, ya que el cuidado informal es un recurso central en la atención a la dependencia y fragilidad. Los retos a resolver tienen que ver con los modos de relación y el impacto de los mismos sobre la organización social del cuidar y de los cuidados en la protección a las situaciones de fragilidad y dependencia.

Who Cares? A comparison of informal and formal care provision in Spain, England and the USA

This paper investigates the prevalence of incapacity in performing daily activities and the associations between household composition and availability of family members and receipt of care among older adults with functioning problems in Spain, England and the United States of America (USA). We examine how living arrangements, marital status, child availability, limitations in functioning ability, age and gender affect the probability of receiving formal care and informal care from household members and from others in three countries with different family structures, living arrangements and policies supporting care of the incapacitated. Data sources include the 2006 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe for Spain, the third wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006), and the eighth wave of the USA Health and Retirement Study (2006). Logistic and multinomial logistic regressions are used to estimate the probability of receiving care and the sources of care among persons age 50 and older. The percentage of people with functional limitations receiving care is higher in Spain. More care comes from outside the household in the USA and England than in Spain. The use of formal care among the incapacitated is lowest in the USA and highest in Spain.

Qualitat de vida del cuidador informal davant la demència

Les cures que requereix una persona malalta amb demència, al prolongar-se tant en el temps, no son assumides completament per un sistema de seguretat social, ja que hi ha altres prioritats pressupostàries. Per això el cuidador familiar és qui assumeix la major part d’aquestes tasques en el seu domicili, utilitzant recursos i serveis privats o concertats, resultant ser prioritàriament, un tema de voluntat política L’estudi realitzat a la Fundació del Vallès Amics de la Neurologia (AVAN), ens ha permès conèixer com és la qualitat de vida d’aquests cuidadors informals, que actualment es fan càrrec d’una persona afectada per una demència, un cop utilitzen els serveis de l’Hospital de Dia. Tant la persona afecta, com el cuidador, van conformant un binomi inseparable en el que la qualitat de vida disminueix significativament. En el cas del malalt, degut a les limitacions que imposa la malaltia i a la gravetat del símptomes; en el cas del cuidador, que és aquell que emergeix de l’entorn més proper del malalt, per ocupar-se crònicament i al llarg de les etapes de la malaltia de manera exigent, es produeix per la sobrecàrrega i el desgast que suposa cuidar, a la vegada que vol continuar amb el propi projecte de vida. Tot i les avantatges associades al manteniment de les persones dependents en el domicili, i encara que aquestes es decantin per les cures informals, “la revolució de la longevitat” i altres transformacions socials en l’àmbit familiar, plantegen un desafiament per l’actual i per les futures generacions. L’exigència i el dret a donar i rebre cura es situa, en el centre del debat social, ètic i sobre els drets de ciutadania.

Remote collaborative multi-user informal learning experiences: design and evaluation

This paper presents a customizable system used to develop a collaborative multi-user problem solving game. It addresses the increasing demand for appealing informal learning experiences in museum-like settings. The system facilitates remote collaboration by allowing groups of learners tocommunicate through a videoconferencing system and by allowing them to simultaneously interact through a shared multi-touch interactive surface. A user study with 20 user groups indicates that the game facilitates collaboration between local and remote groups of learners. The videoconference and multitouch surface acted as communication channels, attracted students’ interest, facilitated engagement, and promoted inter- and intra-group collaboration—favoring intra-group collaboration. Our findings suggest that augmentingvideoconferencing systems with a shared multitouch space offers newpossibilities and scenarios for remote collaborative environments and collaborative learning.

Formació sanitària al cuidador informal en les cures del pacient pal·liatiu al domicili

En els últims anys s’ha produït un augment progressiu de la incidència i la prevalença de les malalties cròniques evolutives, i com a conseqüència de la mortalitat. Tot això està directament relacionat amb l’envelliment de la població que fa que a la vegada, s’incrementi el nombre de malalts crònics amb un deteriorament físic progressiu i amb grans necessitats d’atenció i de cures físiques, psicològiques, socials i espirituals. Aquest canvi en les necessitats requereix del desenvolupament de noves fórmules d’atenció i organització.