Anotações sobre religião e formação de professores

Com o objetivo de trazer mais reflexões que respostas e assumindo as relações entre religião, cultura e educação, o presente texto defende a educação como uma prática cultural e a cultura como prática essencialmente humana. Defende, ainda, que não faz sentido falar na definição do ensino religioso como um componente curricular – discutindo aspectos tais como o que, como, para que e para quem ensinar – se esta não for acompanhada de reflexões sobre a formação inicial de professores, tanto no âmbito inicial, quanto no continuado.

A contribuição, do ponto de vista do professor, da Revista Diálogo para o ensino religioso

A Diálogo – Revista de Ensino Religioso – tem contribuído para a formação dos professores no Brasil e na propagação do Ensino Religioso (ER), como área de conhecimento, desde a criação em 1995 até 2005, quando completou 10 anos de criação. Essa contribuição se dá por meio dos temas abordados e também pela ótica dos educadores, que buscam contribuir na elaboração da revista, enviando seus questionamentos e sugestões. A Revista Diálogo é editada pela Paulinas, desde outubro de 1995 e nasceu das aspirações de professores do ER. Criada em pleno debate da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDBEN), que em 1997 ocorreu a revisão do Artigo 33,da Lei 9.475/97, que reforçou o ER como disciplina curricular e área de conhecimento a ser ensinado nas escolas públicas do ensino fundamental. O formato da Diálogo foi estudado pelos elaboradores, pensando no(a) professor(a)-leitor(a) do periódico, conforme descreve a editora, Irmã Luzia Sena, em entrevista: “(...) nós começamos do zero(...) pensando no formato da revista, colocando-nos no lugar do professor, como ele queria que fosse”. Da relação entre o professor-leitor e o periódico Diálogo há todo um processo de comunicação e recepção em que produto (a Revista) oportuniza ao público-sujeto-leitor-receptor (o professor) aquisição de conhecimento, de informação. O professor-leitor, por sua vez, retorna esse saber e interfere na elaboração da Revista. Para analisar as 134 Cartas dos Leitores da Revista Diálogo buscou-se agrupá-las em categorias, que facilitam o processo de análise. Da participação dos leitores em se corresponder com a direção da Revista Diálogo, 93 são do sexo feminino, sendo que os universos feminino e masculino que escreveram estão concentrados na região Sudeste do Brasil. Como “Formação” entendeu-se na leitura das cartas que são utilizadas, ao menos, com três fins específicos: na informação e atualização do(a) leitor(a)-receptor(a); como subsídio para atuação do professor em sala de aula e como material de apoio,manuseado pelos estudantes. Ao analisar as cartas, observando a formação e atuação dos receptores da Diálogo conseguiu-se delinear o perfil desse(a) leitor(a). Entre os correspondentes, 46,25% (62 leitores) não especificaram a formação ou a atuação profissional e 31,34% são professores do ER nas redes pública e particular e também religiosos(as). No uso da Revista Diálogo como “subsídios para a atuação em sala de aula”percebe-se a satisfação de 37,31% dos(as) leitores(as). Como o(a) receptor(a)-leitor(a)percebe a revista, pode vir a influenciar em seus sentimentos com relação ao objeto doconhecimento, neste caso o ER. O formato da Revista, a visualização, com imagens, fotos e ilustrações interferem na assimilação do objeto lido. Entre o universo de correspondências, 74 referem-se positivamente a apresentação da Revista Diálogo.

“O quê?” e o “Para quê?” do ensino de Religião na escola e na formação do professor

O presente trabalho busca contribuir com o debate sobre “o quê?” e o “para quê?” do ensino de religião na escola e na formação do professor. Discorre sobre as luzes e sombras do livro didático e na sua utilização diária em sala de aula pelo corpo docente e discente. Discute a pertinência do livro didático na implantação do modelo de Ensino Religioso inaugurado pela nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional,nº 9.394/96. Apresenta um breve relato de uma pesquisa realizada com professores escritores e não-escritores de um livro didático de Ensino Religiosoii a respeito de aspectos,tais como: a concepção de educação, a concepção religiosa, o conteúdo, a metodologia e a linguagem.

Desafios do contexto histórico-legislativo da formação do professor do ensino religioso no Brasil

A disciplina de Ensino Religioso, ampliada pela “Educação Religiosa” como área de conhecimento, aos poucos vai tomando o seu espaço no currículo escolar. O debate para uma formação inicial e continuada tem considerado as urgências e necessidades dos novos tempos. Entretanto, não basta que pareceres e resoluções simplesmente estabeleçam as Diretrizes Curriculares para o Ensino Fundamental, incluindo uma área de conhecimento qualificada como Educação Religiosa. Há de se buscar um maiora profundamento dos elementos integrantes de sua natureza e o conseqüente tratamento metodológico a ser-lhe dispensado nessa nova condição. Isto não será possível,sem que se leve em conta a formação de profissionais capacitados a compreender a natureza da disciplina e desenvolver as habilidades e competências para um desempenho como profissionais da educação. Por isso, esse artigo levanta algumas questões histórico-legislativas no intuito de perceber como se dá o processo de inclusão desse profissional no sistema de ensino, com a justa garantia de seus direitos, como acontece com os demais professores que atuam nas outras áreas do currículo.

A sociologia da educação na formação de professores : potencialidades e limitações

Este estudo, com o título “A sociologia da educação na formação de professores”: potencialidades e limitações tem como principal objetivo, analisar as dificuldades que os professores revelam em mobilizar conhecimentos da disciplina sociologia da educação na sua prática pedagógica. Para realizá-lo, utilizaram-se as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa. O que permitiu constatar que na formação inicial da educação superior destes professores, os conteúdos mais presentes durante a ministração da disciplina sociologia da educação foram as teorias sociológicas no campo da educação, com base no consenso e também com base no conflito. Mais de 50% dos professores da amostra declararam que durante o desenvolvimento da disciplina sociologia da educação foram proporcionadas atividades que oportunizassem ao aluno o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão. Em relação à prática docente, cerca de 69,70% não têm tempo para planejar as aulas na escola.

Formação de professores e pesquisa em ensino de Física em perspectiva freiriana : considerações sobre processo de problematização da prática educacional

Neste trabalho, discute-se o desenvolvimento de uma proposta educacional para a formação de professores e para a pesquisa em ensino de Física com base em pressupostos da concepção educacional dialógico-problematizadora de Paulo Freire, situando as proposições deste educador no âmbito da Educação Superior. Destacam-se os aspectos de humanização e libertação, colaboração em construção conjunta, diálogo e problematização, mudança em interpretações sobre a realidade e suas estruturas de sustentação em âmbitos individual e coletivo. Esse processo de problematização da prática educacional foi desenvolvido em 2007 e 2008 em Curso de Licenciatura em Física brasileiro. A concepção de pesquisa envolvida foi a investigação-ação educacional, com momentos de planejamento, ação, observação e reflexão. As análises apresentadas resultaram de duas reuniões entre professores da área de ensino de Física e uma reunião entre três desses docentes e estudantes de graduação. As construções conjuntas oriundas desse processo são aqui apresentadas e caracterizadas. Os resultados discutidos envolvem possibilidades e desafios para a formação de professores de Física em perspectiva freiriana e propostas de ações prospectivas associadas a essa formação.

Educação escolar e saúde indígena: uma análise comparativa das políticas nos níveis federal e local

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre as políticas de educação escolar e saúde indígena no Brasil, buscando verificar a presença das tendências de modificação observadas nas políticas sociais do país, a partir das décadas de 1980 e 1990: descentralização das políticas para as esferas subnacionais de governo; criação de mecanismos de participação da sociedade civil nos processos decisórios; estabelecimento de parcerias com instituições privadas para a provisão de serviços públicos; institucionalização de canais de controle; alteração no conteúdo das políticas e ampliação de seu alcance. O estudo foi realizado a partir de uma análise comparativa das duas políticas no nível federal e no nível local de governo. A análise no nível local foi realizada a partir do estudo de caso do Parque Indígena do Xingu. Buscou-se verificar, na trajetória das políticas, a influência dos fatores relacionados aos processos de Redemocratização e Reforma do Estado, das dinâmicas próprias das áreas de saúde e educação, da questão indígena e da agenda estatal indigenista. A partir da análise, verificamos, no nível federal, um avanço na legislação de ambos os campos, comparado com os princípios existentes antes da Constituição Federal de 1988. No que se refere à legislação, a educação escolar indígena apresenta-se mais consolidada quando comparada à saúde que ainda apresenta muitas indefinições. No Parque Indígena do Xingu percebemos uma inflexão nas duas políticas, a partir da década de 1990, que passam a buscar um crescente protagonismo indígena e a valorização de uma abordagem intercultural. No Xingu estes avanços foram resultado, sobretudo, da iniciativa das comunidades indígenas da região, em parceria com a Universidade Federal de São Paulo, na área da saúde, e com o Instituto Socioambiental, na área da educação, e com recursos, a principio, de fundações internacionais.

Práticas de letramento digital de professores em formação: demandas, saberes e impactos

Over the last decades, the digital inclusion public policies have significantly invested in the purchase of hardwares and softwares in order to offer technology to the Brazilian public teaching institutions, specifically computers and broadband Internet. However, the teachers education to handle these artefacts is put away, even though there is some demand from the information society. With that, this dissertation chooses as an object of study the digital literacy practices performed by 38 (thirty-eight) teachers in initial and continuous education by means of the extension course Literacies and technologies: portuguese language teaching and cyberculture demands. In this direction, we aim at investigating the digital literacy practices of developing teachers in three specific moments: before, while and after this extension action with the intent to (i) delineate the digital literacy practices performed by the collaborators before the formative action; (ii) to narrate the literacy events made possible by the extension course; (iii) to investigate the contributions of the education course to the collaborators teaching practice. We sought theoretical contributions in the literacy studies (BAYNHAM, 1995; KLEIMAN, 1995; HAMILTON; BARTON; IVANIC, 2000), specifically when it comes to digital literacy (COPE, KALANTZIS, 2000; BUZATO, 2001, 2007, 2009; SNYDER, 2002, 2008; LANKSHEAR & KNOBEL, 2002, 2008) and teacher education (PERRENOUD, 2000; SILVA, 2001). Methodologically, this virtual ethnography study (KOZINETS, 1997; HINE, 2000) is inserted into the field of Applied Linguistics and adopts a quali-quantitative research approach (NUNAN, 1992; DÖRNYEI, 2006). The data analysis permitted to evidentiate that (i) before the course, the digital literacy practices focused on the personal and academic dimensions of their realities at the expense of the professional dimension; (ii) during the extension action, the teachers collaboratively took part in the hybrid study sessions, which had a pedagogical focus on the use of ICTs, accomplishing the use of digital literacy practices - unknown before that; (iii) after the course, the attitude of the collaborator teachers concerning the use of ICTs on their regular professional basis had changed, once those teachers started to effectively make use of them, promoting social visibility to what was produced in the school. We also observed that teachers in initial education acted as more experienced peers in collaborative learning process, offering support scaffolding (VYGOTSKY, 1978; BRUNER, 1985) to teachers in continuous education. This occurred because of the undergraduates actualize digital literacy practices were more sophisticated, besides the fact being integrate generation Y (PRENSKY, 2001)

O lugar pedagógico da educação física na educação infantil: saberes (re)construídos na formação continuada do PAIDÉIA/UFRN

The present study aimed to investigate the overview of teachers in continuing education program who work in kindergarten, about the continuing education developed by the Paideia/UFRN through the Course of Specialization in Art Teaching and Physical Education in Childhood, having as key focus, the knowing / doing related to physical education in Childhood. From this general goal, it was elected some specific objectives as: to know the interests and expectations that motivated the teachers to participate of that referred training; the evaluation by teachers on regard of the continuing education proposed: boosters factors for possible changes in teaching activities regarding the practice of teaching physical education in kindergarten. The methodology took the principles and techniques of qualitative research strategy and the characteristics of descriptive and interpretive strategy. The locus of this research was the Course of Specialization in Art Education and Physical Education in childhood, having as the citizens of this research twenty three teachers taking that specialization course. For building and systematization of the data, we used the following tools and procedures: a questionnaire, a semi structured interview and documents analysis. The data was constructed based on the technique of content analysis, focusing the reflections and speech of the teachers about the creation of new meanings and senses for the knowing / doing in Physical Education. It was found, among other results, the need and quest for improvement of teacher education, in order to improve educational practice. It was also evident that the situations of dialogues (interactions with peers, with their professors and other professionals in the related area or not) were mentioned by most teachers in the course as a relevant moment of redefinition of knowledge. In relation to Physical Education, it was found that participation in the course of specialization provided the recognition of teaching practice of physical education as part of the curriculum and the importance of inclusion of its specificities in their educational planning. From these elaborations, we come to the conclusion that knowing the perspectives of the teachers about continuing education can contribute to the theoretical and methodological discussions in teachers education and the creation of new actions - projects and programs of continuing education constructing increasingly ways towards a successful teacher formation, able to provide new forms of acting in the educational context

Luta pela terra, luta pela palavra: história de vida e formação de duas educadoras populares do campo

This project has resulted from a reunion between me and two teachers with whom I had already worked, pedagogically counseling them during the execution of the Project of Youngsters and Adults Schooling at the Agrarian Reform Settlements in the State of Sergipe (PAJA/PRONERA) between 2002 and 2003. The matter that really motivated the research was related to the essential principle that guided the accomplishment of the PAJA s teachers education and professionalization: understanding their reality and knowing their needs, promoting the dialogue between scientific and common sense knowledge. Taking as a reference the fact that the teachers education is not restricted to the academic qualification, that is, that it is a part of the educational process, which, in turn, is a result of each one s personal background, dialectically individual and collective, the access to the teachers reality and needs was accomplished by studying their backgrounds, especially their school and professional career. They, inevitably, focused themselves on the country life s social and cultural context, that could be better understood by living together with the teachers during the twenty-seven days I stayed in the Golfo s settlement, located in the town named Pacatuba/SE. The approach to the teachers lives through their stories and the daily contact proved how much Science is still distant from the peasants routine, sometimes being presented to them as a finished product . That way, the dialog between those two categories and the expectation of the country life s social and cultural conditions, together with the education, in which teachers have an essential role, still remain as a challenge

Educação inclusiva e formação continuada: contribuições dos casos de ensino para os processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento profissional de professores

This study focuses on processes of learning and professional development experienced by elementary school teachers who have students with special educational needs in their classrooms. Cases and case methods can be used as methodological resource to articulate the continued training of teachers in an inclusive perspective. This research-intervention adopted a constructive-collaborative model for continued teachers formation. The main objective was to investigate the possible contributions of teaching cases, while investigative and formative strategies, for the processes of learning and professional development of teachers who work in the regular school. The data were collected by means of analytical activities, drafting collective discussion and teaching cases, having eight teachers as participants in a regular public school, located in the municipality of Natal/RN, Brasil. The theoretical reference covers the inclusive education, teaching learning, teachers professional development, the knowledge base for teaching and teaching cases as a resource for continued teachers formation in an inclusive perspective. The results indicated that teaching cases allowed description and analysis of educational practices developed by regular education teachers and adoption of reflective processes about situations reported and on their own pedagogical actuation, achieving indications of changes. It also indicates the contribution of cases for the clarification, systematization and extension of professional knowledge about inclusive education process as well as for involvement by the teachers of the study in a pedagogical thinking process. The lessons learned are related mainly to own role as teachers of regular education, to the role of professional support and specialized institutions faced to school inclusion. The analyses showed the methodological option was suitable to develop a schoolcentric training process, allowing teachers to seek in their actual environment alternatives for construction of a new logic of teaching that encloses diversity. The conclusion is that the cases, while bringing educational situations closer to the reality experienced by teachers in their daily professional role, causes relevant improvement on teachers education, because it offers training in conjunction with the experience and knowledge that teachers already have

Educação inclusiva e formação continuada: contribuições dos casos de ensino para os processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento profissional de professores

This study focuses on processes of learning and professional development experienced by elementary school teachers who have students with special educational needs in their classrooms. Cases and case methods can be used as methodological resource to articulate the continued training of teachers in an inclusive perspective. This research-intervention adopted a constructive-collaborative model for continued teachers formation. The main objective was to investigate the possible contributions of teaching cases, while investigative and formative strategies, for the processes of learning and professional development of teachers who work in the regular school. The data were collected by means of analytical activities, drafting collective discussion and teaching cases, having eight teachers as participants in a regular public school, located in the municipality of Natal/RN, Brasil. The theoretical reference covers the inclusive education, teaching learning, teachers professional development, the knowledge base for teaching and teaching cases as a resource for continued teachers formation in an inclusive perspective. The results indicated that teaching cases allowed description and analysis of educational practices developed by regular education teachers and adoption of reflective processes about situations reported and on their own pedagogical actuation, achieving indications of changes. It also indicates the contribution of cases for the clarification, systematization and extension of professional knowledge about inclusive education process as well as for involvement by the teachers of the study in a pedagogical thinking process. The lessons learned are related mainly to own role as teachers of regular education, to the role of professional support and specialized institutions faced to school inclusion. The analyses showed the methodological option was suitable to develop a schoolcentric training process, allowing teachers to seek in their actual environment alternatives for construction of a new logic of teaching that encloses diversity. The conclusion is that the cases, while bringing educational situations closer to the reality experienced by teachers in their daily professional role, causes relevant improvement on teachers education, because it offers training in conjunction with the experience and knowledge that teachers already have

Praxiologia e representação social sobre formação de professores nas licenciaturas da UFPI

At this investigation it was analyzed the content and the organization of the social representation on the object teachers education, built by teachers of degree courses from Universidade Federal do Piauí(Ufpi), understanding such representation articulated to the teaching habitus of these educators of teachers, what takes under consideration the position that they hold in the structure of the national field and in the subfield of teachers education. For that, it is searched: a) to emphasize the properties of the place in which the trainers act Ufpi as the office of those field and subfield; b) to understand who are the trainers, that is, to grasp the teaching habitus of the trainers with a view of its origin, social trajectory and the specifics of their position in the analyzed field and the subfield and c) to know what they think about their work object, that is, identify and articulate the content and the organization of the social representation analyzed with their properties of field and subfield agents. The research includes the specific degree courses of the Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella , from Teresina(PI), and it was applied to 134 professors of degree courses from this Campus. The data collect joined to the participants happened on the second period of 2008 and on the first semester of 2009. The starting point of the study is the corroboration that the reform of Ufpi degree courses, determined by the legislation and stablished at this Institution in 2005, altered a little the previous situation. It is comprehended that Ufpi and its structures of teachers education as a trainer institution, is limited by the national academic field and by the subfield of teachers education. From this last one, it was listed some of its properties, to show that it is about an academic subfield in construction process. It is emphasized division of the subfield, that separates the trainers into two subgroups the ones who dedicate themselves to the specific education on the contents and those ones who are specialized on pedagogical education placed in antagonistic position and competing by the symbolic power of imposing the meaning and the sense of the teachers education in the degree courses. To understand the comprehension of the problem, it is searched for the models that are in the root of the construction of the University and its project of teachers education in the degree courses, to clarify the matrixes in which the social representation searched is stablished. The theoretical referential articulates the contributions of Moscovici, the theory of social representations, and of Bourdieu, with the concepts that compose its praxeology, as habitus, social field, capital, symbolic power and others, as well as their interpreters and continuators, as Domingos Sobrinho. From the literature about the university and teachers education, it was used Dermeval Saviani, Luiz Antônio Cunha, Maria Isabel da Cunha and Mirian Jorge Warde, besides others. Plurimethodological procedures were adopted, combining associative techniques adjusted to the access to the social representations, and a classic technique, a questionnaire about teaching habitus. The condition is that the teachers build different social representation of the object teachers education because of the distinct positions that they occupy in the structure of the academic field and the subfield of the teachers education. The reached positions in the field and subfield are due to the differences in the origin and social trajectory of these agents, who, therefore, have different teaching habitus from which they build their social representation about their work object. It is highlighted that the teaching habitus and the social representation of two subfields, identified by the belongings to different dimensions of the teachers education in the degree courses, they have similarities and, also, differences. These ones permit to support that the subjects are holders of distinct teaching habitus that conceive different practices, struggles, tensions and conflicts around the sense of teachers education