Infant and young child feeding indicators and determinants of poor feeding practices in India : secondary data analysis of National Family Health Survey 2005–06

Background: In India, poor feeding practices in early childhood contribute to the burden of malnutrition and infant and child mortality. Objective. To estimate infant and young child feeding indicators and determinants of selected feeding practices in India. Methods: The sample consisted of 20,108 children aged 0 to 23 months from the National Family Health Survey India 2005–06. Selected indicators were examined against a set of variables using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Only 23.5% of mothers initiated breastfeeding within the first hour after birth, 99.2% had ever breastfed their infant, 89.8% were currently breastfeeding, and 14.8% were currently bottle-feeding. Among infants under 6 months of age, 46.4% were exclusively breastfed, and 56.7% of those aged 6 to 9 months received complementary foods. The risk factors for not exclusively breastfeeding were higher household wealth index quintiles (OR for richest = 2.03), delivery in a health facility (OR = 1.35), and living in the Northern region. Higher numbers of antenatal care visits were associated with increased rates of exclusive breastfeeding (OR for ≥ 7 antenatal visits = 0.58). The rates of timely initiation of breastfeeding were higher among women who were better educated (OR for secondary education or above = 0.79), were working (OR = 0.79), made more antenatal clinic visits (OR for ≥ 7 antenatal visits = 0.48), and were exposed to the radio (OR = 0.76). The rates were lower in women who were delivered by cesarean section (OR = 2.52). The risk factors for bottle-feeding included cesarean delivery (OR = 1.44), higher household wealth index quintiles (OR = 3.06), working by the mother (OR=1.29), higher maternal education level (OR=1.32), urban residence (OR=1.46), and absence of postnatal examination (OR=1.24). The rates of timely complementary feeding were higher for mothers who had more antenatal visits (OR=0.57), and for those who watched television (OR=0.75). Conclusions: Revitalization of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative in health facilities is recommended. Targeted interventions may be necessary to improve infant feeding practices in mothers who reside in urban areas, are more educated, and are from wealthier households.

A test vehicle for compliance with resilience requirements in index-based e-health systems

Increasingly, national and international governments have a strong mandate to develop national e-health systems to enable delivery of much-needed healthcare services. Research is, therefore, needed into appropriate security and reliance structures for the development of health information systems which must be compliant with governmental and alike obligations. The protection of e-health information security is critical to the successful implementation of any e-health initiative. To address this, this paper proposes a security architecture for index-based e-health environments, according to the broad outline of Australia’s National E-health Strategy and National E-health Transition Authority (NEHTA)’s Connectivity Architecture. This proposal, however, could be equally applied to any distributed, index-based health information system involving referencing to disparate health information systems. The practicality of the proposed security architecture is supported through an experimental demonstration. This successful prototype completion demonstrates the comprehensibility of the proposed architecture, and the clarity and feasibility of system specifications, in enabling ready development of such a system. This test vehicle has also indicated a number of parameters that need to be considered in any national indexed-based e-health system design with reasonable levels of system security. This paper has identified the need for evaluation of the levels of education, training, and expertise required to create such a system.

Journeys to health services in Great Britain : an analysis of changing travel patterns 1985-2006

This paper examines changing patterns in the utilisation and geographic access to health services in Great Britain using National Travel Survey data (1985-2006). The utilisation rate was derived using the proportion of journeys made to access health services. Geographic access was analysed by separating the concept into its accessibility and mobility dimensions. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate the differences between different socio-spatial groups in these indicators over the period 1985-2006. This study found that journey distances to health facilities were significantly shorter and also gradually reduced over the period in question for Londoners, females, those without a car or on low incomes, and older people. However, most of their rates of utilisation of health services were found to be significantly lower because their journey times were significantly longer and also gradually increased over the periods. These findings indicate that the rate of utilisation of health services largely depends on mobility level although previous research studies have traditionally overlooked the mobility dimension.

Effects of size of health service on scope of rural nursing practice

This paper presents the findings of an analysis of the activities of rural nurses from a national audit of the role and function of the rural nurse (Hegney, Pearson and McCarthy 1997). The results suggest that the size of the health service (defined by the number of acute beds) influences the activities of rural nurses. Further, the study reports on the differences of the context of practice between different size rural health services and the impact this has on the scope of rural nursing practice. The paper will conclude that the size of the health service is an outcome of rurality (small population densities, distance from larger health facilities, lack of on-site medical and allied health staff). It also notes that the size of the health service is a major contextual determinant of patient acuity and staff skill-mix in small rural hospitals, and therefore the scope of rural nursing practice.

Sources of productivity growth in health services : a case study of Queensland public hospitals

Improving the performance of health sector is one of the most popular issues in Australia. This paper contributes to this important policy debate by examining the efficiency of health facilities in Queensland using the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). This method is selected because it is suitable for the multi-input, multi-output, and not-for-profit natures of public health services. In addition, with the availability of panel data we can decompose productivity growth into useful components, including technical efficiency changes, technological changes and scale changes. The results revealed an average of 1.6 per cent of growth in total factor productivity (TFP) among Queensland public hospitals in the study period. The main component contributing to the modest improvement of TFP during the period was catching-up at an average of 1.0 per cent. SFA estimates suggest that the number of nurses is the most influential determinant of output.

Mental health facility design: The case for person-centred care

There is a schism between a growing chorus for person-centred models of care and the prevalent paradigms for the design of mental health facilities. This argument proposes that architectural solutions have traditionally been geared around staff-centred concerns like ease of patient management. It suggests that the demands for person-centred models of care are important because evidence suggests that the physical environment is a causal factor in mental illness, and that even minor concessions towards person-centred models of care consistently exert a disproportionate and sustained positive influence on the behaviour of mental health patients. While the traditional mental health unit layout is unsatisfactory for person-centred care and effective recovery, other approaches that have been well tested and found to be effective is described along with a statement about subtle details that will improve facilities for all users.

Changing travel patterns and journeys to health services in Great Britain 1985-2012: An examination health service utilisation using the National Travel Survey

Background This paper examines changing patterns in the utilisation and geographic access to health services in Great Britain using National Travel Survey data (1985-2012). The National Travel Survey (NTS) is a series of household surveys designed to provide data on personal travel and monitor changes in travel behaviour over time. The utilisation rate was derived using the proportion of journeys made to access health services. Geographic access was analysed by separating the concept into its accessibility and mobility dimensions. Methods Variables from the PSU, households, and individuals datasets were used as explanatory variables. Whereas, variables extracted from the journeys dataset were used as dependent variables to identify patterns of utilisation i.e. the proportion of journeys made by different groups to access health facilities in a particular journey distance or time band or by mode of transport; and geographic access to health services. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the utilisation rate over the different time periods between different groups. This analysis shows the Odds Ratios (ORs) for different groups making a trip to utilise health services compared to their respective counterparts. Linear multiple regression analyses were conducted to then identify patterns of change in the accessibility and mobility level. Results Analysis of the data has shown that that journey distances to health facilities were signi fi cantly shorter and also gradually reduced over the period in question for Londoners, females, those without a car or on low incomes, and older people. Although rates of utilisation of health services we re Oral Abstracts / Journal of Transport & Health 2 (2015) S5 – S63 S43 signi fi cantly lower because of longer journey times. These fi ndings indicate that the rate of utilisation of health services largely depends on mobility level although previous research studies have traditionally overlooked the mobility dimension. Conclusions This fi nding, therefore, suggests the need to improve geographic access to services together with an enhanced mobility option for disadvantaged groups in order for them to have improved levels of access to health facilities. This research has also found that the volume of car trips to health services also increased steadily over the period 1985-2012 while all other modes accounted for a smaller number of trips. However, it is dif fi cult to conclude from this research whether this increase in the volume of car trips was due to a lack of alternative transport or due to an increase in the level of car-ownership.

The lean paradox : How can healthcare facilities shrink while clinical spaces expand?

Lean principles create highly efficient healthcare facilities by maximising the clinical value of every part of a facility and by removing everything else. In order that clinical accommodation can be used for a diverse set of functions including unexpected tasks and processes that haven’t even been invented, they have to be big. But somewhat surprisingly, whole facilities tend to shrink in terms of gross floor areas by disposing of non-clinical spaces when designed using Lean principles. And with the whole unit – the building costs shrink too. Using examples from the UK and the USA, this talk explores the unexpected solutions and improved outcomes when designers use a Lean approach to design.

Spatial distribution of bednet coverage under routine distribution through the public health sector in a rural district in Kenya.

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are one of the most important and cost-effective tools for malaria control. Maximizing individual and community benefit from ITNs requires high population-based coverage. Several mechanisms are used to distribute ITNs, including health facility-based targeted distribution to high-risk groups; community-based mass distribution; social marketing with or without private sector subsidies; and integrating ITN delivery with other public health interventions. The objective of this analysis is to describe bednet coverage in a district in western Kenya where the primary mechanism for distribution is to pregnant women and infants who attend antenatal and immunization clinics. We use data from a population-based census to examine the extent of, and factors correlated with, ownership of bednets. We use both multivariable logistic regression and spatial techniques to explore the relationship between household bednet ownership and sociodemographic and geographic variables. We show that only 21% of households own any bednets, far lower than the national average, and that ownership is not significantly higher amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. We also show that coverage is spatially heterogeneous with less than 2% of the population residing in zones with adequate coverage to experience indirect effects of ITN protection.

Facteurs contextuels dans l'évaluation d'une politique de santé maternelle au Burkina Faso

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’influence des facteurs contextuels sur la mise en œuvre et les effets d’une politique de santé maternelle au Burkina Faso. Cette politique nommée la subvention SONU vise à faire augmenter la couverture des accouchements dans les établissements de santé publics en agissant sur l’accessibilité économique des ménages. La thèse propose une évaluation des processus de cette politique. Le cadre d’analyse repose sur des propositions théoriques issues du champ de l’étude des politiques sanitaires (les acteurs et leurs relations de pouvoir) et de l’anthropologie médicale critique (les représentations). L’étude s’est déroulée dans le district sanitaire de Djibo, situé dans la région du Sahel. Il s’agit d’une étude de cas multiples où chaque centre de santé représentait un cas. L’approche méthodologique employée était qualitative. Une enquête de terrain, des entretiens, des groupes de discussion, des observations non participantes et une analyse documentaire ont été les méthodes de collecte de données utilisées. Les résultats préliminaires de l’étude ont été présentés aux parties prenantes. Le premier article évalue l’implantation de cette subvention SONU au niveau d’un district et rend compte de l’influence des rapports de pouvoir sur la mise en œuvre de cette dernière. Les résultats indiquent que toutes les composantes de cette subvention sont mises en œuvre, à l’exception du fond d’indigence et de certaines composantes relatives à la qualité technique des soins telles que les sondages pour les bénéficiaires et l’équipe d’assurance qualité dans l’hôpital du district. Les professionnels et les gestionnaires de la santé expliquent les difficultés dans l’application de politique de subvention par un manque de clarté et de compréhension des directives officielles. Les relations de pouvoir entre les différents groupes d’acteurs ont une influence sur la mise en œuvre de cette politique. Les rapports entre gestionnaires du district et agents de santé sont basés sur des rapports hiérarchiques. Ainsi, les gestionnaires contrôlent le travail des agents de santé et imposent des changements à la mise en œuvre de la politique. Les rapports entre soignants et patients sont variables. Dans certains centres de santé, les communautés perçoivent positivement cette relation alors que dans d’autres, elle est perçue négativement. Les perceptions sur les relations entre les accoucheuses villageoises et les agents de santé sont également partagées. Pour les agents de santé, ces actrices peuvent être de potentielles alliées pour renforcer l’efficacité de la politique SONU en incitant les femmes à utiliser les services de santé, mais elles sont aussi perçues comme des obstacles, lorsqu’elles continuent à effectuer des accouchements à domicile. Les difficultés de compréhension des modalités de remboursement entrainent une rigidité dans les rapports entre agents de santé et comités de gestion. Le deuxième article vise à comprendre la variation observée sur la couverture des accouchements entre plusieurs centres de santé après la mise en œuvre de cette politique SONU. Les facteurs contextuels et plus spécifiquement humains ont une influence sur la couverture des accouchements assistés. Le leadership des agents de santé, caractérisé par l’initiative personnelle, l’éthique professionnelle et l’établissement d’un lien de confiance entre les populations et l’équipe sanitaire expliquent la différence d’effets observée sur la couverture des accouchements assistés après la mise en œuvre de cette dernière. Le troisième article analyse l’usage stratégique des référentiels ethnoculturels par certaines équipes sanitaires pour expliquer l’échec partiel de la politique SONU dans certains centres de santé. La référence à ces facteurs vise essentiellement à normaliser et légitimer l’absence d’effet de la politique sur la couverture des accouchements assistés. Elle contribue également à blâmer les populations. Enfin, le recours à ces référentiels tend à écarter les interprétations socioéconomiques et politiques qui sous-tendent la problématique des accouchements dans les établissements de santé publics. Sur le plan pratique, cette thèse permet de mieux comprendre le processus de mise en œuvre d’une politique de santé maternelle. Elle montre que les dimensions relatives à l’équité et à la qualité des soins sont négligées dans ce processus. Cette recherche met en lumière les difficultés auxquelles sont confrontés les agents de santé dans la mise en oeuvre de cette politique. Elle met également en exergue les facteurs qui expliquent l’hétérogénéité observée sur la couverture des accouchements assistés entre les centres de santé après la mise en œuvre de cette politique. Sur le plan théorique, cette thèse montre l’importance d’identifier les rapports de pouvoir qui s’exercent entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans les politiques sanitaires. Elle rappelle l’influence considérable des facteurs contextuels sur la mise en œuvre et les effets des politiques. Enfin, cette recherche révèle le poids des représentations sociales des acteurs dans la compréhension des effets des politiques. Cette thèse contribue au développement des connaissances dans le champ des politiques publiques sur le plan des thématiques abordées (mise en œuvre, rapports de pouvoir) et de l’approche méthodologique (enquête de terrain) utilisée. Elle participe aussi aux réflexions théoriques sur le concept de leadership des professionnels de la santé en Afrique.

Strategies for dealing with personnel reductions in state mental health agencies : three case studies /

"National Institute of Mental Health"--Cover.

Programs and services of the Area D Community Mental Health Center.

On cover: The Area D Community Mental Health Center; programs and services, 1971.

Community mental health centers construction grant program policy and procedures manual.

Mode of access: Internet.