La investigación pedagógica universitaria en España : 1940-1976.

Profundizar en el conocimiento de las características de la investigación educativa española. Analizar el material documental en que se objetiva la producción científico-pedagógica, para efectuar, además de un balance global y sectorial, las oportunas estimaciones que determinan las líneas de investigación e influencia de la ciencia de la educación durante 1940-1976. La investigación pedagógica intrauniversitaria en nuestro país a traves de: tesis, tesinas e investigaciones de la red INCIE-ICEs durante 1940-1976. 3 polos de análisis: A) La productividad científico-pedagógica, que se centra en el estudio del crecimiento cuantitativo de las investigaciones, expresada por medio de diferentes indicadores (tasas de incremento, indices de productividad y contemporaneidad, diferencias de ritmo de crecimiento, relaciones entre número de matriculados-tesinas y diferencias entre sexos en la cumplimentacion de tesinas, etc). B) La configuración de los círculos científicos atendiendo a las líneas de estudio que conforman el trabajo científico, así como el liderazgo que ejercen los directores de estos circulos. C) La estructura de la investigación pedagógica por áreas disciplinarias en el seno de nuestra universidad. El modelo de crecimiento de la investigación pedagógica universitaria se ajusta al modelo de desarrollo exponencial previsto para la producción científica en general. El ritmo de crecimiento de las tésis doctorales es más moderado que el de las memorias de licenciatura, mostrando aquellas una tendencia de expansión a la baja. Las investigaciones de la red INCIE-ICEs es un sector poco estabilizado y con tendencia regresiva. Se constata la existencia de círculos científicos que aglutinan el trabajo intelectual, orientándolo bajo ciertas características homogéneas. En los ICEs estos círculos tienen una configuración pluridisciplinar que apunta hacia la dispersión. En general, la áreas más cultivadas corresponden a los estudios didácticos, históricos y psicológico-educativos. El área menor atendida ha sido la educación diferenciada y organización escolar. El área de organización escolar en las memorias de licenciatura está escasamente desarrollada, mientras que en las tesis doctorales y en la red INCIE-ICEs aparece como un área más atendida. La evolución cuantitativa de la investigación sobre educación no está desconectada de las pautas de desarrollo observadas en la ciencia contemporánea. No obstante, hay que subrayar la existencia de irregularidades, que son producto de factores extrínsecos, de caracter fundamentalmente socio-económico. Estas arritmias expresan las relaciones que existen entre la producción científica y los condicionamientos académicos y sociales. El potencial investigador no es utilizado de forma optimizante. Fecha finalización tomada del código del documento.

Las escuelas universitarias de EGB : Red INCIE-ICES.

Sobre cuatro puntos fundamentales ha incidido esta investigación: A) alumnado, estudio socioeconómico, cultural y vocacional de los mismos; B) profesorado, situación actual, aproximación histórica, perfeccionamiento; C) plan de estudios, análisis del mismo, su operatividad y adecuación; D) estructura de los centros, necesidad de espacios y adecuación de los mismos. Para el primer bloque de la investigación, alumnos, se ha utilizado un cuestionario. Muestra a nivel nacional de 350 alumnos. Para el bloque de profesorado: histórico-descriptivo. Para el plan de estudios: históricodescriptivo-empírico. Para estructuras de los centros: histórico-descriptivocomparativo. Sobre los alumnos: recogida la información mediante cuestionario. Variables: nivel cultural, económico y vocacional. Para los otros bloques: A) recogida de datos y bibliografía referente al tema; B) clasificación y ordenación del material; C) estudio de cada bloque y análisis de los datos. Cuestionarios, Archivo Histórico de Murcia, Municipal, Biblioteca Nacional, Escuela Universitaria de EGB, bibliografía general y específica, legislación. Para la parte experimental se ha utilizado: análisis frecuencial, comentario del análisis, interpretación de los resultados. Para el resto se ha utilizado diversidad de métodos como el histórico (heurístico, hermenéutico), comparativo. Alumnado: mejora sensiblemente en el aspecto socioeconómico-cultural; vocacionalmente deja bastante que desear. Profesorado: la década de los sesenta y setenta son momentos de inquietud e inestabilidad profesional. Se dan sugerencias para su solución. En cuanto a planes de estudios, a excepción del plan profesional (1.931) y el plan de 1967, se consideran inadecuados profesionalmente hablando. Respecto a los centros, mejoran sensiblemente pero no lo suficiente para el cometido que tienen. Alumnado: el aspecto vocacional investigado no nos lleva a conclusiones claras. En lo socioeconómico nos da un alumnado mejorado, pertenecen a una clase media-baja. La mayor parte de los padres de los alumnos no pertenecen a profesiones liberales. En lo cultural, mayor nivel en los alumnos. Profesorado: históricamente considerado ha mejorado en titulaciones y exigencias. Se observa un bache en las décadas de los 40, 50 y parte de los 60. Posteriormente mejora.

Sublimation of water ice mixed with silicates and tholins: Evolution of surface texture and reflectance spectra, with implications for comets

The surfaces of many objects in the Solar System comprise substantial quantities of water ice sometimes mixed with minerals and/or organic molecules. The sublimation of the ice changes the structural and optical properties of these objects. We present laboratory data on the evolution of the structure and the visible and near-infrared spectral reflectance of icy surface analogues of cometary ices, made of water ice, complex organic matter (tholins) and silicates, as they undergo sublimation under low temperature (<-70°C) and pressure (10-⁵mbar) conditions inside the SCITEAS simulation chamber. As the water ice sublimated, we observed in situ the formation of a porous sublimation lag deposit, or sublimation mantle, at the top of the ice. This mantle is a network of filaments made of the non-volatile particles. Organics or phyllosilicates grains, able to interact via stronger inter-particulate forces than olivine grains, can form a foam-like structure having internal cohesiveness, holding olivine grains together. As this mantle builds-up, the band depths of the sub-surface water ice are attenuated until complete extinction under only few millimeters of mantle. Optically thick sublimation mantles are mainly featureless in the near infrared. The absorption bands of the minerals present in the mantle are weak, or even totally absent if minerals are mixed with organics which largely dominate the VIS–NIR reflectance spectrum. During sublimation, ejections of large fragments of mantle, triggered by the gas flow, expose ice particles to the surface. The contrast of brightness between mantled and ice-exposed areas depends on the wavelength range and the dust/ice ratio considered. We describe how the chemical nature of the non-volatiles, the size of their particles, the way they are mixed with the ice and the dust/ice mass ratio influence the texture, activity and spectro-photometric properties of the sublimation mantles. These data provide useful references for interpreting remote-sensing observations of comets and also icy satellites or trans-neptunian objects.

Concentration of organic compounds in the snow-ice cover of the Eastern Antarctic

This paper presents data on concentrations and composition of organic substances, lipids, and hydrocarbons, in the snow-ice cover of fast ices and continental lakes of Antarctic. It was shown that organic compounds were accumulated in layers with the most intense autochthonous processes (mainly at the snow-ice and ice-water boundaries). These zones remain active at a biogeochemical medium even at low temperatures. The maximum content of organic compounds (10-20 times that of the snow-ice cover of other regions) and a sharp change in the proportions of their migration forms in the ice volume were detected in the regions of penguin colonies (fast ice in the Buromsky Island and a lake in the Haswell Island). Contents and composition of hydrocarbons in Antarctic ices were compared with those of Arctic ices.

The encyclopaedia of practical cookery : a complete dictionary of all pertaining to the art of cookery and table service : including original modern reciepts for all kinds of dishes for general, occasional, and exceptional use, the making of every description of table confectionery, the home manufacture of wines, liqueurs, and table waters, the laying, decorating, and preparing of banquets, wedding breakfasts, luncheons, teas, celebration and ball suppers, picnics, garden-party refreshments, race and boating baskets, &c. : the care and good management of the cellar, butler's pantry, larder, ice rooms and chests, &c. /

[Division I. A to Cak] -- Division II. Cak to Cro -- Division III. Cro to Gri -- Division IV. Gri to Mus -- Division V. Mus to Pin -- Division VI. Pin to Ser -- Division VII. Sha to Tut -- Division VIII. Twe to Zwe.

Milk and cream. Regulations controlling the production and sale of milk and cream [being part of the sanitary code...]

Mode of access: Internet.

Ice floods and winter navigation of the lower St. Lawrence,

"From the Transactions of the Royal society of Canada. Second series, 1898-99. v.iv, section iii ..."

Principles and practice of butter-making; a treatise on the chemical and physical properties of milk and its components, the handling of milk and cream, and the manufacture of butter therefrom,

Mode of access: Internet.

Cream of the law : the best things from the best cases

Edited by Emerson E. Ballard

Electric lighting, power, gas, water, ice and transportation properties

Title varies

Thermal activation, long-range ordering, and topological frustration of artificial spin ice

Frustrated systems, typically characterized by competing interactions that cannot all be simultaneously satisfied, are ubiquitous in nature and display many rich phenomena and novel physics. Artificial spin ices (ASIs), arrays of lithographically patterned Ising-like single-domain magnetic nanostructures, are highly tunable systems that have proven to be a novel method for studying the effects of frustration and associated properties. The strength and nature of the frustrated interactions between individual magnets are readily tuned by design and the exact microstate of the system can be determined by a variety of characterization techniques. Recently, thermal activation of ASI systems has been demonstrated, introducing the spontaneous reversal of individual magnets and allowing for new explorations of novel phase transitions and phenomena using these systems. In this work, we introduce a new, robust material with favorable magnetic properties for studying thermally active ASI and use it to investigate a variety of ASI geometries. We reproduce previously reported perfect ground-state ordering in the square geometry and present studies of the kagome lattice showing the highest yet degree of ordering observed in this fully frustrated system. We consider theoretical predictions of long-range order in ASI and use both our experimental studies and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate these predictions. Next, we introduce controlled topological defects into our square ASI samples and observe a new, extended frustration effect of the system. When we introduce a dislocation into the lattice, we still see large domains of ground-state order, but, in every sample, a domain wall containing higher energy spin arrangements originates from the dislocation, resolving a discontinuity in the ground-state order parameter. Locally, the magnets are unfrustrated, but frustration of the lattice persists due to its topology. We demonstrate the first direct imaging of spin configurations resulting from topological frustration in any system and make predictions on how dislocations could affect properties in numerous materials systems.

Should athletes return to sport after applying Ice? A systematic review of the effect of local 3 cooling on functional performance

Applying ice or other forms of topical cooling is a popular method of treating sports injuries. It is commonplace for athletes to return to competitive activity, shortly or immediately after the application of a cold treatment. In this article, we examine the effect of local tissue cooling on outcomes relating to functional performance and to discuss their relevance to the sporting environment. A computerized literature search, citation tracking and hand search was performed up to April, 2011. Eligible studies were trials involving healthy human participants, describing the effects of cooling on outcomes relating to functional performance. Two reviewers independently assessed the validity of included trials and calculated effect sizes. Thirty five trials met the inclusion criteria; all had a high risk of bias. The mean sample size was 19. Meta-analyses were not undertaken due to clinical heterogeneity. The majority of studies used cooling durations >20 minutes. Strength (peak torque/force) was reported by 25 studies with approximately 75% recording a decrease in strength immediately following cooling. There was evidence from six studies that cooling adversely affected speed, power and agility-based running tasks; two studies found this was negated with a short rewarming period. There was conflicting evidence on the effect of cooling on isolated muscular endurance. A small number of studies found that cooling decreased upper limb dexterity and accuracy. The current evidence base suggests that athletes will probably be at a performance disadvantage if they return to activity immediately after cooling. This is based on cooling for longer than 20 minutes, which may exceed the durations employed in some sporting environments. In addition, some of the reported changes were clinically small and may only be relevant in elite sport. Until better evidence is available, practitioners should use short cooling applications and/or undertake a progressive warm up prior to returning to play.

A double-blind randomised controlled trial of a natural oil-based emulsion containing allantoin versus aqueous cream for managing radiation-induced skin reactions in patients with cancer

Background: Radiation-induced skin reaction (RISR) is one of the most common and distressing side effects of radiotherapy in patients with cancer. It is featured with swelling, redness, itching, pain, breaks in skin, discomfort, and a burning sensation. There is a lack of convincing evidence supporting any single practice in the prevention or management of RISR. Methods/Designs: This double-blinded randomised controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of a natural oil-based emulsion containing allantoin (as known as Moogoo Udder Cream®) versus aqueous cream in reducing RISR, improving pain, itching and quality of life in this patient group. One group will receive Moogoo Udder Cream®. Another group will receive aqueous cream. Outcome measures will be collected using patient self-administered questionnaire, interviewer administered questionnaire and clinician assessment at commencement of radiotherapy, weekly during radiotherapy, and four weeks after the completion of radiotherapy. Discussion: Despite advances of radiologic advances and supportive care, RISR are still not well managed. There is a lack of efficacious interventions in managing RISR. While anecdotal evidence suggests that Moogoo Udder Cream® may be effective in managing RISR, research is needed to substantiate this claim. This paper presents the design of a double blind randomised controlled trial that will evaluate the effects of Moogoo Udder Cream® versus aqueous cream for managing in RISR in patients with cancer. Trial registration: ACTRN 12612000568819

Thermoregulatory responses to ice-slush beverage ingestion and exercise in the heat

We compared the effects of an ice-slush beverage (ISB) and a cool liquid beverage (CLB) on cycling performance, changes in rectal temperature (T (re)) and stress responses in hot, humid conditions. Ten trained male cyclists/triathletes completed two exercise trials (75 min cycling at similar to 60% peak power output + 50 min seated recovery + 75% peak power output x 30 min performance trial) on separate occasions in 34A degrees C, 60% relative humidity. During the recovery phase before the performance trial, the athletes consumed either the ISB (mean +/- A SD -0.8 +/- A 0.1A degrees C) or the CLB (18.4 +/- A 0.5A degrees C). Performance time was not significantly different after consuming the ISB compared with the CLB (29.42 +/- A 2.07 min for ISB vs. 29.98 +/- A 3.07 min for CLB, P = 0.263). T (re) (37.0 +/- A 0.3A degrees C for ISB vs. 37.4 +/- A 0.2A degrees C for CLB, P = 0.001) and physiological strain index (0.2 +/- A 0.6 for ISB vs. 1.1 +/- A 0.9 for CLB, P = 0.009) were lower at the end of recovery and before the performance trial after ingestion of the ISB compared with the CLB. Mean thermal sensation was lower (P < 0.001) during recovery with the ISB compared with the CLB. Changes in plasma volume and the concentrations of blood variables (i.e., glucose, lactate, electrolytes, cortisol and catecholamines) were similar between the two trials. In conclusion, ingestion of ISB did not significantly alter exercise performance even though it significantly reduced pre-exercise T (re) compared with CLB. Irrespective of exercise performance outcomes, ingestion of ISB during recovery from exercise in hot humid environments is a practical and effective method for cooling athletes following exercise in hot environments.

Would you like ice with that?

900-word travel article about Iceland.