934 resultados para Horizon of expectatio
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Refus global, le recueil, n’est pas « Refus global », le texte rédigé par Paul-Émile Borduas et cosigné par 15 membres du groupe automatiste. Partant de cette distinction entre le recueil automatiste et son texte éponyme et du constat selon lequel la partie éclipse le tout dans le discours critique, cette thèse a pour objectif d’expliquer l’occultation du recueil dans l’histoire sociale et artistique québécoise. À partir de l’étude de la réception de 1948 à 2008, j’interroge la constitution du récit commun entourant l’œuvre, duquel le recueil est exclu. Il s’agit donc de mettre au jour les obstacles qui se sont présentés dans le parcours de réception du recueil, nuisant à la formation d’un discours unifié et cohérent à son sujet et l’empêchant de s’inscrire dans l’histoire. Dégagés de l’étude du corpus composé de 639 objets sémiotiques secondaires (OSS, selon le concept proposé par Brigitte Louichon), les obstacles à la réception du recueil relèvent à la fois de facteurs pragmatiques, telles la composition hétérogène de l’œuvre ou sa disponibilité; de facteurs institutionnels ou historiographiques, comme la disciplinarisation du champ culturel ou l’impact du récit de la Révolution tranquille sur l’histoire littéraire; et de facteurs humains, reposant sur le rôle des auteurs et de certains critiques dans l’accueil réservé à l’œuvre. Les différentes étapes de la réception sont ainsi considérées : de l’horizon d’attente (Jauss) à la réception productive (Link), en passant par la publication, les premières critiques, les rééditions, les lectures savantes, l’historicisation et l’entrée de l’œuvre dans la mémoire à titre de symbole ou d’hypotexte. Or, plutôt qu’à ce parcours de réception exemplaire, c’est son envers qui est interrogé ici, c’est-à-dire les difficultés et les déviations de la réception du recueil Refus global. Cette thèse est divisée en trois parties. La première, théorique et méthodologique, situe mon propos dans les domaines de l’histoire culturelle et des études de réception, et présente diverses considérations concernant la constitution du corpus et le traitement des données. La deuxième aborde l’horizon d’attente et la première réception, moment crucial pour la survie de l’œuvre, comme l’ont montré Hans Robert Jauss et Daniel Chartier. On y observe notamment l’effet de verrou (Cambron) qu’a le renvoi de Borduas sur la constitution du récit de réception, de même que les critères éthiques et esthétiques en fonction desquels s’est opérée la hiérarchisation des composantes du recueil. La troisième partie couvre la réception subséquente (1950-2008). À l’étude des obstacles empêchant l’intégration du recueil dans l’histoire s’ajoute alors l’étude des réceptions parallèles, parcellaires et autonomes dont a bénéficié Refus global pour survivre – ponctuellement et partiellement – en dehors du récit commun formé autour de « Refus global ». Avec les différentes catégories d’OSS (directs, indirects, hypertextuels, métacritiques et parcellaires), ces trois types de réception font partie des outils heuristiques développés dans le but d’expliquer la réception partielle dont a fait l’objet le recueil. Selon l’approche quantitative et environnementaliste de l’histoire culturelle, Refus global est envisagé comme un microcosme de la culture, dans lequel certaines œuvres sont retenues et d’autres négligées. L’analyse d’un corpus critique large et varié permet ainsi de saisir non seulement les phénomènes conduisant à la consécration du texte éponyme ou à l’oubli relatif du recueil, mais aussi les tendances critiques, les parutions marginales, les critiques isolées, etc. qui, enfouies dans les angles morts de la réception, offrent au recueil et à ses composantes des voies de contournement du discours dominant. En somme, l’étude de la réception du recueil Refus global a permis à la fois de déplacer la focalisation critique depuis « Refus global » vers Refus global, de développer des outils pour envisager la réception d’œuvres marginalisées et de mettre en évidence des critères privilégiés dans la constitution de l’histoire et de la mémoire culturelles québécoises depuis 1948.
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Ce mémoire étudie les rapports texte/image dans Vues et visions de Claude Cahun, première œuvre composite créée en collaboration avec la peintre graphiste Marcel Moore. L’objet littéraire protéiforme, appartenant au genre de l’iconotexte (Alain Montandon), instaure un dialogue intermédial entre le textuel et le visuel au point de déconstruire l’horizon d’attente du lecteur : celui-ci est incité à lire et à voir alternativement les poèmes en prose ainsi que les dessins de sorte que les frontières qui définissent l’espace du littéral et du figural apparaissent poreuses. Subdivisé en deux chapitres, notre travail s’attachera dans un premier temps à mettre en lumière le rôle de l’écriture qui intègre certains dessins de Moore. En nous inspirant de l’iconolecture (Emmanuelle Pelard), nous tenterons d’effectuer des liens entre la plasticité et la signification littérale des signes linguistiques qu’illustrent ces images-textes tout en étudiant les correspondances thématiques et formelles qu’elles entretiennent avec les poèmes de Cahun. Le second chapitre étudiera la manière dont le figural investit le texte littéraire en adoptant une approche intermédiale. Après avoir abordé la figure du double, une partie de l’analyse sera consacrée à la figure de l’allusion, une stratégie d’écriture pour introduire le visuel au sein du textuel, ce qui nous permettra d’entrer en matière pour étudier « l’image-en-texte » (Liliane Louvel). Enfin, l’effet-tableau ainsi que l’anamorphose seront employés comme cadre d’analyse afin de penser le dialogue qui se noue entre le pictural et le texte littéraire dans Vues et visions.
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Ce projet de recherche a été réalisé avec la collaboration de FPInnovations. Une part des travaux concernant le problème de récolte chilien a été effectuée à l'Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería (ISCI) à Santiago (Chili).
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Path planning and control strategies applied to autonomous mobile robots should fulfil safety rules as well as achieve final goals. Trajectory planning applications should be fast and flexible to allow real time implementations as well as environment interactions. The methodology presented uses the on robot information as the meaningful data necessary to plan a narrow passage by using a corridor based on attraction potential fields that approaches the mobile robot to the final desired configuration. It employs local and dense occupancy grid perception to avoid collisions. The key goals of this research project are computational simplicity as well as the possibility of integrating this method with other methods reported by the research community. Another important aspect of this work consist in testing the proposed method by using a mobile robot with a perception system composed of a monocular camera and odometers placed on the two wheels of the differential driven motion system. Hence, visual data are used as a local horizon of perception in which trajectories without collisions are computed by satisfying final goal approaches and safety criteria
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El carcinoma Hepatocelular (HCC) representa la sexta causa más frecuente de cáncer, y la tercera causa de muerte relacionada con cáncer en el mundo con aproximadamente 600.000 muertes anuales. En el 70 % de los casos, este se desarrolla en presencia de una enfermedad crónica del hígado como la cirrosis u otras enfermedades inflamatorias, por lo que practicar métodos de tamizaje para su diagnóstico precoz, pudieran establecer un mejor pronóstico. El objetivo de este trabajo es diseñar una vía clínica capaz de homogenizar el proceso de tamizaje de HCC, soportando su realización con la realización de una evaluación económica de esta intervención. Se realiza una búsqueda sistemática de literatura y se propone una vía clínica para la vigilancia de HCC en Colombia. A esta propuesta se aplica una evaluación económica tipo costo-efectividad mediante un modelo de Markov de la intervención propuesta, comparando la aplicación de la vía clínica propuesta frente al manejo actual en 100 pacientes considerados con riesgo (cirrosis, portadores de HBV y/o portadores de HCV) con un horizonte de tiempo de 30 años analizando como desenlace los años de vida salvados (LYS) desde la perspectiva del tercero pagador para Colombia a precios de 2009. El análisis determina una disminución de la mortalidad en un 40%, y un valor ICER de US$ 1,438 por LYS, por lo cual se concluye que resulta costo efectivo la aplicación de esta propuesta de tamizaje. Es necesario realizar una prueba para la aplicación de la vía clínica.
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Los hechos ocurridos durante el 11 de septiembre de 2001 se constituyeron como un momento fundamental en los intentos de conceptualización del terrorismo internacional dentro de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales. A raíz del 9/11 tuvo lugar la resemantización del concepto de terrorismo internacional en función del terrorismo religioso y del fundamentalismo islámico. Lo anterior, marco una ruptura en el campo de experiencia y en el horizonte de expectativas del concepto mismo, pues este último adquirió un nuevo uso discursivo, y por ende, político. Por eso, ante la necesidad de emprender un análisis discursivo de los usos del concepto de terrorismo internacional, se evidencia cómo al estar inmersos en determinados juegos del lenguaje, el uso discursivo de este concepto termina por convertirse en una herramienta de acción política que promueve una forma de vida.
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Methane is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the atmosphere next to carbon dioxide. Its global warming potential (GWP) for a time horizon of 100 years is 25, which makes it an attractive target for climate mitigation policies. Although the methane GWP traditionally includes the methane indirect effects on the concentrations of ozone and stratospheric water vapour, it does not take into account the production of carbon dioxide from methane oxidation. We argue here that this CO2-induced effect should be included for fossil sources of methane, which results in slightly larger GWP values for all time horizons. If the global temperature change potential is used as an alternative climate metric, then the impact of the CO2-induced effect is proportionally much larger. We also discuss what the correction term should be for methane from anthropogenic biogenic sources.
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Our best time is now? On conception of time and political self-understanding This study regards time as a horizon for action and argues that conception of time has great implication for political self-understanding. In the study, the modern conception of time, with its orientation towards the future, is contrasted with the late modern conception of time, which is characterized by a de-legitimization of utopian thinking and by an orientation towards the present. Political action is changing, from a transformation of the present into the future, to a management of the present. In this situation the future is not perceived as something qualitatively different than present, but is, as Helga Nowotny puts it, reduced to an ‘extended present’. Or, to speak with Luhmann, the future is a ‘present future’ where only one ‘future present’ is conceivable. The future is in that sense increasingly closed. The paper argues that the current pragmatization of politics is partly due to changes in temporal representations, and suggests that more attention should be given to temporal semantics in political analysis.
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A presente dissertação procura identificar a maneira pela qual a problemática da mulher afeta o magistério, majoritariamente feminino, analisando a partir dai, as dificuldades que se apresentam para uma real transformação da escola pública. No movimento das contradições que povoam a Escola em nosso Estado, a questão feminina se faz presente como uma das determinantes, para a super! ção ou não, do conservadorismo que tão bem caracteriza ainda esta Escola Pública proveniente do Brasil Republicano. O histórico da condição feminina através dos séculos denota toda uma· luta pelo seu direito ã esfera pública, principalmente pelo trabalho. Isto demonstra que o "aprisionamento" feminino, na esfera privada,nada tem a ver com caracteres biológicos, mas sim com múltiplas determinações políticas, sociais e econômicas de cada sociedade, em dado momento histórico. E tal "aprisionamento" será uma das dificuldades da mulher-professora em se constituir como profissional consciente, atuando, de forma critica, para a me lnoria de nossa Escola. Nas últimas décadas (de 60 para cá), percebemos todo um movimento de rebeldia que originará lideranças femininas, lutando, não apenas pela libertação das mulheres, mas também por transformações profundas em nossa Escola e na sociedade como um todo. A presença petrificada da MULHER na história oficial brasileira, como mucama, sinhá-moça, escrava ou professorinha, já aponta, hoje, possibilidades de mudança no horizonte de construção de uma NOVA MULHER, sujeito de sua própria história, profissional competente e militante política. Esta NOVA PROFESSORA, não mais será a "tia ou a "professorinha" e sim, finalmente, CIDADÃ ... TORNANDO-SE MULHER (Beauvoir).
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Para todos os municípios Brasileiros foram coletados dados de área plantada, quantidade produzida, tipos de solos e uso do solo, para o Arroz, Feijão, Trigo, Milho e Soja. Com o auxílio de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), mapas foram elaborados, e a partir do cruzamento entre eles, produtividades por tipo de solo em áreas antropizadas foram obtidas. A partir das faixas de produtividades esperadas relativas às faixas de dosagem de adubação por nível de disponibilidade de macronutrientes primários (Nitrogênio, Fósforo e Potássio) no solo, recomendadas pela Embrapa (WebAgritec), considerou-se que cada município, sem nenhuma expansão de área, a partir de seu valor real de produtividade em 2011/12, aumentasse a mesma até o valor máximo esperado e correspondente à recomendação de dosagem de adubação relativa à faixa superior de produtividade. Considerou-se um período de dez anos para a subida de um patamar para outro de produtividade, o que permitiu um horizonte temporal das estimativas de 2011/12 até 2061/62. Projetaram-se os Consumos, Dosagens e Eficiências de Adubação, bem como os Balanços de CO2eq para os macronutrientes primários, necessários e resultantes destas novas condições. O horizonte e os volumes de produção agrícolas resultantes foram comparados com as projeções do MAPA 2021/22 e do Outlook Fiesp 2023. O potencial de volume de produção agrícola via fertilização destas cinco culturas e o impacto no balanço de CO2eq são então mensurados, culminando com a possibilidade de significativas antecipações deste volume em termos de número de safras e com o efeito benéfico no balanço de CO2eq, permitindo em virtude das áreas poupadas, postergação expressiva em termos de emissões de CO2eq
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Remote Communities. Absence of artifacts and minimization of the exacerbated consumption of modernity. The desire which spread beyond what reality can provide. Expressions like this are present in this paper which focus in the social representations of school built by residents who live at the riversides of Môa and Azul Rivers, in Mâncio Lima, Acre State. To do so, we used the methodological contribution of the semi-structured interview, observation of the place while a natural inhabitant of the region, and also photos analyses of local reality. A key feature of the riverside homes is the glued paper on the walls of houses forming a panel set of portraits, pictures, letters and numbers for all appreciated. Regardless of whether or not read, there is admiration for the color of the images, the layout of the letters, and the things of the city awakening the desire to obtain school knowledge. The resident of this Amazon region maintains a close relationship between thinking, acting and feeling living harmonically with nature that connects them to the ideal landscape which is revisited by the graphic material that attracts wondering what exists beyond the shores of the river, beyond the horizon of green forests. It is a life entirely accomplished by the imaginary where exist a framed landscape merged and confused by the real and the supernatural, in which men and gods walk together by the forest, sailing by the rivers and seek a possible aesthetic between the real and ideal. The Theory of Social Representations spread by Serge Moscovici (2005) and Jodelet (2001) guided our gaze on the understanding what the school is and its representation to the riversides, as well to reveal the relation they practice with the knowledge that is spread by the mystification and the knowledge that is practice daily. Based in Bardin s thematic analysis (2004) we tried to raise such contents combining them in five analysis categories
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The study object of this thesis intertwines the history of deaf education in the last 30 years in three schools for the deaf in the cities of Campina Grande, Gado Bravo and Aroeiras, Paraiba, the life stories of six deaf teachers of brasilian sign language (Libras) that have formed and works in these educational institutions for the deaf and our own journey, as a teacher and researcher. The study was conducted on the theoretical-methodological principles of (auto)biographical research in education and socio-historical studies on the social formation of the human. The corpus used for analysis was consisted of six narrative interviews conducted in sign language and transcribed into portuguese, documents and personal files and institutional. The analysis allowed us to define three hinge moments of this story: the creation of the first school for the deaf, within the framework of oralism (1980 - 1991), the passage into the Total Communication (1991 - 1995) and, finally, the introduction of Bilingualism (1995 to today). The analyzes show that the trajectories of teacher formation of the research participants reflect the history of the three schools which have costituted bilingual social spaces of paramount importance to the subjects and the deaf community as a group of linguistic and cultural minority. The evolution of this trajectory has allowed to demarcate between the two generations of research participants. The generation of heirs of oralism, which had delayed access to the Libras and lived an education referenced in oralism, whose reminiscences of childhood and adolescence are strongly marked by suffering for the lack of communication, which hinders their social and professional career until today. And the generation of the sons of bilingualism, the youngest in age, who had childhood access to Libras and education within the framework of bilingualism, whose reminiscences are not marked by suffering and have a positive vision of the future. With respect to your teacher formation, three figures stand out as a teacher. The teacher's improvised, closer to the first generation of teachers who were called to teach without proper training. The figure of the teacher craftsman, which corresponds to the image that most of them have of yourself now, understanding that their knowledge are based on the exchange between peers. And finally the figure of the real teacher, which stands on the horizon of expectations as future graduates in Letters |Libras. The narratives allowed to realize that the evolution between these figures is based on the contributions of the other: hearing teachers of EDAC and the Federal University of Campina Grande and deaf teachers of the two generations who learn from each other. The analyzes and reflections allowed to defend the thesis of the centrality of bilingual environments for the establishment of the deaf person as a citizen with full rights, based on the voice of the deaf, muted by the history of education, conducted by listeners
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This work aims at studying the policies of teaching training and their impact in the actors and in the education systems of the countries in which these policies were implemented into the context of neoliberal reforms. We particularly studied these policies in three Latin America countries: Argentina, Brazil and Chile. The policies studied here are the ones implemented from the 90 s. However, the horizon of this study is at the beginning of the 80 s, period that starts one of the four intervention initiatives of education here studied: The Main Project of Education For Latin America and Caribbean (PROMEDLAC), which in 2002 goes into a new stage and it is called Regional Project of Education for Latin America and Caribbean (PRELAC), worked out by UNESCO as a request of government representatives of countries of the region, based on the suggestions of Declaration of Mexico , signed by them in 1979. These suggestions will be in the base of the other three initiatives: The Education For All (EPT); Ibero-American Conferences of Education (CIE) and The Hemisphere Action Plan of Education (PAHE), whose documents are the base to the production of an abundant legislation and normatization on education that created the parameters on which the policies of education reforms were worked out and implemented and the dynamism of our education systems from the last two decades of the twentieth century on. All these initiatives intend to work with objectives, projects and programs that, in some cases, in isolation or in groups, are under influence of their actions in a way that frequently it is difficult to identify which of them is the main responsible for some advances. It is important to stand out that not all of the suggestions produced by these initiatives were implemented as policies, and many of them to be implemented were changed in such a way that they were distorted, even they were a result of a multilateral deal, each country gave to them its own interpretation. Moreover, in all these processes the teaching entities had and keep having a fundamental role. The evidences, result of the evaluations of each initiative, show that education policies implemented produced advances in several aspects. They are still not the ideal ones, in truth, but they do exist. In relation to the teaching questions, there were and are still being implemented multiples and varied actions that did not have the expected impact in the education systems of the countries, objects of this study, but, many of them that go on, are promising and start to have a positive impact into the education systems. Even so, the teaching subject matter, even playing a central role in the agenda of all countries of the region, still represents one of the big challenges to the advance and improvement of our education systems
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Estudou-se o efeito de vários níveis de compactação na densidade do solo, porosidade total e resistência à penetração, objetivando determinar o nível que impede o desenvolvimento das raízes de plantas de soja. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com amostras deformadas do horizonte superficial de uma terra roxa estruturada e de um latossolo roxo, controlando os níveis de compactação e o teor de água. A influência da compactação no desenvolvimento das raízes foi avaliada um mês após a germinação. Os valores de densidade do solo, para um mesmo nível de compactação, foram maiores para a terra roxa estruturada. O teor de água ótimo para a compactação foi de 21,0% para a terra roxa estruturada e de 29,8 para o latossolo roxo. A compactação artificial do solo acarretou aumento da resistência à penetração e diminuição da porosidade total. A elevação da sua densidade de 0,90 para 1,30 kg/m³ para a terra roxa estruturada, e de 0,90 para 1,23 kg/m³ para o latossolo roxo, promoveu, respectivamente, diminuição de 39 e de 41% na massa seca das raízes. O desenvolvimento das raízes das plantas ficou impedido quando a densidade do solo atingiu valores de 1,30 e 1,23 kg/m³, respectivamente, para a terra roxa estruturada e o latossolo roxo.
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A utilização incorreta dos solos vem causando alterações neles, tornando-os cada vez menos produtivos, aumentando as áreas com solos degradados. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos estudar ações para acelerar a formação do horizonte A de um Latossolo Vermelho degradado, via uso de adubos verdes, lodo de esgoto e cultivo de uma espécie arbórea nativa de Cerrado, e selecionar indicadores para detectar alterações da camada superficial do solo. O monitoramento das alterações do solo foi realizado anualmente. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos, em cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha - solo exposto (sem manejo); vegetação nativa (Cerrado); espécie arbórea Astronium fraxinifolium; Astronium fraxinifolium + Canavalia ensiformis; Astronium fraxinifolium + Raphanus sativus; e Astronium fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + lodo de esgoto (60 t ha-1). Avaliou-se no solo: porosidade, densidade do solo, cátions trocáveis, pH, acidez potencial (H + Al), soma de bases (SB), saturação por bases (V), CTC e macrorganismos. Nos adubos verdes, foi avaliada a massa seca e, para a espécie arbórea, a altura e o diâmetro de caule. A mobilização do solo e a mobilização mais a adubação verde e o lodo de esgoto estão recuperando as propriedades do solo degradado, com comportamento semelhante entre elas após um ano de adoção. O melhor indicador físico das alterações do solo foi sua densidade. Os tratamentos adotados são semelhantes quanto à população de macrorganismos do solo e contribuindo positivamente para recuperação da macrofauna. A presença de larva e besouro foi indicadora da melhoria da macrofauna do solo.