Crowding-out and Crowding-in Effects of Government Bonds Market on Private Sector Investment (Japanese Case Study)

This paper reviews the relationship between public sector investment and private sector investment through government expenditures financed by government bonds in the Japanese economy. This study hypothesizes that deficit financing by bond issues does not crowd out private sector investment, and this finance method may crowd in. Thus the government increases bond issues and sells them in the domestic and international financial markets. This method does not affect interest rates because they are insensitive to government expenditures and they depend on interest rates levels in the international financial market more than in the domestic financial market because of globalization and integration among financial markets.

20 years of the European single market: growth effects of EU integration. Policy Brief #2014/02

The ongoing European integration has increased the economic growth of participating national economies. Calculating the cumulative gains in the real gross domestic product per capita resulting from the integration of Europe between 1992 and 2012, every national economy under consideration realized income gains from the European integration. Denmark and Germany saw the greatest gains per resident. If the values from only 1992 and 2012 are compared, every country except for Greece has been able to achieve a higher per capita income due to the European integration.

Manufacture of china and earthware. Report to Her Majesty's principal Secretary of State for the Home Department on the conditions of labour in potteries, the injurious effects upon the health of the workpeople, and the proposed remedies.

Mode of access: Internet.

Amateur fruit growing : A practical guide to the growing of fruit for home use and the market /

Mode of access: Internet.

Poultry for home and market.

"Sources of additional information": p. [469]-471.

Poultry for home and market,

"Sources of additional information": p. [463]-465.