Heterogenitás és technikai hatékonyság - a magyar specializált szántóföldi növénytermesztő üzemek esete = Heterogeneity and technical efficiency - the case of Hungary's specialized arable crop production units

A cikkben paneladatok segítségével a magyar gabonatermesztő üzemek 2001 és 2009 közötti technikai hatékonyságát vizsgáljuk. A technikai hatékonyság szintjének becslésére egy hagyományos sztochasztikus határok modell (SFA) mellett a látens csoportok modelljét (LCM) használjuk, amely figyelembe veszi a technológiai különbségeket is. Eredményeink arra utalnak, hogy a technológiai heterogenitás fontos lehet egy olyan ágazatban is, mint a szántóföldi növénytermesztés, ahol viszonylag homogén technológiát alkalmaznak. A hagyományos, azonos technológiát feltételező és a látens osztályok modelljeinek összehasonlítása azt mutatja, hogy a gabonatermesztő üzemek technikai hatékonyságát a hagyományos modellek alábecsülhetik. _____ The article sets out to analyse the technical efficiency of Hungarian crop farms between 2001 and 2009, using panel data and employing both standard stochastic frontier analysis and the latent class model (LCM) to estimate technical efficiency. The findings suggest that technological heterogeneity plays an important role in the crop sector, though it is traditionally assumed to employ homogenous technology. A comparison of standard SFA models that assumes the technology is common to all farms and LCM estimates highlights the way the efficiency of crop farms can be underestimated using traditional SFA models.

Magyarország hét régiójának új gazdaságföldrajzi modellje – paraméterbecslés (The new economic-geography model of Hungary's seven regions - a parameter estimate)

Az új gazdaságföldrajz – amely napjaink egy igen népszerű közgazdaságtani tudományága – modelljének majdnem minden paramétere előállítható közvetlenül külső adatok segítségével. A helyettesítési rugalmassághoz azonban más módszerre van szükség. Puga [1999] által felvázolt új gazdaságföldrajzi modellt követve, egy regressziós egyenlettel megbecsülhetővé válik a kívánt paraméter, amit Magyarország hét régiójára vonatkozó béregyenlet becsléséből nyertünk. A helyettesítési rugalmasság értéke eltér a szakirodalomhoz képest, aminek magyarázata Magyarország fejlettségi szintjével állhat összefüggésben. ____ The model of the new economic geography - very popular material for economic study these days - allows almost every parameter to be presented directly with the aid of outside data. However, another method is required for substitution flexibility. With the new economic-geography model devised by Puga [1999], a regression equation allows an estimate to be made for the desired parameter, which yielded the wage equation for the six regions of Hungary. The value for substitution flexibility differs from that of the literature, the explanation for which may lie in Hungary's level of development.

The species composition of true bug assemblages extracted with Berlese funnels (Data to the knowledge on the ground-living Heteroptera of Hungary, No 1)

A rich collection of Heteroptera extracted with Berlese funnel by Dr. I. Loksa between 1953–1974 in Hungary, has been examined. Altogether 157 true bug species have been identified. The great majority of them have been found in very low number, there are only 27 species of which more than 10 adult individuals have been found. Some species considered to be rare or very rare in Hungary have been collected in relatively great number (Ceratocombus coleoptratus, Cryptostemma pusillimum, C. waltli, Acalypta carinata, A. platycheila, Loricula ruficeps, Myrmedobia exilis). The three families, which are more or less rich in species and have the highest ratio of extracted species, were Rhyparochromidae, Tingidae and Nabidae. Out of them, the family Rhyparochromidae has been found to be most diverse and most characteristic at the ground-level. Individuals of the families Tingidae, Hebridae and Rhyparochromidae have been found in greatest number. The occurrence of the lace bug Campylosteira orientalis Horváth, 1881 in Hungary has been verified by a voucher specimen. In respect to the environmental changes through the country, parallel changes have been observed in the zoogeographical distribution of the ground-living bugs.

Spatial and temporal patterns of true bug assemblages extracted with Berlese funnels (Data to the knowledge on the ground-living Heteroptera of Hungary, No. 2)

A rich material of Heteroptera extracted with Berlese funnels by Dr. I. Loksa between 1953–1974 in Hungary, has been examined. Altogether 157 true bug species have been identified. The ground-living heteropteran assemblages collected in different plant communities, substrata, phytogeographical provinces and seasons have been compared with multivariate methods. Because of the unequal number of samples, the objects have been standardized with stochastic simulation. There are several true bug species, which have been collected in almost all of the plant communities. However, characteristic ground-living heteropteran assemblages have been found in numerous Hungarian plant community types. Leaf litter and debris seem to have characteristic bug assemblages. Some differences have also been recognised between the bug fauna of mosses growing on different surfaces. Most of the species have been found in all of the great phytogeographical provinces of Hungary. Most high-dominance species, which have been collected, can be found at the ground-level almost throughout the year. Specimens of many other species have been collected with Berlese funnels in spring, autumn and/or winter. The diversities of the ground-living heteropteran assemblages of the examined objects have also been compared.

Ecology of the Acalypta species occurring in Hungary Insecta Heteroptera Tingidae data to the knowledge on the ground-living Heteroptera of Hungary, No 3

As a third part of a series of papers on the ground-living true bugs of Hungary, the species belonging to the lace bug genus Acalypta Westwood, 1840 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingidae) were studied. Extensive materials collected with Berlese funnels during about 20 years all over Hungary were identified. Based on these sporadic data of many years, faunistic notes are given on some Hungarian species. The seasonal occurrence of the species are discussed. The numbers of specimens of different Acalypta species collected in diverse plant communities are compared with multivariate methods. Materials collected with pitfall traps between 1979–1982 at Bugac, Kiskunság National Park were also processed. In this area, only A. marginata and A. gracilis occurred, both in great number. The temporal changes of the populations are discussed. Significant differences could be observed between the microhabitat distribution of the two species: both species occurred in very low number in traps placed out in patches colonized by dune-slack purple moorgrass meadow; Acalypta gracilis preferred distinctly the Pannonic dune open grassland patches; A. marginata occurred in almost equal number in Pannonic dune open grassland and in Pannonic sand puszta patches.

The Impact of Proactive Strategies on Market Performance in Economic Downturn: the Case of Hungary

Recession in 2008/09 affected almost all the European countries seriously but some of them were hurt to greater extent. The timing of economic downturns can never be appropriate but it found Hungary at the time when it was in a vulnerable condition leading to a prolong struggle to find the way out. However, each company’s own experience and approach in crisis can differ from what the whole economy would explain. This study aims to contribute to the emerging research field regarding the concept of proactive marketing. We investigated the relationship between approach to crisis as an opportunity and market performance. Based on a survey of 173 companies we demonstrated that proactive marketing can lead to better performance but larger companies have the advantage of implementing this strategy more successfully.

Horizontal diversity of higher education institutions. The case of Hungary – in European context

In the European Higher Education Area the diversification of higher education is considered to be an emphasized value, a guarantee of creativity. The various institutional rankings are the displays of vertical diversity, but in parallel with these, there is an increasing attention directed at horizontal diversity, the entirety of the institutions' activities. The European Mapping Project (U-map) undertook this challenge. The paper presents the research program, which is an attempt to adapt the U-map model to Hungary. According to the results, the U-map method which was intended for application on an international level, is very useful in the identification of the main groups of institutions in a specific national higher education system as well, and may provide a basis for the creation of institutional strategies and the development of the institutions’ network.

Searching for the Holy Grail of International Education: Feedback from Hospitality Management Study Abroad Participants

This article reports on a study done among hospitality management students who participated in study abroad programs between January 2001 and May 2003. The participants in the study were both incoming students to the US and outgoing students from the US. The study investigates, among other things, why they had decided to study abroad, why they had selected a particular institution, how their home institution compared to the partner institution abroad, and what they perceived to be the benefits and relevance of their international experiences. It was found that respondents were generally very positive about the study abroad experience. Some interesting differences of opinion were found when the perceptions of the incoming students were compared to those of the outgoing students. The results of this study may be of particular interest to hospitality management administrators and faculty who create and administer international exchange programs.

Arthropods associated with the crown of Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) palm trees in three different environments from Brazilian Cerrado

Artrópodos associados à copa de árvores, principalmente palmeiras, são pouco conhecidos no Cerrado. Para descrever a estrutura da comunidade de artrópodos à copa de Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) foram amostradas 150 palmeiras em seis veredas” do Distrito Federal, de áreas silvestres, rurais e periurbanas na estação chuvosa. Os artrópodos presentes nos ninhos abandonados de aves, refúgios de mamíferos, folhas e matéria orgânica foram coletados manualmente, fixados em etanol 70% e separados em ordem, família, morfoespécie e guildas alimentares. As características das palmeiras medidas foram altura da estipe, diâmetro da copa, número de folhas e de ninhos de aves nas palmeiras. Foram coletados 3.862 indivíduos, pertencentes a 15 ordens, 45 famílias e 135 morfoespécies. As ordens mais abundantes foram Coleoptera (28,6%), Blattodea (21,8%), Collembola (11,4%) e Hemiptera (10,2%). As famílias Blaberidae, Tenebrionidae, Entomobryidae, Reduviidae, Oniscidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae e Formicidae representaram 82,1% de todos os indivíduos coletados. A maioria das morfoespécies foi pouco abundante, 71 (52,6%) apresentaram uma abundância média igual ou menor que 1 indivíduo/palmeira. Coleoptera compreendeu o maior número de morfoespécies (43,7%) seguida de Araneae (20,0%). A análise das guildas alimentares mostrou prevalência de predadores e hematófagos (36,0%). A riqueza e a abundância de artrópodos foram menores no ambiente periurbano. O número de ninhos de aves apresentou correlação positiva com abundância e riqueza, o que não ocorreu com as medidas das palmeiras. A importância de M. flexuosa para a manutenção da artropodofauna nas “veredas” no bioma Cerrado é discutida. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

Food preferences of juvenile corallivorous crown-of-thorns (Acanthaster planci) sea stars

Population outbreaks of adult Acanthaster planci cause significant reductions in coral cover and reduce the resilience of coral reefs, but little is known about the behaviour and food preference of juvenile A. planci. In 2014, food preferences and feeding rates of recently settled (<1 year) juvenile A. planci were tested and determined at the National Sea Simulator facilities of the Australian Institute of Marine Science. Juveniles were offered eight species of coral (Acropora formosa, A. millepora, A. tenuis, Pavona cactus, Echinopora lamellosa, Pocillopora damicornis, Stylophora pistillata and Porites lutea), known to be either consumed or avoided by adult sea stars, in a multiple-choice and a no-choice experiment. In the multiple-choice experiment, a preference for A. tenuis was detected, while S. pistillata, E. lamellosa and P. lutea were avoided. The no-choice experiment showed that the avoidance of these species was not influenced by the presence of other coral species, the exception being E. lamellosa, which was only consumed when no other choice was offered. Interestingly, all juveniles consuming E. lamellosa died post-predation. The study suggests that as A. planci matures it feeds on a wider range of species, even those which would have been lethal to them if consumed as a juvenile.

The international legal status of the Vatican/Holy See complex

This article offers a re-examination of the international legal status of what is here termed the Vatican/Holy See complex (VHS), focusing on claims to statehood. The problematic ‘effect’ of Vatican City, of the Holy See, of the papacy and of associated entities is interrogated at the level of international law, entering as little as possible into administrative or theological distinctions. The various grounds cited as supporting status amounting to statehood are argued to be inadequate. The continuing exchange of representatives with states by the VHS is missionary and hierarchical in character and is reflective neither of the reciprocity of peers nor of customary obligation going to law. Agreements entered into by the papacy with the Kingdom of Italy (the Lateran Pacts) in 1929, relating to the status of the geographical territory known as Vatican City, cannot be determinative of international status. Nor can membership of international agreements and organizations confer a status amounting to statehood. Events and practices since 1929 have not substantially altered international status as of 1870. The Roman Catholic Church is but one of many faith-based international movements, and since the eclipse of the papal state nearly one-and-a-half centuries ago, the status in international law of its temporal headquarters in Rome should not be privileged.

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of stress distribution in retention screws of different crown-implant ratios

The retaining screw of the implant-supported dental prosthesis is the weakest point of the crown/implant system. Furthermore, crown height is another important factor that may increase the lever arm. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the stress distribution in implant prosthetic screws with different heights of the clinical crown of the prosthesis using the method of three-dimensional finite element analysis. Three models were created with implants (3.75 mm × 10 mm) and crowns (heights of 10, 12.5 and 15 mm). The results were visualised by means of von Mises stress maps that increased the crown heights. The screw structure exhibited higher levels of stresses in the oblique load. The oblique loading resulted in higher stress concentration when compared with the axial loading. It is concluded that the increase of the crown was damaging to the stress distribution on the screw, mainly in oblique loading. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

Crown dilaceration in permanent teeth after trauma to the primary predecessors: report of three cases

Crown dilaceration of permanent teeth occurs due to the non-axial displacement of the already formed hard tissue portion of the developing crown at an angle to their longitudinal axis due to trauma to the primary predecessors. This is a rare condition, representing only 3% of the total of injuries to developing teeth and usually occurs in permanent maxillary incisors because of the close proximity of their tooth germs to the primary incisors, which are more susceptible to trauma. This alteration frequently results from the intrusion of a primary tooth when the child is around 2 years of age, at which time half of the crown of the permanent successor is already formed. Teeth with dilacerated crowns may either erupt with buccal or lingual displacement or remain impacted. The treatment may involve endodontic, orthodontic, restorative and prosthetic procedures. This paper reports the restorative treatment proposed to reestablish the esthetics and function of the affected teeth in three cases of crown dilaceration in permanent maxillary incisors after trauma to their primary predecessors.

Travels from Vienna through lower Hungary; with some remarks on the state of Vienna during the Congress, in the year 1814.

Plates after drawings by Bright engraved by Elizabeth Byrne, John Byrne, Lititia Byrne, H. Hobson, Samuel Middiman, Milton, John Pye, William Raymond Smith. Maps engraved by Sidney Hall. Wood-engraved head-pieces.